en iso norms for ceramic tiles 2 en iso norms for ceramic ...206 appendix 1 en iso norms for ceramic...

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A P P E N D I X

EN ISO norms for ceramic tiles- Testing methods

EN ISO norms for ceramic tiles - Requirements

UNI-designation

Categories of selection

The Centro Ceramico in Bologna

Ceramic Arbitration BoardConstitution and Rules of Procedure

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3

4

5

6

206

A P P E N D I X 1

EN ISO norms for ceramic tiles - Testing methods

EN ISO 10545 - Part 1Ceramic tilesSampling and basis for acceptance❑ This standard applies to uninstalledceramic tiles. It establishes the rules for thecomposition of a sample lot.❑ The lot must consist of tiles producedunder conditions and with properties thatare assumed to be uniform. Thus everyconsignment, that is every quantity of tilesdelivered within two days, must bedivided into sub-consignments that areassumed to be homogeneous and can thusconstitute inspection lots.❑ The number of lots to be inspected andthe choice of properties to be consideredfor inspection will be subject to agreementbetween supplier and consumer, as will bethe choice of location where the samplingwill be performed.❑ The sampling will be performed byrandomly taking samples from theinspection lot. Usually two samples aretaken. Every sample must be packed,sealed and labelled.❑ Every property will be assigned a“sample size”, or a minimum number oftiles to be inspected as noted in a table,together with the basis of acceptance orrejection.❑ Tests on the sample ti les must beperformed according to the methodsspecified in the corresponding standards.

In regard to the preceding EuropeanStandards (EN163), the table setting forththe standards of acceptance and rejectionhas been modified to take into account:❑ new added testing methods, and aneliminated method;❑ modifications in product requirements:for all requirements which are notobligatory but which must be declared bythe manufacturer, the table specifies thatthe basis for acceptance or rejection

depends on the conformity (or lack thereof)with the manufacturer’s declaration.

EN ISO 10545 - Part 2Determination of dimensions andsurface quality❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tiles.❑ For all measurements, 10 whole tiles arerequired.❑ Instruments include vernier calipers,micrometer, screw gauges or other suitableapparatus. Tiles with surfaces of less than4 cm2 are excluded from all measurementsother than thickness.

Measurement (Fig.1)❑ Measurement of length and width. Eachside of the tile must be measured 5 mmaway from the corners. The averagedimension of a square tile consists in theaverage of 4 measurements and theaverage size of the sample consists in theaverage of 40 measurements.The average length and width of an oblongtile consists in the average of themeasurements of two opposite sides, sothat the average length and width of thesample consist in the average of twentymeasurements of each dimension.❑ Measurement of thickness. Thickness ismeasured by first tracing the twodiagonals, then measuring the thickestpoint along each of the four segmentsobtained. In the case of extruded tiles, fourlines perpendicular to the direction ofextrusion are traced, and the thickness ismeasured at the thickest point on each line.❑ Measurement of straightness of sides.The deviation from straightness of a sideis measured at the center of that side, andthe measurement must be taken for everyside of every single tile.❑ Measurement of rectangularity. Thisconsists in the deviation of the outer

corner of the side of the tile (5 mm fromthe corner) from the inner side of thecalibrating plate. Deviation fromrectangularity is expressed, in percentageterms, by the formula: δ/L . 100 where L isthe length of the adjacent side of the tile.❑ Measurements of surface flatness.Surface flatness is defined by the 3measurements described below which, fortiles smaller than 40 x 40 mm, are takenwith metal straight edges and thicknessfeeler gauges.•Center curvature: the departure of thecenter of the tile from the plane in which 3of the 4 corners lie. For every tile, 4measurements are taken. The maximumcenter curvature is expressed in mm or asa percentage relative to the diagonalcalculated from the work size.• Edge curvature: the departure of the centerof a tile from the plane in which 3 of the 4corners lie. The maximum edge curvatureis expressed in mm or as a percentage ofthe relative work size.• Warpage: the departure of the fourthcorner of tile from the plane in which theother three angles lie.The maximum warpage is expressed in mmor as a percentage of the diagonalcalculated on the basis of the work size.❑ Surface quality. This assessment requiresa surface of at least 1 square meter and aminimum of 25 tiles.The tiles must be placed under a lightsource of 300 lux and observed withthe naked eye from a distance of onemeter.The quality of the surface is expressed as apercentage of tiles without defect.Intentional surface effects must notbe considered defects (see correspondingparagraph under product standards);cracks, nipped edges and nipped corn-ers can not be considered intentionaleffects.

207

A P P E N D I X 1

L

Rectangularity Straightness of sides

Deviation from rectangularity: δ/L Deviation from straightness: c/L

Work size

L

D

Center curvature

+δ -δ +c -c

+∆c -∆c

Center curvature: c/D

Edge curvature Warpage

+∆b -∆b +∆s -∆s

Edge curvature: ∆/L Warpage: ∆/D

EN ISO 10545 - Part 3Determination of water absorption,apparent porosity, apparent relativedensity and bulk density❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tiles.❑ The test must be performed on 10 wholetiles in cases where the surface of each tileis less than 0.04 m2; if greater than 0.04 m2,5 tiles will suffice. In any case, every testsample must weigh a minimum of 50 g.❑ After tiles are brought to a constantweight through drying, they are weighedwith a precision which depends on theweight of the tile. Tiles are then placed tobe boiled in a container of distilled or de-ionized water, in such a way that they donot touch the bottom and are completelyimmersed. Container should be kept atboiling point for two hours. Then tilesshould be left cooling for four hoursimmersed in water. Once the tiles havebeen removed from the container, excesswater is removed with a chamois leatherand tiles are then weighed, again asprecisely as for dry weight.❑ The absorption of water, expressed as apercentage of the weight of the drymaterial, is expressed in the formula:

[(m2- m1)x100]/m1

where:m1 = the mass of the dry tilem2 = the mass of the wet tile.The average absorption of water of thesample is determined by the arithmeticaverage of the individual results, andresults must be rounded off to a singledecimal place.The determination of water absorption,which is required for a product’sassignment to a group, remains the sameas that stipulated by the EuropeanStandards (EN 99); other properties havealso been added for which no requirement

exists (that is, these properties are notconsidered in the sections on productrequirements) but which may be useful intypifying the structure of the tile’s ceramicmass: for theses properties, waterabsorption is measured through waterimpregnation at a residual pressure of100 ±1 kPa for 30 min.

EN ISO 10545 - Part 4Determination of modulus of ruptureand breaking strength❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tiles.❑ The test must be performed on whole

tiles whose number depends on the size ofthe tiles (Table 1). Only exceptionally largetiles, or ti les whose shapes make itimpossible to insert them in the apparatus,may be cut.❑ The tile is placed on two supporting rodswith the proper surface uppermost (Fig.2) sothat it protrudes by the length 1 beyond eachsupporting rod. The load is applied evenlyat a constant rate of increase of stress(1 N/mm2 s) by means of a third rod incontact with the proper surface, equidistantbetween the supporting rods. Extruded tilesmust be so positioned that the direction ofextrusion is perpendicular to the rods. For

Fig. 1

Scheme of

dimensional

properties.

208

rectangular tiles, the longer side must beperpendicular to the support rods.❑ The resistance to bending σ, expressedas N/mm2, is given by the formula

where :F = breaking load (in N)L = span between the supporting rods (inmm)b = width of the tile at the broken edge (inmm)h = minimum thickness of the tile (in mm)measured along the broken edge.The average resistance to bending of thesample is the arithmetic average of theindividual results.

The test method is the same as thatdescribed in the preceding EuropeanStandards (EN 100: the so-called “three-

A P P E N D I X 1

Dimension of tile(mm)

≥ 95

< 95 ≥ 48

< 48 ≥18

Diameter of rods, d(mm)

20

10

5

Thickness of rubber, t(mm)

5

2.5

1

Overlap of tile beyond the edgesupport, l

(mm)

10

5

2

Minimum number

of tiles for test

7

7

10

Table 1

Instrumental

parameters for the

measurement of

modules of

ruptures, according

to the format of the

tiles.

point method”). An importantmodification has been introduced: the testreport must note not only the load Frequired to break the sample and themodulus of rupture from bending, but alsothe “breaking strength calculated S”. Themodulus of rupture σ is undoubtedly animportant parameter, but it refers to anintrinsic property of ceramic material: inphysical terms, it represents work per unitof volume, a value that may be useful forthe specifier but that gives no informationon the maximum load that a tile can bear.This last parameter depends on thedimensions of the sample: in fact, given thesame level of water absorption (and thusthe same intrinsic properties of thematerial), the value of the modulus ofrupture from bending σ is the same, butthe force F required to break the samplevaries depending on the dimensions of thesample itself. Strictly speaking, then,within each group as defined in theproduct standards, different requisiteswould have to be established dependingon tile format σ a virtually impossibleenterprise. It was therefore decided to in-troduce a “recalculated breaking strengthS ”, obtained by multiplying the value ofthe force F (as read on the instrument) bythe ratio between L (the distance betweenthe supporting rods) and b (the width ofthe test sample). This makes it possible toobtain a value of the load which isindependent of the format, and for whicha requisite can be specified in the productstandards.

