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ESCUELA ANGLO AMERICANA

Charles Darwin

CLASS: BIOLOGY

PROFESSOR: MR. DAVID CASTRO

PUPIL: ANDRS AGUILERA RISSO

COURSE: 11TH

DATE: DECEMBER 18TH 2009MMIX

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BIOLOGY

1. Niches and relationships in the community

27.6 Two species cannot occupy the same niche or can they?

The general principie that two or more species cannot continue tooccupy the same niche indefinitely. Finally this is formulated as thecompetitive principle: completely competing species cannot coexist.In others wods, potentially competing species can only coexist

through niche differentiation: evolution of one or more species sotheir realizad niches dont overlap strongly and they are usingdifferent resources. Although the species are very similar andapparently eat the same food, they divide the . by hunting indifferent parts of the tree canopy. Two species can also shareresources through temporal division.

27.7 Niche differentiation is commonly determined by subtlechemical factors

The important factors are often subtle and chemical. Subtle, specificfactors keep the niches of the four fruit flies separate from oneanother. Notice that casual observations of the flies and cacti wouldnever have revealed any of this; only carefully chemical analysiscould show what is going on here.

C. Chemical interactions in the community

27.8 The members of a community are in perpetual arms raceswith one another.

Each species acquiring adaptations that allow it to gain an upperhand, or at least to mantain itself. All species are in arms race withone another , a race that no one ever wins for long. Adaptationsmay be morphological, behavioral, or biochemical. Morphologicalfeautures- the elements of the organisms form- are the mostobvious. Behavioral adaptations include stereotyped behaviorpatterns and a repertoire of rapid, automatic responses to certainstimuli.


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27.9 Many organisms use allomones in chemical warfare againstother species.

Many species make substances called allomones whose solefunctions are to hurt, inhibit, or repel other species. Someallomones, such as the venoms of wasps and bees, are used fordefense or to subdrey prey. Conifers and certain other plants haveevolved a sneaky and very effective allomone defense by producingphytoecdysones, which mimic ecdysones, the hormones thatregulate insects metamorphosis.

27.10 Some organisms create intolerate conditions for others.

Plants that have evolved a tolerante to juglone can grow in the zonearound the tree, but the walnut still regulates the plant communityin its vicinity. They invade the region to become dominant membersof a second stage of the succession. Being tolerant of theseconditions and of the materials they make, continue to dominateand inhibit the invasin of the region by other species.

27.11 Many species react to kairomones produced by other species.

Kairomone; a substance that gives a selective advantage to aspecies that receives it, in contrast to an allomone, which gives a

selective advantage to the species taht produces it. If a predator,for instante, locates its prey by means of chemicals that they preyspecies produces for other functions, those chemicals arekairomones. The detections of kairomones produced by the worms.

D. Predation, symbiosis, and camouflage.

27.12 Predation is an essential activity in every community.

At each trophic level, the animals that eat are the predators, andthose that are eaten are the prey, even if the predator is anherbivore and its prey its vegetation. Hawks, owls, wolves, andwildcats are the victims of old prejudices about predation.Predators can operate as density-dependent factors by limiting preypopulations. A predators effect on its prey is a controversial matter,and the relationship varies considerably. In some situations,predators clearly do not hurt their prey populations and may even

keep a prey population healthier than it would be otherwise.


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27.13 Predator and prey populations may change in cycles.

Predation is a critical factor in keeping a population below the limitsset by availability of food or other resources. The sizes of predatorsand prey populations to be closely correlated : the more predators,the fewer prey; the few predators; and so on.

27.14 Many organisms engage in symbiotic relationships.

A whole series of intimate associations between species , broadlyknow as symbiosis, is common in communities. A symbioticrelationship can be categorized into one of four types: phoresis-grades into commensalism-grades into parasitismo-grades intomutualismo . A cleaning symbiosis: is a novel relationship in whichone species gets some of its food by cleaning another.

27.15 Many animals are camouflaged by their forms and colors.

Predation has been a major factor in shaping the evolution oforganisms characteristics. One obvious protective mechanism is tobecome invisible, or as closet o invisible as possible.

27.16 Some animals are protected by warning coloration.

Some brightly colored animals seem to flaunt themselves in front of

prospective predators, as though daring the predators to eat them.In some species, the bright colors have been selected for their rolein communication within th species to attract sex perhaps. Brightlycolored insects may be coveying the same message, and in mostcases they can afford to do so only because theya are distastefuland because their predators can learn to avoid them . Aposematiccoloration becomes more effective through Mullerian mimicry- asphenomenon in which a number of species evolve a common colorpattern that warns predators of the treta they pose.


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8. Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon that is characteristicof some plants, algae, bacteria, coral and fungi by which theyproduce certain biochemicals that influence the growth anddevelopment of other organisms.

9. Allomone: is any chemical produced and released by anindividual of one species that affects the behaviour of amember of another species to the benefit of the originator.Production of allomones is a common form of defence,particularly by plant species against insect herbivores.

10. Phytoecdysone: the hormones that regulate insectsmetamorphosis.

11. Antibiotic: is a substance or compound that kills, or inhibits

the growth of, bacteria.

12. Kairomone: A kairomone is a chemical substance producedand released by a living organism that benefits the receiverand disadvantages the donor.

13. Symbiosis: commonly describes close and often long-terminteractions between different biological species.

14. Phoresis: end of the spectrum.

15. Commensalism: is a class of relationship between twoorganisms where one organism benefits but the other is

unaffected.

16. Parasitism: is a type ofsymbiotic relationship betweenorganisms of different species where one organism, theparasite, benefits at the expense of the host

17. Ectoparasite: A parasite that affects the externalsurfaces (including external surfaces of the gills) of anorganismo

18. endoparasite |endparst|

noun Biologya parasite, such as a tapeworm, that lives inside its host. Compare
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivoreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivoreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)


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with ectoparasite .

19. infection |infek sh n|:the process of infecting or the state of being infected : stricthygiene will limit the risk of infection. an infectious disease : a chest infection. Computing the presence of a virus in, or its introduction into, acomputer system.ORIGIN late Middle English : from late Latin infectio(n-), from Latininficere dip in, taint.

20. Brood parasites: Are organisms that use the strategy of brood-parasitism, a kind of kleptoparasitism found among birds, fish orinsects, involving .

21.Mutualism: Biology symbiosis that is beneficial to both organismsinvolved.

22. Cryptic Coloration: coloring that conceals or disguises ananimal's shape.

23. Disruptive Coloration: Colors and patterns which disrupt bodyshape and outline. Camouflage.

24. A posematic coloration :conspicuous coloration or markings ofan animal serving to warn off predators; "a skunk's aposematiccoloration"

25. Mllerian mimicry: ( pronounced , appr. yu) is a naturalphenomenon when two or more harmful species, that are notclosely related and share one or more common predators, havecome to mimic each other's warning signals


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26. Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry typified by a situationwhere a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signalsof a harmful species directed at a common predator. It is namedafter the English naturalist Henry Walter Bates, after his work in therainforests of Brazil.

27. Mimic: To assume a resemblance to (some other organism of atotally different nature, or some surrounding object), as a means ofprotection or advantage.

28. Model: 1. A representation of something, often idealised ormodified to make it conceptually easier to understand.2. Something to be imitated.

29. Cleaning Symbiosis: Is a novel relationship in which one speciesgets some of its food by Cleaning another.

30. Search Images: Are patterns that focus on hunting and loopingfor again and again for their prey.
http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Organismhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Naturehttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Objecthttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Meanshttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Protectionhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Makehttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Organismhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Naturehttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Objecthttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Meanshttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Protectionhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Make

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