emvt 12 september - pavol bauer - tu delft
DESCRIPTION
Met EMVT op ZeeTRANSCRIPT
1Challenge the futureEPP
Electrical Power Processing
Met EMVT op Zee
P Bauer
2Challenge the futureEPP
Electrical Power Processing
Content
• Introduction
• Renewable energies offshore
• Wave energy innovation
• Need for the DC grids
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Electrical Power Processing
Real available solar energy per month
Data: NASA
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Electrical Power Processing
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Real available wind energy per month
Data: NASA
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Electrical Power Processing
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Data: NASA
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• Wind energy offshore• Wave energy
Collection system
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• Higher average wind speeds at sea • Space limitations on shore• The turbines will on average have a larger
diameters and rated powers• Less turbulence and lower wind shear• Erection and maintenance will be more expensive• Turbine noise will probably not be an important
issue• Submarine electrical connection to shore • The farm will be difficult to access during periods
with high windsEPP
Electrical Power Processing
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Electrical Power Processing
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gear-ASGbox
f
a) direct grid connection(normal plant for grid operation)
n= (1-s) f/p s~ 0...0.8 (output dependent)inductive reactive power consumer
~
1) with thyristor converter 2) with pulse inverter
n~ 0.8 1.2 f/p (controllable)1) inductive reactive power consumer
gear-box
b) grid connection via direct-current intermediate circuit
ASG
~
f
2) controllable reactive power output
DC
c) grid connection via direct ac converter
inductive reactive power consumer
gear-box
n~ 0.8 1.2 f/p (controllable)~
ASGf
d) dynamic slip control
(output dependent, dynamic)
gear-box
n= (1-s) f/p s~ 0... 0.1... (0.3)~
ASGf
inductive reactive power consumer
e) oversynchronous static Kraemer system
inductive reactive power consumer
gear-box
n~ 1...1.3 f/p (controllable)~
ASGf
n
n
n
n
n
box
controllable reactive power outputn~ .8...1.2 f/p (controllable)~
f) double fed asynchronous generator
gear-ASG
n f
controllable reactive power outputn= f/p
boxgear-
SGn f
g) direct grid connection
h) coupling to direct current grid
SGgear-box
n~ 0.5...1.2 n
n uDC
~ N
~n~ 0.5...1.2 f/p (controllable)
i) grid connection via direct-current intermediate circuit
ngear-box SG
f
1) with thyristor converter 2) with pulse inverter
1) inductive reactive power consumer2) controllable reactive power output
n~ 0.5...1.2 f/p (controllable)
1) with thyristor converter 2) with pulse inverterj) grid connection via direct-current intermediate circuit
~
2) controllable reactive power output1) inductive reactive power consumer
nSG
f
DC
DC
k) grid connection via direct-current intermediate circuit
~
1) with thyristor converter 2) with pulse inverter
n~ 0.6...1.2 f/p (controllable) 1) inductive reactive power consumer2) controllable reactive power output
n
DC
f
l) grid connection via direct ac converter
~n~ 0.8...1.2 f/p (controllable) (partial) reactive power consumer
n f
conversion system with asynchronous generator (ASG)conversion system with synchronous generator (SG)
sho r
t-ci
rcui
t ro
tor
mac
hine
ssl
ip r
ing
roto
r m
achi
nes
perm
anen
tly
exci
ted
mac
hine
sm
achi
nes
wit
h ex
cita
tion
sys
tem
(normal plant for independent operation)
*
*
*
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Introduction wave
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Electrical Power Processing
IntroductionWave generators – Wave Dragon
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Electrical Power Processing
IntroductionWave generators – Pelamis
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Electrical Power Processing
IntroductionWave generators – Oscillating Water Column
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IntroductionWave generators – Oyster
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Electrical Power Processing
Introduction waveWave generators – Archimedes Wave Swing
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IntroductionWave Generators – EAPWEC
(1)
(2) (3)
“Snake” made of rolled DE material and filled with water
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Electrical Power Processing
IntroductionElectro Active Polymer – Dielectric Elastomer (DE)
• Actuator - If a voltage is applied to the electrodes electrostatic forces will squeeze the
dielectric elastomer material and reduce in thickness and expand in area
• Sensor - Stretching the DE material will change area and thickness resulting in a change
in capacitance which can be measured
• Generator - If a stretched DE film is charged and then relaxed the voltage will increase
significantly; converting mechanical energy to electrical energy
DE STRETCHED
DE CONTRACTED
contraction
� large capacitance
� low voltage
� low energy state
� small capacitance
� high voltage
� high energy state
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Principle of operation
• Energy is generated as the charged electroactive polymer decreases in area and increases in thickness as it contracts
Variable capacitor generator
Energy = ½ Qo2 (1/Cr - 1/Cs)
C = εr εo x film area/film thickness
+ + + + +
_ _ _ _ _
+Vin (lo)+Vout(high)
EAP STRETCHED
+ + + + +_ _ _ _ _
+Vin (low)+Vout(high)
Dielectric Elastomer
Compliant Electrodes (2)
EAP CONTRACTED
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Electrical Power Processing
Introduction
• Constant voltage
• Constant charge
• Constant electric field
Methods for Energy Harvesting
T
Cs
Cc
0
10 kV
0
Id
Ic
tcharge tdischarge
∆tc
∆td
∆qc
∆qd
• Current shape optimization for
the optimum energy harvesting
cycle
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IntroductionPower Take Off System
• Low voltage DC bus of 800 V
• Maximum power output per segment 10 kW
• High power PEU required, 100 kW peak power rating
• Target efficiency of PEU >95%
• Bidirectional power flow capability of the PEU
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Electrical Power Processing
Medium-voltage dc-dc topologies
1) Two Quadrant Converter – Boost-Buck (2QC)
2) Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter (FCMC)
3) Cascade Multilevel Converter (CMC)