EN ISO 10545 - Part 5Determination of impact resistance bymeasurement of coefficient ofrestitution❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tiles.❑ The test must be performed on at leastfive samples, sized 75 mm x 75 mm, cutfrom the tiles. The test samples are appliedwith a rigid epoxide resin adhesive tospecially prepared blocks of conglomera-te, sized 75 mm x 75 mm x 50.❑ Testing apparatus (fig. 3 ) consists of:• a steel ball with a diameter of(19 ± 0.05)mm;•a device equipped with an electromagnet,and a guide tube to insure that thedropping steel ball falls on the center of thetest sample which is placed on a rigidsupport;• an (optional) electronic device thatmeasures the time interval between thefirst and the second impact when the ballfalls on the surface of the test sample.❑ The sample is positioned horizontally onthe instrument with the surface under theelectromagnet so that when the ball isreleased from a height of 1 meter it hits itin the center. The height of the rebound ismeasured, or, alternately, the interval oftime between two successive rebounds.Any damage visible from the distance of 1meter must be noted, but may be ignoredin classyfing tiles.❑ The coefficient of restitution (e) iscalculated using different formulasdepending on the type of measurementselected (time or height).

Fig. 2

Loading system in

the measurement of

modulus of rupture

and breaking

strength.

σ =3FL

22bh

209

The test is recommended for tiles to beused in floors where impact resistance isconsidered especially important. Acoefficient of restitution with a value of0.55 is considered sufficient for normallow-stress levels of use; higher values arerequired in cases where greater stress isanticipated.

EN ISO 10545 - Part 6Determination of resistance to deepabrasion. Unglazed tiles❑ Method applicable to all unglazedceramic tiles.❑ The test must be performed on wholetiles or on samples of sufficientdimensions; at least 5 per type are required.❑ The apparatus used, as illustrated inFig. 4, consists of a rotating disk ofstandardized material and dimensions, astorage hopper equipped with a device fordispensing the abrasive material, and by astand for the sample.❑ The sample is placed on the instrumentin such a way as to be tangential to therotating disk, insuring that the abrasivematerial is uniformly dispensed (100 g/100revolutions).After 150 rotations of the disk, the cordlength of the groove made by the abrasivematerial is measured. The procedure mustbe performed on every sample in at leasttwo different areas at right angles to eachother.❑ Resistance to deep abrasion is given bythe expression:

where:V = the volume of material removed (mm3)sin α/2 = l/dd = diameter of the rotating disk ( mm)

h = thickness of the rotating disk (mm)l = lenghts of the chordα = angle subtended at the center of thedisk by the chord (in degrees).

The test method and the expression of theresults are the same as those reported inthe preceding European Standards (EN102).Only one modification was introduced,regarding the material to be used for the

A P P E N D I X 1

calibration of the instrument: ratherthan “Standard Austrian Granite” (anatural material that is difficult to obtainand of indef in i te composi t ionalproperties) , i t was decided to makethe pr imary s tandard a synthet icmaterial, transparent fused silica, whoseproperties are well-known and clearlydefined.The procedure of calibration remainsunchanged.

Fig. 3

Scheme of the

measuring system

of coefficient of

restitution.

Electromagnet

Steel balll

1 meterGuide tube

Detector

Timing equipment

Levelling screw

Tile

Epoxide resin adhesive

Concrete block Clamp

V = πα – sinα hd2

8180( )

210

A P P E N D I X 1

EN ISO 10545 - Part 7Determination of surface abrasionresistance of glazed tiles❑ Method applicable to all glazed ceramicfloor tiles.❑ The testing apparatus is illustrated inFig. 5.❑ The abrasive load consists of steel ballsof various diameters, white aluminumoxide F80 and water.❑ The test must be performed on elevensamples of 100 mm x 100 mm, cut out ofthe tiles in such a way as to include thedifferent colors and decorations that maybe present in the proper surface.❑ The number of revolutions for everystage of abrasion is:

resistant.” The definition of this new classof resistance considers resistance toabrasion not a sufficient condition,especially considering the severeconditions of use to which these tiles couldbe subjected; practically speaking, asurface’s good mechanical resistance mustbe combined to a good resistance to stains.Thus the new definition takes into accountboth product innovations (the productionof “technical” materials with great surfaceresistance) and also the consumer’s needfor a product that not only does not dete-riorate aesthetically, but is also practical inits cleanability (that is, ease stain removal)and easy maintenance.

EN ISO 10545 – Part 8Ceramic tilesDetermination of l inear thermalexpansion❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tiles.❑ To perform the test, two perpendicular

Fig. 4

Outline of abrasion

measuring instrument for

unglazed tiles.

1. Sample clamp.

2. Blocking screw.

3. Test sample.

4. Valve.

5. Feed fox for abrasive

material.

6. Steady flow funnel.

7. Steel disc.

8. Counterweight.

100, 150, 600, 750, 1,500, 2,100, 6,000, and12,000.❑ After the abrasion, samples are rinsed,dried and placed under a light source(Fig. 6) capable of lighting the surface ofthe samples with an intensity of 300 lux: atest sample is determined to have notresisted a certain stage of abrasion whenthe area subjected to wear is clearlydistinguishable. The classification systemis set forth in Table 2. Tiles whose abraded surface can still, after12,000 revolutions of abrasion, beconsidered cleanable if subjected to thestain resistance test according to EN ISO10.545 - Part 14, are considered to be inclass 5.

After the “wet” test method (or so-called“PEI method”) described in the precedingUNI EN 154 standard was chosen, the drymethod (called MCC) disappeared. Themonitoring system has been improved.Samples to be observed are placed in a box61 cm wide (Fig.6 ), its interior painted aneutral gray (to prevent unwantedreflections); the light source, with colortemperature of between 6000 and 6500 K(temperature is linked to wave length, andthus to the light’s color) must be screenedand there must be 300 lux on the sample tobe observed. The major modificationsregard classification:❑ a “zero class” has been introduced: tilesfor covering floors must withstand (that is,not show signs of abrasion from) at least100 revolutions; otherwise, they must beconsidered wall tiles;❑ the number of stages for each class ofabrasion has been reduced in order tosimplify test procedures, withoutdepriving them of meaning;❑ a “class 5” of resistance has been added,to distinguish the new types of productsthat are usually described as “highly

Fig. 5

Outline of abrasion

measuring

instrument for

glazed tiles (PEI

method).

211

❑ Moisture expansion measured inmm/m is expressed by the formula:

where:l = the difference between the average ofthe measures taken after the treatment withboiling water, and the average of themeasures taken before such treatment(mm)L = initial length (mm).

EN ISO 10545 - Part 11Ceramic tilesDetermination of crazing resistance.Glazed tiles❑ Method appl icable to a l l g lazedceramic tiles except those where crazingis an inherent decorative feature of theproduct.❑ The test is performed on at least 5 wholetiles that may be cut only if they are

samples must be cut from the center areaof the tile. The length of the samples mustbe suitable to the measuring apparatus; thearea of the cross-section must be greaterthan 10 mm2 and the length of any side incross-section must be less than 6 mm. Inthe case of glazed tiles, the glaze must beremoved.❑ After the samples are dried, their lengthis measured at room temperature withcursor calipers/gauge.Every test sample is placed in aninstrument capable of raising the tempe-rature by 5 oC/min. Initially andthroughout the heating procedure, thelength of the sample is measured.❑ The coefficient of l inear thermalexpansion (α ) is expressed to the firstdecimal place x 10-6 per degree Celsiusaccording to the formula:

where:Lo = sample length at room temperature∆L = increase in length of test sample∆t = rise in temperature

EN ISO 10545 - Part 9Ceramic tilesDetermination of resistance to thermalshock❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tilesunder normal conditions of use.❑ Test must be performed on at least 5 tilesfree from defects at the beginning of thetest.❑ The procedure consists in cycling sampletiles ten times between the temperature ofcold water and a temperature slightlyhigher than that of boiling water, generallybetween 15 and 145 oC. For tiles with awater absorption of under 10%, the lowesttemperature is reached by means of the

A P P E N D I X 1

Stage of abrasionvisible damage (revolutions)

100

150

600

750, 1500

2100, 6000, 12000

> 12000(1)

Class

0

1

2

3

4

5

(1) Must pass the test indicated in ISO 10.545-14 for stain resistance.

Table 2

Classification of

abrasion resistance

of glazed tiles

(PEI method).

40°

2 m

1.6

5 m

Fig. 6

Monitoring conditions of

abrasion effects on glazed

tiles (PEI method).

total immersion of the tiles in an uncoveredbath with a water temperature of 15 oC. Incase of tiles with a water absorption higherthan 10%, the water bath must be coveredwith an aluminum plate on which a layerof aluminum grains is placed; the glazedsurface of the tiles must be placed incontact with this layer.❑ In both cases, after 5 minutes at the lowtemperature, samples must be placed in anoven at 145 oC for about 20 minutes andthen immediately transferred back to thelow temperature conditions.❑ At the end of 10 cycles, the samples areexamined for visible defects.

EN ISO 10545 - Part 10Ceramic tilesDetermination of moisture expansion❑ Test method applicable to all ceramictiles.❑ 7 whole tiles are needed to perform thetest. From the center of each ti le, aspecimen at most 10 cm long and 3.5 cmwide is cut. In the case of extruded tiles,the length of the test specimen must be inthe direction of the extrusion.❑ Specimens are refired in a kiln at 550 oC.and then returned to room temperature.❑ The length of each specimen isdetermined with a micrometer, usingreference bars of nickel steel (invar) ofappropriate dimensions. This mea-surement is taken twice, at a 3-hourinterval.❑ Specimens are immersed in boiling waterfor 24 hours, ensuring that the level ofwater is higher than the specimens by atleast 5 cm and that the specimens do nottouch each other.❑ The specimens are removed from thewater and allowed to cool for an hour, afterwhich their length is measured twice, at a3-hour interval.

α = 1oLx

∆L∆t

lL

x100

212

A P P E N D I X 1

E1 =[ (m2 - m1)/m1] x 100

where:m1 = dry mass of each tile;m2 = wet mass of each tile.❑ All the tiles are placed in a freezer inwhich the temperature is controlled, whenpossible, by inserting a thermocouple in ahole made in a typical tile of the sampleunder examination.The cycle of freeze and thaw includes thefollowing phases:• cool the tiles to -5 oC at a speed of20 oC/hour;• maintain at -5 oC for 15 minutes;• introduce water at (20±5)oC to raise thetiles to +5 oC;• maintain at +5 o C for 15 minutes.The described cycle must be repeated aminimum of 100 times, at the end of whichthe samples are weighed (m3), and thendried until they reach a constant weight(m4), and visually inspected.❑ Final water absorption is calculated, asgiven by

E2 = [ (m3 - m4)/m4] x 100

and any damage visible on the propersurface and edges of the tile are noted.

Modifications of the EN 202 standard areintended to shorten the length of the testso that more repetitions of the cycle can bestaged in a reasonable time. It is in factrecognized that frost damage is a functionabove all of the number of cycles (that is,of the shifts across 0 0C when watertransforms to ice and vice versa) ratherthan of a low temperature. How quicklythe temperature drops is also an importantfactor (especially in proximity of 0 oC),linked to the velocity of ice formation andthe causing of tensions that may make thetile break.

Fig. 7

Various types

of crazing.

exceptionally large; at the start of the test,all samples must be free from crazes.❑ Tiles are placed in a pressure-cooker, andpressure is raised gradually to 500 kPa(t=159 oC) and maintained at that level for2 hours.The pressure is then lowered as quicklyas possible to room pressure and the tilesare a l lowed to cool , af ter which anaqueous solution of methylene blue isapplied and then removed.The purpose of this treatment is to makevis ible to the eye otherwise unper-ceivable crazing.❑ The glazed surface of the ti les isexamined for crazing, taking care to avoidconfusing crazes with scratches, anddisregarding cracks (Fig. 7).

EN ISO 10545 - Part 12Ceramic tilesDetermination of frost resistance❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tilesintended for use in freezing conditions inthe presence of water.❑ Test must be performed on a minimumarea of 0.25 m2, and on not less than 10entire tiles that are free of defects.❑ After drying to a constant weight, tilesare placed in a vacuum tank to a pressureof (60±4) kPa below atmosphericpressure.Water is introduced while thispressure is maintained for 15 minutesbefore returning to atmospheric pressure.In this way, the initial water absorption(before the cycles of freeze and thaw) isdetermined, as given by:

213

A P P E N D I X 1

Aqueous test solutions

(4.1) Ammonium chloride

(4.2) Sodium hypochlorite

(4.3.1) Hydrochloric acid

(4.3.2) Hydrochloric acid

(4.3.1) Citric acid

(4.3.2) Lactic acid

(4.3.1) Potassium Hydroxide

(4.3.2) Potassium Hydroxide

Low concentration (L)

(100 g/l)

(20 mg/l)

3% (V/V)

––

100 g/l

––

30 g/l

––

High concentration (H)

(100 g/l)

(20 mg/l)

––

18% (V/V)

––

5% (V/V)

––

100 g/l

Length of attack (GL)

24 h

24 h

4 Days

4 Days(1)

24 h

4 Days(1)

4 Days

4 Days(1)

Length of attack (UGL)

12 Days

12 Days

12 Days

12 Days

12 Days

12 Days

12 Days

12 Days

(1) Only if requested

Table 3

Chemical resistan-

ce. Test solution

and conditions for

glazed (GL) and

unglazed (UGL)

tiles.

Test solutions

Ammonium chlorid / Sodium hypochlorite

L Solutions

H Solutions

No visible effect (A)

UA

ULA

UHA

Visible effects on cut edges (B)

UB

ULB

UHB

Visible effects on cut and uncutedges and on proper surface (C)

UC

ULC

UHC

Table 4

Unglazed (UGL)

ceramic tiles:

classification

of chemical

resistance.

The standard dictates that one should“repeat the cycle a minimum of 100 times”,implying that client and supplier mayagree to measure resistance to a highernumber of cycles, should particularweather conditions require as much.

EN ISO 10545 - Part 13Ceramic tilesDetermination of chemical resistance❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tiles todetermine chemical resistance at room tem-perature.❑ Each of the aqueous solutions set forthin Table 3 must be tested on at least 5 testsamples that are:• cut out (50 x 50 mm), in the case ofunglazed tiles;• entire or partial, in the case of glazedtiles.

Classification❑ Unglazed tiles: samples extracted fromunglazed tile are first partially immersedin the test solutions for 12 days and thensubjected to running water for 5 days, thenboiled in water for 30 minutes, dried andvisually inspected for variations on theproper surface, on the cut edges and on thenon-cut edges. The effects observed are thebasis of the classification of Table 4.

❑ Glazed ti les: Test solutions aremaintained in contact with the glazedsurface of the tiles for the length of timesnoted in Table 3, after which the surface iscleaned and dried and the effects createdby the solutions are assessed according tothe diagram of Fig.8.Should the pencil test not be applicable, thetiles are indicated as “Normal classification

not possible”, and classified on the basis ofthe visual inspection according to Table 5.

EN ISO 10545 - Part 14Ceramic tilesDetermination to stains resistance❑ Method applicable to the proper surfaceof ceramic ti les to determine stainresistance.❑ Each of the staining agents listed belowmust be maintained in contact with at least5 test samples (whose proper surface hasfirst been cleaned and dried) for 24 hours.Stains are removed in stages through theuse of different cleaning agents andprocedures (Fig.9).Classification of the results follows visualinspection: class 1 tiles are the easiest fromwhich to remove a given stain, while withclass 5 tiles, such stains cannot be removed

214

A P P E N D I X 1

ATTACCO CHIMICO

Esame visivo

Nessun effetto visibile

Prova matita - umido

Rimossa

Effetto visibile

Prova riflessione

ConfusaNon rimossa Chiara

CLASSE A CLASSE CCLASSE B

and the proper surface has been damagedirreversibly.Stains1) Green staining in light oil (red stainingfor green tiles).2) Iodine alcohol solution.3) Olive oil.Cleaning agents1) Hot water.2) Weak commercial cleaning agent.3) Strong commercial cleaning agent.4) Solvents (hydrochloric acid, potassiumhydroxide, acetone, others to be specified) Cleaning proceduresA) Running hot water.B) Manual cleaning with weak commercialcleaning agent.C) Mechanical cleaning with strongcommercial cleaning agent.

Fig. 8

Classification

scheme for

chemical resistance

of glazed (GL)

ceramic tiles.

D) Immersion in suitable solvent(hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide,acetone, others to be specified).

EN ISO 10545 - Part 15Ceramic tilesExtraction of lead and cadmium fromglazed tiles❑ Method applicable to proper surfaces ofall glazed ceramic tiles. This method wasnot included in the EN standards, derivingrather from the American ASTM C-895system; it regards the determination of theamount of lead and cadmium that may bereleased into an acetic acid solution by aglaze, in the case of tiles used in food-preparing areas (like tiles installed onkitchen counters).

❑ The determination must be made on atleast three whole tiles whose surface hasbeen first cleaned and dried. Each tile isthen prepared as shown in Fig.10.❑ The extraction is effected with a 4%(V/V) acetic acid solution for 24 hours; theamount extracted is determined in theappropriate manner, such as by means ofatomic absorption spectrophotometry.

EN ISO 10545 - Part 16Ceramic tilesDetermination of small color differencesThis method was not included in the ENstandards, but appears as part of the U.S.standards. The test method used is the onedescribed in the standard ASTM C-609, andmeasures small differences in colorbetween an unknown sample and areference tile; the standard specifies thatthis method should be used to measureonly tiles that are solid color and smooth;with other tiles, the results may not bevalid. The test is based on the use of acolorimeter; any colorimeter on the marketmay be used, so long as it gives values thatcan be mathematically transformed intothe tristimulus values X,Y and Z (accordingto CIE).The instrument is first calibrated using aprimary standard (magnesium oxyde) ora secondary standard, depending on theindications of the supplier of theinstrument.Measures are then taken of the unknownsample and the reference sample,

Test solutions

Ammonium chloride - Sodium hypochlorite

L Solutions

H Solutions

No visible effect (A)

GA(V)

GLA(V)

GHA(V)

Visible difference in appearance (B)

GB(V)

GLB(V)

GHB(V)

Partial or complete lossof original surface (C)

GC(V)

GLC(V)

GHC(V)

Table 5

Glazed (GL)

ceramic tiles:

classification of

chemical

resistance.