4) Boost-Buck Multilevel Converter (B/BMC)
5) Multiphase Boost-Buck Converter (MPC)
• Final decision will be made based on a total ranking of the converter based
on multiple criteria
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Electrical Power Processing
Medium-voltage dc-dc topologies
• High efficiency at low switching
frequencies and low VDE
• Simple control
• Stacking of switches neccessary
• High current switches
• High current ripple through CDE
• Huge inductor size
1) Two Quadrant – Boost/Buck
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V2V1
Lk
S3S1
S2 S4
S7S5
S6 S8
iLk
vT1 vT2
1:n
DAB1
DAB2
DABN
VBUSVGEN
DAB module
I1 I2
V1 V2
• Input parallel output series converter with DABs
• Very wide output voltage range
• Variable frequency trapezoidal control method for DABs
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 600085
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
power [W]
eff
cie
ncy
[%]
parallelbypass
Comparison of parallel and bypass module
control method using efficiency curves
0 500 1000 1500 200085
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
power [W]
eff
cie
ncy
[%]
Efficiency curve of the module and
combination of parallel and bypass methods
– hybrid method
DAB
module 2
DAB
module 1
Controller
DAB
module 3
bypass
VGEN
c o n t r o l s i g n a l s
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Medium-voltage dc-dc topologies
• DAB circuit for balancing of
intermediate capacitor
• Medium-voltage transformer
• ZCS and ZVS
• Low current switches
• Simple control
• Low current ripple through CDE
• Different control methods
• Transformer for every module
needed
• Low efficiency at low VDE
3) Cascade Multilevel
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Chapter 17
Electric Utility Applications
• These applications are growing rapidly
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• AC versus DC
string
G
G
G
star
~=
=~
DC
~=
DC
~
~=
=
G
G
=~
=~
DC
~=
~
G
=
G
~=
GG
~~==
40 / 80 kV6.25 MVA
80 kV(2 X 40 kV)
80 kV(2 X 40 kV)
4.16 / 40 kV6.25 MVA
150 kV
5 / 33 kV31.25 MVA
33 kV
150 kV
40 / 150 kV125 MVA
150 kV
33 / 150 kV125 MVA
40 / 150 kV125 MVA
40 / 80 kV6.25 MVA
40 / 80 kV125 MVA
10 kV(2 X 5 kV)4.16 / 10 kV
6.25 MVA
5 / 10 kV31.25 MVA
=≈
=≈
4.16 / 40 kV6.25 MVA
40 / 80 kV125 MVA
string
G G G
G
G
star
=~=~
~=
=~
~=
=~
~=
=~
~
~=
=
33 kV
5 / 33 kV6.25 MVA
150 kV
5 / 33 kV31.25 MVA
33 kV
150 kV
4.16 / 5 kV6.25 MVA
33 / 150 kV125 MVA
33 / 150 kV125 MVA
5 kV
4.16 / 5 kV6.25 MVA
Collection systems
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Data: NASA
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Maximum allowable load current asa function of cable length
Itot RI
R,maxI
l
maxI IR,max = Imax - IC
= Imax – U/wC’ length
Power Processing
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Thank You for Your Attention
Any Questions?
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• 1882
• 1882 The world’s first power transmission over a long distance was based on
DC. The first transmission was from Miesbach to Munich – by Oskar von Miller
and Marcel Deprez: 57 km, 1.4 kV
• 1945: World’s first DC transmission project by Siemens and AEG: 115 km
cable, mercury-arc based link from the power station Elbe/Elektrowerke AG to
Bewag/Berlin at 60 MW / ±200 kV, ready for commissioning, but then
transported to Russia …
History of DC power Transmission
• 1945
J.Dorn Siemens
37Challenge the futureEPP
Electrical Power Processing J.Dorn Siemens
HVDC advantages
Long overhead lines with high transmission Capacity,low transmission losses and reduced right-of-way
Cable transmissions with low losses and without limitation in length
Asynchronous grids can be interconnected
Increase of transmission capacity without increasing short circuit currents
Fast control of power flow, independent from AC conditions
Firewall against cascading disturbances, active power oscillation damping
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J.Dorn Siemens
Worldwide installed capacity
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J.Dorn Siemens
• HVDC Classic
• Line comutated CSC
• Thyristors with turn on
Capability only
• VSC HVDC
• Self commutated VSC
• Semiconductor Switches with torn
on and turn off - IGBT
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Electrical Power Processing
HVDC Classic vs VSC
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HVDC Applications
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• Long distance overhead
• DC submarine cable
• Back to Back
HVDC Applications
J.Dorn Siemens
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HVDC Transmission
• There are many such systems all over the world
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HVDC Poles
• Each pole consists of 12-pulse converters
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HVDC Transmission: 12-Pulse Waveforms
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HVDC Transmission: Converters
• Inverter mode of operation
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Control of HVDC Transmission System
• Inverter is operated at the minimum extinction angle and the rectifier in the current-control mode
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Breakthrough
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Thyristors
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Thyristors en module 2x13
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Electrical Power ProcessingChapter 17 Electric
VSC HVDC
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Multilevel
reduced semiconductor voltage - Lower harmonic distortion- More levels possible (multi
level)
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Multilevel
• Practical realization
σ
σ
α
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Space vector multilevel
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Electrical Power ProcessingChapter 17 Electric
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
B
A
VSC HVDC
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Electrical Power ProcessingCopyright © 2003
Chapter 17 ElectricUtility Applications
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Electrical Power ProcessingChapter 17 ElectricUtilityApplications
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– Press-pack IGBT modules for the CTL converter.
ABB
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Alsthom
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Thank You for Your Attention
Any Questions?