CHEMICAL ATTACK

Visual examination

No visible effect Visible effect

Pencil test - Wet wiping Reflection text

BlurredClearRemoved Not removed

CLASS BCLASS A CLASS C

215

A P P E N D I X 1

Fig. 9

Classification

scheme for

resistance to

stains.

alternately, until three readings have beentaken of every tile.Finally, the standard specifies the methodto be followed to calculate differences ofcolor, specifically as regards instrumentsthat give the values in L, a and b (whichare transformed into X, Y and Z).

EN ISO 10545 - Part 17Ceramic tilesDetermination of coefficient of friction❑ Method applicable to glazed andunglazed ceramic tiles for floor covering.This method (not included in the EN) isparticularly important for the safety of the

final user, since the coefficient of frictionrelates directly to the slipperiness of a floor.Remember that the coefficient of frictionis defined as the ratio between thetangential force and the vertical load on abody moving over a surface. The standardsets forth methods for measuring both the

Staining

Cleaning procedure “A“

Visual examination

Stain removed

Stain removed

Stain removed

Stain removed

CLASS 5 CLASS 4 CLASS 3 CLASS 1CLASS 2

Stain not removed

Stain not removed

Stain not removed

Stain not removed

Visual

examination

Visual

examination

Visual

examination

Cleaning procedure“C"

Cleaning procedure“D"

Cleaning procedure“B"

216

A P P E N D I X 1

12

34

1. Silicone rubber 3. Tile2. Solution 4. Dome

Fig. 10

Extraction of lead

and cadmium:

sample assembly

during test.

dynamic coefficient of friction (associatedwith an element moving over a surface)and the static coefficient of friction(associated with an element that mustmove from a position of rest).❑ Method A: this method, of Englishorigin (BCR-Tortus), measures the dynamiccoefficient of friction with a portable mo-bile apparatus, a moveable device with anelectric motor that moves at a constantvelocity over the surface of the tiles to betested. The apparatus measures thecoefficient of friction created between the

tiles and a contacting element (slippingelement) that is covered in standardizedrubber (4S) and bears a predeterminedload. The dynamic coefficient of attrition,both average and precise and under allsurface conditions (dry, wet with water,etc.), are measured. This method can beused either in the laboratory or on floorsin service.❑ Method B: this method, originated inthe United States (ASTM C1028) measuresthe static coefficient of friction with anapparatus that uses a dynamometer todetermine the maximum horizontal forceneeded to initiate movement between theslider (covered in standardized 4S rubberand loaded with a known weight) and thetile surface, when dry and also when wet.This method, too, may be used in thelaboratory and on floors in service.❑ Method C: this method is modeled onthe German standard DIN 51130. A personwalks back and forth on a panel coveredwith ceramic tiles. The inclination of the

test area is increased at a constant rate untilthe angle is reached at which the personfinds it difficult to walk (and begins toslip).The test is then interrupted and the angleof inclination of the panel at this point ismeasured; remembering that in this case,the coefficient of friction is equal to thegeometrical tangent of the measured angle.The test is conducted by applying oil to thetest surface, and the testing person wearsworks shoes with standard soles. This testcan be conducted only in the laboratoryand not in the field.❑ Method D: this method requires the useof a pendulum to whose arm a slipperyelement covered in standardized rubber(4S) is connected. The pendulum is madeto swing and the amount of energyabsorbed when the slider comes intocontact with the test surface, be it eitherdry or wet with water, is then measured.This method too can be used both in thelaboratory and in the field.

217

A P P E N D I X 2

EN ISO norms for ceramic tiles - Requirements

Precision

±1.0 up toa max.

± 2 mm

maximum± 1.0

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.8

Natural

±2.0 up toa max.

± 4 mm

maximum± 1.5

± 0.6

± 1.5

± 1.5

± 1.5

Precision

±1.25 up toa max.

± 2 mm

maximum± 1.0

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.8

Natural

±2.0 up toa max.± 4 mm

maximum± 1.5

± 0.6

± 1.5

± 1.5

± 1.5

Natural

±2.0 up toa max.

± 4 mm

maximum± 1.5

± 1.0

± 1.5

± 1.5

± 1.5

Precision


maximum± 1.5

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.5

Precision

± 2.0 up toa max.± 2 mm

maximum± 1.5

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.5

Natural

±2.0 up to amax.

± 4 mm

maximum ±1.5

± 1.0

± 1.5

± 1.5

± 1.5

Precision


maximum± 1.5

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.5

Natural

± 2.0 up toa max.

± 4 mm

maximum± 1.5

± 1.0

± 1.5

± 1.5

± 1.5

Precision

± 2.0 up toa max.

± 2 mm

maximum± 1.5

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.5

Natural

± 2.0 up toa max.

± 4 mm

maximum± 1.5

± 1.0

± 1.5

± 1.5

± 1.5

Group AIISO13006 Annex A

Group AIIa P.1ISO 13006 Annex B

Group AIIa P.2ISO 13006 Annex C

Group AIIb P.1ISO 13006 Annex D

Group AIIb P.2 ISO 13006 Annex E

Group AIIIISO 13006 Annex F

Properties

Length and width

Allowable % deviation ofthe average dimension of

each tile (2 or 4 sides) fromwork size W

Allowable % deviation ofthe average size of eachtile (2 or 4 sides) from the

average of 10 test specimens(20 or 40 sides)

Thickness

Allowable % deviation of theaverage thickness of each tile

from the work size

Straightness of sides(Proper surface)

Maximum % deviation fromstraightness

related to the correspondingwork size

Rectangularity

Maximum % deviation fromrectangularity


Surface flatness

Maximum % deviation fromflatness in surface

a) center curvature related tothe diagonal calculated from

work size

b) edge curvature related tothe corresponding work size

c) warpage related to thediagonal

calculated from work size

Surface quality

% of acceptable tiles in the lot

Group ADimensional and

aspect properties -

Test according to

ISO 10545-2.

Thickness must be indicated by manufacturer

± 10

± 1,0

95 minimum

218

test method available

report the class of abrasion and the number of cycles passed




requested



For floor tiles, report value and test method adopted

≤ 33.3 maximum

not less than 1100not less than 600

minimum 23minimum 18

max 275

3 < E ≤ 66.5 maximum



max 393

3 < E ≤ 66.5 maximum



max 541

6 < E ≤ 1011.1 maximum


minimum 17,5minimum 15

max 649

6 < E ≤ 1011.1 maximum


minimum 9minimum 8

max 1062

6 < E ≤ 1011.1 maximum


minimum 8minimum 7

max 2365

A P P E N D I X 2

Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural

Properties

Test method ISO 10545-3Water absorbtion % by weight

Average valueIndividual value

Test methodISO 10545-4

Breaking strength, in N a) thickness ≥ 7.5 mm b) thickness < 7.5 mm

Modulus of rupture, in N/mm2

Not applicable if the breakingstrength is ≥ 3000 N

Average value Individual value

Test method ISO 10545-5Impact resistance

Test method ISO 10545-6Resistance to deep

abrasion of unglazedtiles V mm3

Test method ISO 10545-7Resistance to surface

abrasion ofglazed floor tiles

Test method ISO 10545-8Coefficient of linear thermal

expansionfrom room temperature to

100oC

Test method ISO 10545-9Resistance to thermal shock

Test method ISO 10545-10Moisture expansion ofunglazed tiles (mm/m)

Test method ISO 10545-11Crazing resistance of

glazed tiles

Test method ISO 10545-12Frost resistance

Test method ISO 10545-16Small color difference

Test method ISO 10545-17Coefficient of friction

Group AI ISO 13006 Annex A

Group AIIa P.1ISO 13006 Annex B

Group AIIa P.2ISO 13006 Annex C

Group AIIb P.1ISO 13006 Annex D

Group AIIb P.2ISO 13006 Annex E

Group AIIIISO 13006 Annex F

Group APhysical properties.

219

A P P E N D I X 2

Group AChemical

properties.

Group AI - ISO 13006 Annex AGroup AIIa - ISO 13006 Annex B-CGroup AIIb - ISO 13006 Annex D-E

Group AIII - ISO 13006 Annex F

report the class of chemical resistance


min. GBmin. UB

min. Class 3test method available


Properties

Chemical resistanceTest method ISO 10545-13

Resistance to low concentrations of acids and alkalia) glazed tilesb) unglazed tiles

Resistance to high concentrations of acids and alkali

Resistance to chemicals for home use and pool chemicalsa) glazed tilesb) unglazed tiles

Test method ISO 10545-14

Stain resistancea) glazed tilesb) unglazed tiles

Test method ISO 10545-15Lead and cadmium release

220

95 minimum

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.6

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.5

Thickness must be indicated by the manufacturer

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.6

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.5

A P P E N D I X 2

Properties

Length and width



Allowable % deviation of theaverage size of each tile (2 or 4

sides) from the average of 10 testspecimens (20 or 40 sides)

Thickness


from the work size




Rectangularity



Surface flatness



work size

b) edge curvature related to thecorresponding work size



Surface quality


± 5

S > 410

± 0.6

190 < S ≤410

± 0.75

S > 410

± 0,6

± 5 ± 10± 10

Group B Dimensional and

appearance properties -

Test according to

ISO 10545-2.S < 90

± 1.2

± 0.75

± 0.75

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

90 < S ≤<190

± 1.0

S ≤ 90

± 1.2

± 0.75

± 0.75

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

90 < S ≤ 190

± 1.0

190 < S < 410

± 0.75

Group BIa - ISO 13006 Annex G

Area S of product (cm2)

Group BIb - ISO 13006 Annex H


221


95 minimum

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.6

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.5

A P P E N D I X 2

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.6

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 0.5

± 5

S > 410

± 0.6

S > 410

± 0.6

± 10 ± 5 ± 10

Group BDimensional and

appearance

properties -

Test according to

ISO 10545-2 (cont.).

S ≤ 90

± 1.2

± 0.75

± 0.75

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

90 < S ≤ 190

± 1.0

190 < S ≤ 410

± 0.75

S ≤ 90

± 1.2

± 0.75

± 0.75

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

± 1.0

90 < S≤ 190

± 1.0

190 < S ≤ 410

± 0.75

Properties

Length and width





Thickness


from the work size




Rectangularity



Surface flatness



work size




Surface quality


Group BIIa - ISO 13006 Annex J


Group BIIb - ISO 13006 Annex K


222

± 10

± 0.3

95 minimum

Group B Dimensional and

appaerance

properties -

Test according to

ISO 10545-2 (cont.).

A P P E N D I X 2

Non-spacer

Side < 12 cm: ± 0.75Side > 12 cm: ± 0.50

Side < 12 cm: ± 0.50Side > 12 cm: ± 0.30

± 0.5

+ 0.5-0.3

+ 0.5- 0.3

± 0.5

Spacer

+ 0.6- 0.3

± 0.25

± 0.3

+ 0.8 mm- 0.2 mm

+ 0.8 mm- 0.2 mm

0.5 mm for sizes < 250 cm2

0.75 mm for sizes > 250 cm2

Group BIII - ISO 13006 Annex L


Properties

Length and width





Thickness


from the work size




Rectangularity



Surface flatness



work size




Surface quality


223


report the class of abrasion and the number of cycles passed




requested


For floor tiles, report value and test method adopted

A P P E N D I X 2

Properties

Test method ISO 10545-3Water absorbtion %

by weightAverage valueIndividual value

Test according toISO 10545-4

Breaking strength, in Na) thickness ≥ 7.5 mmb) thickness < 7.5 mmModulus of rupture, in N/mm2

Not applicable if the breakingstrength is ≥ 3000 N

Average valueIndividual value

Test method ISO 10545-5Impact resistance

Test method ISO 10545-6Resistance to deep

abrasion of unglazedtiles V mm3

Test method ISO 10545-7Resistance to surface

abrasion ofglazed floor tiles

Test method ISO 10545-8Coefficient of linear thermal

expansionfrom room temperature to

100oC

Test method ISO 10545-9Resistance to thermal shock

Test method ISO 10545-10Moisture expansion ofunglazed tiles (mm/m)

Test method ISO 10545-11Crazing resistance of

glazed tiles

Test method ISO 10545-12Frost resistance

Test method ISO 10545-16Small color difference

Test method ISO 10545-17Coefficient of friction

≤ 0.5

0.6 max



max 175

0.5 < E ≤ 33.3 max



max 175

6 < E ≤1011 max



max 540

E > 10minimum 9

When the value exceeds20% this shall be

indicated by the manufacturer


Thickness > 7.5: min.15Thickness < 7.5: min.12

––

3 < E ≤ 66.5 max



max 345

Group BPhysical properties.

test method availablerequested

Group BIaISO 13006 Annex G

Group BIbISO 13006 Annex H

Group BIIaISO 13006 Annex J

Group BIIbISO 13006 Annex K

Group BIIIISO 13006 Annex L

224

A P P E N D I X 2

Group BChemical

properties.

Group BIa - ISO 13006 Annex GGroup BIb - ISO 13006 Annex HGroup BIIa - ISO 13006 Annex JGroup BIIb - ISO 13006 Annex KGroup BIII - ISO 13006 Annex L

report the class of chemical resistance


min. GBmin. UB

min. Class 3test method available


Properties

Chemical resistanceTest method ISO 10545-13

Resistance to low concentrations of acids and alkalia) glazed tilesb) unglazed tiles

Resistance to high concentrations of acids and alkali

Resistance to chemicals for home use and pool chemicalsa) glazed tilesb) unglazed tiles (Group BIa-BIIb)

Test method ISO 10545-14

Stain resistancea) glazed tilesb) unglazed tiles

Test method ISO 10545-15Lead and cadmium release

225

A P P E N D I X 3

The UNI designation

The term “certification” is defined in theUNI CEI 70001 standards, paragraph 13.5,as follows: “Certification of conformity –action by means of which an independent thirdparty testi f ies that, with reasonabledependability, a given product, process orservice is in conformity with a specific standardor another official document.”The term “certification” refers to thecomplex of procedures including testing,inspection and verification by means ofwhich it can be concluded that a productnot only conforms with establishedtechnical standards, but is subject tosufficient self-monitoring during all phasesof production so that, even though all testscannot be conducted “on line”, a constantquality of production can be reasonablyguaranteed. This requires that themanufacturer be equipped with anadequate system of quality control, com-plete with a manual, a laboratory withspecialized technical personnel and anadequate system of data registry so that,in cases where products are not inconformity, the original causes of the defectcan be traced. All these indications arespecified in the ISO 9000 standards.

Let us consider the specific case of ceramictiles.The EN ISO standards, prescribing qualityrequirements for first-choice materials anddescribing the corresponding test methods,are presented in section 2.2, and describedin detail in Appendices 1 and 2. Some ofthese tests (like the evaluation of surfacequality) constitute an integral part ofnormal production lines (grade sortinglines); while others (like chemical andabrasion resistance, etc.) are destructive,and hence cannot be performed “on line”but rather “on samples”. In the case of thelatter type, the manufacturer must performthem (or have them performed)

periodically, with a frequency that dependson the importance of the test to qualitycontrol. If a test’s results are negative (thatis, if the product is found to be not inconformity), the manufacturer identify thepossible cause or causes, analyzing thecharacteristic parameters of the variousphases of the production cycle and makingthe required corrections; finally, productsthat are not in conformity must beidentified and carefully isolated fromnormal production.All this is part of the so-called ”qualitycontrol system”, which requires:❑ a quality control manual, describing thevarious operational procedures and notingstandards of evaluation and interpretationof results;❑ a quality control laboratory completewith sufficient equipment and specializedtechnical personnel;❑ documentation of the results ofexamination as effected at the various

phases of the production cycle: rawmaterials, grinding, pressing, drying,glazing, firing;❑ documentation of examination effectedon finished product.

As regards the preparation of the qualitycontrol manual, the organization and ma-nagement of the laboratory and the testson raw materials and partly finishedproducts, manufacturers are referred to theEN ISO 9002 standard which offers generalguidelines modifiable to specific cases.Examination of finished products, instead,must be performed in conformity with theEN ISO standards for ceramic tiles.Although these procedures are complex,each manufacturer will already have itsown internal quality control system, andit will be sufficient for such a system to bemodified to meet the aforementionedrequirements of the EN ISO standards.Companies already equipped with a

Istruzione domanda UNI

Istruzione domanda Organismo ispezione

Visita iniziale Organismo ispezione

Esame rapporto visita Comitato Certificazione

Prove di laboratorio

Esame rapporto prove Comitato Certificazione

Stipulazione del contratto UNI

Istruzione domanda Laboratorio

Fig. 1

Flow-sheet for the

application of the

UNI Mark.

Application to UNI

Initial visit ofinspection institution

Examination of visit report byCertification Committee

Laboratory tests

Examination of test report byCertification Committee

Drafting of UNI contract

Application of mark tocertified products

Application to inspecting institution Application to laboratory

226

sufficient quality control system are thefirst to request the mark. As noted above,they may request it but are not obligatedto; the mark for ceramic tiles is optional.Nevertheless it is important, and itsimportance is sure to increase in the nearfuture since it constitutes an officialrecognition of sound production manage-ment, as well as an excellent form of self-presentation to consumers in all theEuropean markets. (It must be rememberedthat a quality mark is also in use in otherEuropean countries).In Italy, the quality mark is conferred byUNI, Italian Standardization Body, whichis its proprietor and grants the right to usethe mark to any requesting company thatdemonstrates, first, that it has an adequatesystem of quality control (as describedabove); furthermore, the type of productfor which the mark is requested must meetthe requirements established by currentstandards.The procedure to be followed is describedin a UNI publication on the subject. Fig.1presents a brief f lowchart for theattribution of the mark. The main steps inthe procedure to be followed aresummarized below.First, the mark is requested by the

manufacturer, that is by “the company thatproduces ceramic tiles and/or offers them onthe market, under its own name, assumingcomplete responsibility for the product.” Thusthe mark may be requested even by acompany that does not directly producethe tiles, but only distributes a product (forwhich it assumes complete responsibility)that is manufactured and packaged in itsname by a third party.The mark is requested for a commercialseries: that is to say, for tiles❑ that belong to the same product Group,as established by the EN ISO standards (seesection 2.2);❑ that have the same body and the samethickness, and are grouped into a certainnumber of formats and colors.

The mark (Fig.2) is indelibly stamped ontothe series which has acquired the right touse it : i t is important to be able todistinguish the series that carries the markfrom that same company’s otherproduction, so as to avoid anymisunderstandings or imitations.The mark is also featured in catalogs,brochures, advertising flyers: since itrepresents a distinction of quality, it isin the manufacturer ’ s in teres t toguarantee its broadest possible exposurethrough indiv idual and groupadvertisements.The mark is the property of UNI, whichgrants a manufacturer the contractual rightto use it for four years, at the end of whichthe contract is tacitly renewed unless it hasbeen revoked by either of the contractingparties.Once the application is sent to UNI com-plete with required documentation, theprocedure for receiving the permit for themark begins; the procedure includes, first,a visit by the Inspection Institutiondesignated by UNI (Centro Ceramico Bo-

logna). The main purpose of the visit is toverify the existence of an adequate internalsystem of quality control, as indicatedabove: the producer must indicate how thequality control inspections are conducted,submitting all pertinent data. Thefrequency and nature of the inspections onsemi-manufactured goods and on thestages of the technological process are atthe discretion of the manufacturer: forexample, for raw materials, it is sufficientto include in the documentation a technicalform completed by the supplier.Inspections on finished products, bycontrast, are stricter. First, sampling isquite regulated: for each commercialseries, it must be substantial, as regardsformats as well as glazes and colors:detai ls regarding sampling must bespecified in the visit report. Control testsmust be performed following EN ISOstandard test methods; other test methodsmay also be used, so long as theircorrespondence to standard methods hasbeen verified. Frequency of testing is setforth in Table 1; all the colors of a seriesmust be monitored periodically, and aftera year of on-going production inspections,the entire range of tests required by ENISO standards must have covered thetotality of production. A-type tests mustbe performed at the production site; B-and C-type tests may be effected partiallyor totally at an external laboratory (suchas the manufacturer ’s laboratory, or anexternal laboratory).All test results must be properlydocumented and presented by themanufacturer at the time of the visit.Samples are also selected at this time andsent to the official testing laboratory (Cen-tro Ceramico Bologna) for testing.The Inspection Institution sends the reportof its visit to the Certification Committee,which evaluates the report. If that report

A P P E N D I X 3

UNIP0000

Fig. 2

The UNI Mark logo.

227

A P P E N D I X 3

receives a positive evaluation, theCertification Committee commissions thetesting laboratory to perform all testsrequired by the EN ISO standards on theseries for which the use of the mark is beingpetitioned. The laboratory sends out testreports to the Certification Committee,which is empowered to give final approval,based on which UNI draws up a contractwith the manufacturer for the granting ofthe permit to use for the mark.During the life of the contract, theInspection Institution must visit theproduction plant annually to verify theproper management of quality control (andespecially of the registers in which testresults are documented). Furthermore,samples are drawn to be sent to thedesignated laboratory for testing:obviously, fewer tests are required than for

Type of test

A

B

C

Frequency

daily

monthly

yearly

Property tested

dimensions and surface qualitywater absorption

modulus of rupture

abrasion resistancechemical resistancecrazing resistance

Mohs hardness

linear thermal expansionthermal shock resistance

moisture expansionfrost resistance

Table 1

Quality control

scheme.

the initial application for the mark, sincethis is a sample-based evaluation,performed on materials selected on thebasis of their significance. UNI can thencommission the test laboratory and theinspection institution to performunscheduled sampling of tiles both from

the manufacturer and on the market, so asto conduct tests to ascertain if thesesamples conform to those submitted for theinitial testing.Obviously, violations of contract will meritsanctions of varying gravity, as listed in therelevant UNI publication.

228

A P P E N D I X 4

Categories of selections

EN ISO standards establish qualityrequirements only for first choicematerials, or materials “of the bestcommercial quality” (as stated in the EN87??? standard). All materials of lesserquality have no classificationrequirements. Currently, every companyuses its own standards of selection, usingsuch terminology as “”first”, “second”,“third”, “first commercial”, “kiln output”,“discard”, etc., creating confusion on themarket.At a meeting in Brussels on November 16,1990, the CET (European Federation ofManufacturers of Ceramic Tiles) reachedan agreement regarding the definition ofquality grades of ceramic tile, and specifieda labelling system for boxes. Thisagreement establishes no official norm butdoes nevertheless represent true progressin the distribution of ceramic tiles.As regards the labelling of boxes andpackages, only general suggestions wereprovided. Quality classification must beclearly and legibly noted, in Arabicnumerals; companies must label inwhatever way is most effective, dependingon corporate requirements and technicalmeans available.Since the first choice classification hasalready been defined (as materials thatc o n f o r m w i t h E N s t a n d a r d re q u i -rements(1)) , it was sufficient to defines e c o n d c h o i c e i n o r d e r t o a u -tomatically generate the definition ofthird choice.Factors that determine a tile’s classificationare, first, aesthetic defects (stains, flecks,defects in decoration, etc.) that aredetrimental to the appearance of theproper surface. For second-choice tiles, theestablished distance from which thesedefects are visible is greater, but themaximum allowable percentage ofdefective tiles (5%) is the same. If this

percentage is exceeded, tiles are consideredthird-choice. As for functional properties,the limits established for first-choice havebeen slightly increased, while guidelinesregarding physical and chemical propertiesare more complex and detailed.For some of these properties(abrasionresistance of the surface of glazed tiles, andresistance to acids and bases, also of glazedtiles) the requirement of first choicedepend on the manufacturer’s statement,and likewise for second choice. For otherproperties, requirements have remainedunaltered, since said properties areconsidered peculiar to ceramic tiles, or inany case fundamental to the performancerequired: such is the case with thermalshock resistance and crazing resistance(even if manufacturers may declare thatglazes used to achieve aesthetic affects maycraze), as well as with resistance to stains,home-use chemicals and pool chemicals.Finally, for the remaining properties, it wasaccepted as a general principle that for amaterial of second choice, an acceptablevalue-limit is the first-choice requirementsof the group immediately following it. Forexample, requirements for second choiceof group BI are those for the first choice ofgroup BIa. Obviously, this generalstandard has required adaptations due tosome incongruities in the system. Theresults are set forth in Table 1. It should benoted that though the data in this chart arethe result of several elaborations anddetailed discussions, it has yet to beperfected: nevertheless, it is a sound pointof reference in a confused situation that haspersisted for years and was in urgent needof regulation.It has been established that the standardconstitutes a strong recommendation,especially for tiles for the export market.The complete text of the agreed-uponregulations follows.

Affixing of the quality grade on boxes andpackagingFor products in conformity with therequirements established by the ENstandards, the first-choice designationmust be specified, as prescribed by saidstandards.Likewise, for products that do not satisfythe requirements established by the ENstandards, the designation of 2nd and 3rdchoice must be specified.These indications must be entirely clearand legible on the boxes and packages,using Arabic numerals of a size and formthat may vary depending on the technicalmeans and corporate requirements of themanufacturer.

Standards of selection: aesthetic andfunctional❑ Aesthetic standards• 1st choiceThe proper surface of the tiles must appearintact in all i ts parts; an aestheticassessment will require the testing of atleast a sample of 1 m2 and a minimum of30 tiles, as established by the EN 98standard.The assessment is effected by observing theproper surface of the tile at a distance of 1meter under a light of 300 lux.The result is expressed as a percentage oftiles with defects.• Requirements for 1st choicePercentage of defective tiles < 5.• 2nd choiceA sample of at least 1 square meter and aminimum of 30 tiles must be tested. Theassessment must be effected by observingthe proper surface of the tiles at a distanceof 2 meters and under a light of 300 lux.The result is expressed as a percentage oftiles with defects.• Requirements for 2nd choicePercentage of defective tiles < 5.

(1) The Cet agreementrefers to EN norms in

force at the time it wassigned (1990). The ENISO norms described

and used in this guide(see §2.2. and

Appendices 1 and 2)are an updating of

those norms. Thevalues included in

Table 2 will beupdated using as a

reference therequirements listed in

Appendix 2.

229

Richiesta per tutti i gruppi / Richiesta per tutti i gruppi

Richiesta per tutti i gruppi / Richiesta per tutti i gruppi

Min classe 2 per tutti i gruppi / Min classe 2 per tutti i gruppiMin classe B per tutti i gruppi / Min classe B per tutti i gruppi

Richiesta se d’accordo. Secondo la classe di resistenza chimica indicata dal fabbricanteRichiesta se d’accordo. Secondo la classe di resistenza chimica indicata dal fabbricante

Secondo la classe di abrasione indicata dal fabbricante / Secondo la classe di abrasione indicata dal fabbricante

A P P E N D I X 4

Properties

Modulus of rupture (EN 100)• Average value

• Individual value

Mohs hardness (EN 101)• Glazed• Unglazed

Deep abrasion (EN 102)

Linear thermal expansion (EN 103)

Thermal shock (EN 104)

Crazing (EN 106)

Chemical resistance unglazed (EN 106)• Household chemicals and pool chemicals• Acid and alkalis

Chemical resistance glazed (EN 122)• Stains• Household chemicals and pool chemicals• Acid and alkalis manufacturer

Surface abrasion (EN 154)

Moisture expansion (EN 155)

Frost resistance (EN 202)

AI

≥ 20 ≥20

18 18

≥5 ≥5≥6 ≥6

≤300 ≤393

4÷8 ≤105÷13 ≤12

req’d req’dreq’d req’d

–– ––

req’d

req’d ifagreed

AIIa-1

≥20 ≥17.5

18 15

≥5 ≥5≥6 ≥6

≤393 ≤649

≤10 ≤10≤12 ≤10

req’d req’dreq’d

req’d ifagreed

–– ––

req’d ifagreedreq’d ifagreed

AIIa-2

≥10 ≥8

9 7

≥5 ≥4≥5 ≥4

≤771≤1419

≤10 ≤10≤12 ≤10

req’d req’dreq’d ifagreedreq’d ifagreed

–– ––


AIIb-1

≥17,5 ≥8

15 7

≥5 ≥4≥6 ≥3

≤649≤2365

≤10 ≤10≤10 ≤10


≤0.6 ≤0.6


AIIb-2

≥8 ≥8

7 7

≥4 ≥4≥3 ≥3

≤1419≤2365

≤10 ≤10≤10 ≤10


≤0.6 ≤0.6


AIII

≥8 ≥8

7 7

≥4 ≥4≥3 ≥3

≤2365≤3174

≤10 ≤10≤10 ≤10


≤0.6 ≤0.6


BI

≥27 ≥22

–– 20

≥5 ≥5≥6 ≥6

≤205 ≤345

≤9 ≤9


–– ––

req’d

req’d ifagreed

BIIa

≥22 ≥18

20 16

≥5 ≥5≥6 ≥6

≤345 ≤540

≤9 ≤9


–– ––


BIIb

≥18 ≥15/12

16 7

≥5 ≥5≥6 ≥4

≤540≤2046

≤9 ≤9


≤0.6 ≤0.6

req’d ifagreed

BIII

≥15/12 ≥8

7 7

≥5 f ≥3 w≥4 f ≥3 w

––––

≤9 ≤9


–– ––

––

––

Table 1

Requirements for

quality grades.

1st choice: italic;

2nd choice: bold.

f = floorw = wall

• 3rd choiceTiles in this group include all those that donot satisfy the requirements established for1st and 2nd choices.

❑ Functional standards• Requirements for 1st choiceTiles must satisfy 1st choice requirements,as established by the specific EN product

standard for the group to which it belongs.

• Requirements for 2nd choice- DimensionsTiles must satisfy the requirementsestablished by the specific EN productstandard for the group to which it belongs,with a maximum allowable deviation of25% from the tolerances indicated in the

aforementioned standard.- Physical and chemical propertiesTiles must satisfy the requirements setforth in Table 1.

• Requirements for 3rd choiceTiles in this group include all those whichdo not satisfy the requirements for 1st and2nd choice.

Required for all groups




Min. class 2 for all groupsMin. class B for all groups

Min. class 2 for all groupsMin. class B for all groups

Requested if agreed upon. According to class of chemical resistance indicated by manufacturerRequested if agreed upon. According to class of chemical resistance indicated by manufacturer

According to class of abrasion indicated by manufacturerAccording to class of abrasion indicated by manufacturer

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A P P E N D I X 5

Centro Ceramico Bologna

CENTRO CERAMICO - BOLOGNAItalian Center for the Research and Testing for the Ceramics Industry

International denomination:ITALIAN CERAMIC CENTER

Headquarters:Via Martelli, 26 - 40138 Bologna

Tel. (051)534015 - Fax (051)530085

Branch Unit:CERTI.CER

Via Valle d’Aosta 1- 41049 Sassuolo (Modena)Tel/Fax (0536)802154

Internet: www.cencerbo.ite-mail: [email protected]

The Centro Ceramico is managed by a University Consortium, whose members are:

UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA

ERVETRegional Organization for Economic Development

EMILIA-ROMAGNA CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE ASSOCIATION

ASSOPIASTRELLEAssociation of Italian Ceramic Tile and Refractories Manufacturers

ANCPLItalian Association of Manufacturing Cooperatives

ENCSItalian Institute for Ceramics and Silicates

ANDILItalian Association of Heavy Clay Products Manufacturers

FEDERCERAMICAItalian Association of Ceramics and Abrasives Manufacturers

Acknowledgement of the legal status of the University Consortium:DPR 10/4/1978, n.806

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A P P E N D I X 5

National and international accreditations

Laboratory listed in the register of the “Highly Qualified Private and Public External Laboratories”Ruling of the Ministry Of Scientific Research 6/16/1983 (G.U. 7/6/1983, n.183)

Laboratory authorized to monitor atmospheric pollutionL.7/13/1966, n.615 - Ruling of Ministry Of Health 8/10/1974 (G.U. 9/1/1974, n.240)

Italian reference Ceramics Laboratory for the “Mutual Recognition Agreement of Test Reports”of the CEN Certification Committee N.5

Italian reference Ceramics Laboratory for CERLABS - World Network of National CeramicLaboratories

Inspection institution and official test laboratory designated by UNI for granting the Quality Markfor Ceramic Tiles

Inspection institution and official test laboratory designated by UNI for granting the Quality Markfor Bricks

Test laboratory accredited by SINAL, according to UNI CEI EN 45001 (Accreditation N. 0058,10/21/1997)

Laboratory designated by ENCS (Italian Institute for Ceramics and Silicates) for granting the ENCSMark for sanitary articles

Recognized official laboratory for the exportation of ceramic tiles and sanitaryware in Saudi Ara-bia, according to S.A.S.O

Test laboratory accredited by P.C.B.C. (Poland) according to ISO/IEC 25

Official laboratory acknowledged by ZAG-ZRMK (Slovenia) for the exportation of ceramic tiles.

Official laboratory recognized by the Ministry for the Defense for the monitoring of the consignmentof earthenware

Laboratory with Qualified Personnel according to EN 30011 for assessing quality systems accordingto EN ISO 9000

CRE

Labs - World Network of National Ceramic Laboratories

232

Activities

❏ Applied research❏ Assistance to industry, certification, consultation❏ Professional training❏ Distribution of information

in the following areas:

❏ Chemistry and raw materials❏ Industrial ceramics (tiles, bricks, sanitaryware, earthenware, refractories, etc.)❏ Advanced technical ceramic❏ Environment❏ Processes and energy❏ Product and system quality

Tests, analyses, services

❏ Tiles, Sanitaryware, Refractories, Bricks, Pipes for building, Adhesives for building, Dinnerware, Cements and Concrete:• quality assessment according to test methods established by respective standards, national (UNI) and international (EN, ISO)• microstructure characterization (SEM,EDS).

❏ Defects in tiled floors and wall coverings: on-site inspections, technical assistance, etc.

❏ Ceramic raw materials, glazes, frits, etc.; execution of:•chemical analysis and chemical determination•mineralogical analysis•microscope examinations•thermal analysis (DTA,TG, dilatometrics, firing tests)•granulometric analysis•heating microscope.

❏ Chemical analysis of waters (waste water, processing water) and of production and purification waste/residues.

❏ Characterization of gaseous emissions.

❏ Measurement of exposure to pollutants in the workplace.

❏ Energy Auditing: measurement of thermal and electric consumption, and assistance in energy conservation.

A P P E N D I X 5

233

A P P E N D I X 5

Manuals for ceramic tile professionals

Ceramic tile professionals may request the following manuals on ceramic tile. They include the results of researchprojects, or they were published to cover topics of particular interest in easy and readable format.

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A P P E N D I X 6

Ceramic Arbitration Board - Constitution and Rules of Procedure

Constitution

Art. 11.1. The Arbitration Board has beenestablished under the auspices of the Cen-tro Ceramico for the purpose of offeringservices of arbitration (basic andextraordinary), conciliation andcontractual appraisal in the interest ofpromoting the friendly resolution ofdisagreements and/or controversiesregarding ceramic materials.1.2. Said services are regulated by the Rulesof Procedure which are attached to thepresent Constitution and are an integralpart of same.1.3. The Arbitration Board is located withinthe Centro Ceramico.

Art. 22.1. The Arbitration Board is directed andadministered by a Council.2.2. The Council has full authority topursue the achievement of all the aims ofthe Arbitration Board.2.3. In particular, the Council:a) creates and maintains a list of arbitersand experts;b) assigns arbiters and experts;c) stipulates the amount parties must payfor reimbursement of administrativeexpenses;d) resolves challenges to arbiters andexperts;e) resolves claims against fees to arbitersand experts;f) provides opinions on procedures toarbiters and experts.

Art. 33.1. The Council is composed of sevenmembers including the President.3.2. The President of the Centro Ceramicois by rights the President of the Council.3.3. The Board of Directors of the Centro

Ceramico nominates the members of theCouncil of the Arbitration Board, selectingthem from among the pool of persons ofproven experience in the law or inceramics, and of clear moral integrity.3.4. The Council’s tenure lasts 4 years andits members may be reinstated.

Art. 44.1. The Council is convened by the Presidentwhenever he deems it appropriate, and whenat least 3 of its members request it.4.2. The Council is presided over by thePresident or, in case of his absence ofinability to serve, by the oldest member ofthe board.

Art. 6The functioning of the Arbitration Boardis assured by the payment of expenses bythe users of the services and, in cases wheresuch payments do not suffice, by the Cen-tro Ceramico.

Art. 7This Constitution may be modifiedfollowing deliberation of the Council,ratified by the Board of Directors of theCentro Ceramico.

Rules of Procedure

Art. 1 - Arbitration services1.1. Arbitration services consist inproviding one or more arbiters to partiesfor the resolution of conflicts.1.2. Conciliation services consist inproviding the parties with one or moreconciliators who will promote anagreement among parties.1.3. Services of contractual appraisalconsists in providing parties with one ormore experts responsible for formulatinga technical evaluation.1.4. Recourse to arbitration services entailsunconditional acceptance of theConstitution of the Arbitration Board, ofits Rules of Procedure, and of the decisionthat will be made, exempting the Boardfrom any responsibility.1.5. Parties have a joint obligation to paythe fee of the arbiter and/or the expert.

Art. 2 - Arbitration agreement2.1. Reference is made to one of theaforementioned rules of procedure whenan arbitration agreement exists betweenparties or when, despite the absence of anarbitration clause or compromise, theparties jointly request it of the ArbitrationBoard.

4.3. The Council deliberates with thepresence of at least half of its members.4.4. Decisions are made by a majority voteof members present.4.5. In the case of a tie, the vote of whoeverhas convened the union will be decisive.

Art. 55.1. The Council nominates the Secretaryof the Arbitration Board.5.2. The Secretary executes the decisionsof the Council, draws up the minutes ofits meetings, reports to the Council onthe functioning of the administrationand of serv ices rendered to theArbitration Board.

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A P P E N D I X 6

2.2. When the parties agree in writing toavail themselves of the services of theArbitration Board, and specify no furtherdetails, this will be understood to signify:a single arbiter rather than an arbitratingbody; an outside arbiter rather than aBoard one; a judgement based on fairnessrather than on jurisprudence.2.3. In the case of several parties, a singlearbiter will pass judgement, regardless ofthe arbitration agreement.

Art. 3 - List of arbiters and experts3.1. The Council draws up and updates thelist of arbiters and experts, includingindividuals of proven experience in thelegal and/or ceramics field and ofuncontested moral integrity.3.2. Whenever it is deemed appropriate,the Council may designate people who arenot on the list , but possess theaforementioned requirements.3.3. Either part may reject in writing thedesignated arbiter or expert, citing reasonsfor doing so.3.4. Following such a rejection, the Councilwill confer with the interested parties andthen make its decision without appeal.

Art. 4 - Request for arbitration4.1. The party that wishes to promotearbitration presents a written request tooffice of the Arbitration Board, notifyingthe opposite party by registered mail.4.2. The request must indicate:a) name and address of the parties;b) type of arbitration requested: standardor extraordinary, arbitration body or singlearbitrator;c) exposition of facts and legal issues onwhich the request is based;d) summary of the arguments which therequesting party means to use;e) in the case of an arbitration body: fullname and address of the arbiter in the field.

4.3. Together with the request, therequesting party must submit to the officeof the Arbitration Board:a) a copy of the compromise or of thecompromise clause;b) the original letter of attorney, if saidparty intends to be represented anddefended in the proceedings;c) the receipt of the registered letter notedin comma 1 above;d) the compensation owed to the office ofthe Arbitration Board, as estimated by theCouncil.4.4. The office of the Arbitration Boardregisters the request in the appropriatechronological register, opens a file andassigns it a number.

Art. 5 – Integration of the lawsuit5.1. Within thirty days of being notified ofthe request, the defendant party mustsubmit to the Arbitration Board a writtenresponse to the pertinent questions,indicating the arguments it intends to useand, in the case of an arbitration body,designating the special arbiter.5.2. If he intends to seek legalrepresentation and defense, said partymust also present the original of the letterof attorney.5.3. Within ten days from the expiration ofthe term in the above sub-section, the officemust submit the file to the council.5.4. Depending on need, the Councildesignates a single arbiter and thepresident of the arbitration body. In caseswhere the parties do not designate anexpert arbiter, the Council designates him/her as well.5.5. The Council also determines thearbiter ’s advance payment.5.6. The office of the Arbitration Boardimmediately communicates the results ofsaid deliberation to the arbiter and to allparties by registered mail.

Art. 6 - Procedures6.1. Once the arbiter’s advance paymenthas been paid as per the above art. 5.4, theprocess begins.6.2. Within ten days of said payment, thearbiter communicates to the parties, byregistered letter, the date and hour of thefirst meeting to be held within the nexttwenty days.6.3. Arbitration takes place at the offices ofthe Ceramics Arbitration Board.6.4. The arbiter takes the minutes of themeeting which he undersigns.6.5. The arbiter attempts to reconcile theparties.6.6. If the parties are reconciled, they drawup and sign a statement of reconciliation,under the guidance of the arbiter,indicating among other things who will beresponsible for paying the fee of the arbiter,whose responsibilities conclude with thesigning of this document.6.7. The arbiter conducts the inquiry usinghis best judgment and respecting theprinciple of cross-examination.

Art. 7 - Decision7.1. The arbiter issues his decision withinthree months of the first meeting, unlessotherwise agreed by the arbiter and partiesinvolved.7.2. The decision is issued in written formand is signed by the arbiter.7.3. When there are multiple arbiters, thedecision is arrived at by a majority vote.7.4. Should one arbiter refuse to sign thedecision, the other arbiters note this factin the ruling itself.7.5. The decision must contain the claimsof the parties involved, the course of theproceedings, the motives and the finalverdict.7.6. In his decision, the arbiter caps his feeand the expenses for the defense of theparties involved, charging them to one or

236

the other party according to the principleof loosing party.7.7. A written claim against the paymentof the arbiter’s fees may be submitted tothe Council of the Arbitration Board withinthirty days of notification of the arbiter’sdecision.7.8. Said claim does not suspend thedeadline for the execution of the otherpoints of the decision.7.9. The Board makes an irrevocabledecision regarding the claim against thepayment of the arbiter’s fees.7.10. The arbiter sends an original copy ofthe decision to each of the parties by

process of reconciliation and contractappraisal, to the extent that they arerelevant.

Compromise clause

Any question regarding the assessment of therights, the determination of damage and itsquantification that cannot be amicably resolvedbetween the parties, will be referred to theoutside arbitration of a single arbiter to beappointed according to the Rules of Procedureof the Arbitration Board instituted within theCentro Ceramico Bologna, which the partiesdeclare they know and accept unconditionally.

registered mail, and files another originalcopy with the Arbitration Board.7.11. In the case of legal arbitration, the arbitermust also observe the formalities establishedby the code of civil law.

Art. 8 - ExecutionStatements of reconciliation or decisionsmust be implemented by the parties withinthirty days of their notification, unlessanother deadline is indicated in thedecision.

Art. 9 - Applicability of proceduresThe preceding procedures also apply to the

A P P E N D I X 6

237

Sources:

All pictures in this guide have been provided by Assopiastrelle, Edi.Cer. and Centro CeramicoBologna.

The following pictures are included in the book Cer-Architect (Edi.Cer. 1999). They displayprojects, in Italy and other countries, made with Italian ceramic tile.

P. 19 Museo Leonardesco, Vinci (Firenze) - Italy.P. 22 “St. Lawrence Square” Shopping Centre, Toronto - Canada.P. 50 Lycée du Granier, La Pavoire - Francia.P. 53 S. Rocco Clinic, Brescia - Italy.P. 60 Oasi Congress Center, Acireale (Catania - Sicily) - Italy.P. 74 Metro Bisolidos Centre, Water Treatment Department, San Diego - USAP. 103 Palazzo Ducale, “Salone d’Onore”, Sassuolo (Modena) - Italy.P. 112 Banca Popolare di Lodi - Italy.P. 123 left: outdoor portico, private residence (Italy)P. 123 right: National Insurance Institute, Budapest - UngheriaP. 124 Piazzale della Chiesa di Santa Chiara, Assisi - Italy.P. 127 Flooring, cheese production plant, Modena - Italy.P. 130 left: antique Italian pharmacyP. 135 top left: bedroom, private residenceP. 135 bottom left: Hotel Fortino Napoleonico, Ancona - Italy.P. 143 top: Fashion Cafe, London - U.K.P. 143 bottom - Montreal Station (Quebec) - CanadaP. 145 Heart Hospital, Rancho Mirage, California - USAP. 146 Indian Mound - USAP. 148 top: “Water Treatment Department, San Diego - USAP. 148 bottom: Le Torri Company, Modena - Italy.P. 154 left and top right: Piazzale della Chiesa di Santa Chiara, Assisi - Italy.P. 156 left: Shopping Town Hotel, Melbourne - AustraliaP. 158 flooring, private residenceP. 164 Golda Meir Center, Tel AvivP. 175 flooring, antique Italian palaceP. 179 Heart Hospital, Rancho Mirage, California - USAP. 180 industrial plant, Dongen - NetherlandP. 181 Australian Institute of Science and Technology, Canberra - AustraliaP. 186 flooring, private libraryP. 197 Raffles Hotel, Singapore

P. 204 a square in S. Gimignano (Siena) - Italy.

en iso norms for ceramic tiles 2 en iso norms for ceramic ...206 appendix 1 en iso norms for ceramic...

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