enabling antenna technologies for the software defined radio

SD

R 2

00

4

Enab

ling

Ant

enna

Tec

hnol

ogie

s fo

r the

En

ablin

g A

nten

na T

echn

olog

ies

for t

he

Softw

are

Def

ined

Rad

ioSo

ftwar

e D

efin

ed R

adio

Car

lo D

i Nal

lo, G

iorg

i Bit-

Bab

ik, a

nd A

nton

io F

arao

neC

orpo

rate

EM

E R

esea

rch

Labo

rato

ryFo

rt L

aude

rdal

e, F

lorid

a, U

SA

John

Svi

gelj

App

lied

tech

nolo

gy D

epar

tmen

tSc

haum

burg

, Illi

nois

, USA

Proceeding of the SDR 04 Technical Conference and Product Exposition. Copyright © 2004 SDR Forum. All Rights Reserved

SD

R 2

00

42

Mot

orol

a C

orpo

rate

EM

E R

esea

rch

Lab

Mot

orol

a C

orpo

rate

EM

E R

esea

rch

Lab

Mot

orol

a C

orpo

rate

EM

E R

esea

rch

Lab

►EM

E re

sear

ch p

rogr

am fo

unde

d in

197

4Pr

ogra

m s

tart

ed b

y D

r. Q

uirin

o B

alza

no

Bio

logi

cal e

ffect

s of

ele

ctro

mag

netic

ene

rgy

(EM

E) e

xpos

ure

Rad

iofr

eque

ncy

dosi

met

ry fo

r pro

duct

saf

ety

and

com

plia

nce

Ant

enna

R &

DEM

C/E

MI c

ompl

ianc

e

►20

04 Dr.

May

s Sw

icor

d –

Hea

d of

the

EME

prog

ram

sD

r. C

-K C

hou

–M

otor

ola

Chi

ef E

ME

Scie

ntis

t12

rese

arch

sta

ff (6

Ph.

D.,

4 M

SEE)

Lead

ing

EME

prog

ram

in th

e w

irele

ss in

dust

rySi

gnifi

cant

invo

lvem

ent i

n sa

fety

and

com

plia

nce

stan

dard

sIE

EE, I

EC, C

ENEL

ECSi

gnifi

cant

invo

lvem

ent i

n go

vern

men

t rel

atio

ns w

orld

wid

e


SD

R 2

00

43

EME

@ M

otor

ola

(con

tinue

d)EM

E @

Mot

orol

a EM

E @

Mot

orol

a (c

ontin

ued)

(con

tinue

d)

Firs

t SA

R

mea

sure

men

t sy

stem

fo

r han

dhel

d tr

ansc

eive

rs [1

] EME

com

plia

nce

for m

obile

ra

dio

equi

pmen

t [2]

“Fer

ris W

heel

”Ex

posu

re s

yste

m

for i

n-vi

vobi

oass

ays

[3]

EME

com

plia

nce

for w

irele

ss

infr

astr

uctu

re

equi

pmen

t [4-

5]


SD

R 2

00

44

Ant

enna

R&

D P

rogr

amA

nten

na R

&D

Pro

gram

Ant

enna

R&

D P

rogr

am

►G

oal

Pur

sue

reac

h ou

t tec

hnol

ogie

s w

hile

als

o pr

oduc

ing

shor

t/med

ium

term

im

pact

on

prod

ucts

Atta

in a

nd m

aint

ain

indu

stry

lead

ersh

ip in

ant

enna

tech

nolo

gies

that

ar

e re

leva

nt to

Mot

orol

a bu

sine

sses

►Fo

cus

Sof

twar

e D

efin

ed R

adio

(SD

R) e

nabl

ing

tech

nolo

gies

The

SDR

fram

ewor

k es

tabl

ishe

s pe

rhap

s th

e ut

mos

t cha

lleng

e fo

r m

ulti-

band

por

tabl

e ra

dios

that

ena

ble

the

“sea

mle

ss m

obili

ty”

visi

on

Tech

nolo

gies

Mul

ti-ba

nd a

nten

nas

Tuna

ble

ante

nnas

Wid

eban

d an

tenn

asA

ctiv

e an

tenn

a sy

stem

s

Per

form

ance

Effi

cien

cy, b

andw

idth

, siz

e, c

ompl

exity

, cos

t, re

liabi

lity,

etc

.


SD

R 2

00

45

Seam

less

Mob

ility

and

SD

R/C

RSe

amle

ss M

obili

ty a

nd S

DR

/CR

Seam

less

Mob

ility

and

SD

R/C

R

►SD

R …th

e re

sult

of a

n ev

olut

iona

ry p

roce

ss fr

om p

urel

y ha

rdw

are-

base

d eq

uipm

ent t

o fu

lly s

oftw

are-

base

d eq

uipm

ent…

(FC

C N

PRM

)

All

wav

efor

ms

are

softw

are

defin

able

SDR

is re

prog

ram

mab

le v

ia th

e ai

r-in

terf

ace

Upg

rade

able

in th

e fie

ld

►C

ogni

tive

radi

o

“sm

art a

nd a

lert

”

Loca

tion

awar

enes

sSp

ectr

um a

vaila

bilit

y an

d se

lect

ion

Usa

ge p

atte

rn a

war

enes

s an

d pr

edic

tion

Air-

inte

rfac

e se

lect

ion

(cos

t/per

form

ance

)


SD

R 2

00

46

SDR

/CR

requ

irem

ents

on

ante

nna

syst

ems

SDR

/CR

requ

irem

ents

on

ante

nna

syst

ems

SDR

/CR

requ

irem

ents

on

ante

nna

syst

ems

►Si

mul

tane

ous

or s

elec

tive

spec

trum

cov

erag

e

E.g.

, 800

MH

z-2.

5 G

Hz

100

MH

z –

6 G

Hz

(PS

radi

o)

Abi

lity

to o

pera

te in

mul

tiple

ba

nds

sim

ulta

neou

sly

Abi

lity

to in

crea

se s

yste

m

capa

city

MIM

OD

iver

sity

Abi

lity

to b

eam

-ste

er

Abi

lity

to o

pera

te a

cros

s te

rres

tria

l and

sat

ellit

e ne

twor

ksIR

IDIU

M, e

tc.

GPS

, Gal

ileo

T1

R1,

R4

T2

T3R

3

R3,

T4

Inte

rfer

ing

Sign

al P

lace

dIn

Nul

l

Tran

smitt

er fo

rms

Bea

m T

owar

d In

tend

ed R

ecip

ient

Rec

eive

r for

ms

Nul

l Tow

ard

Inte

rfere

nce

Sou

rces

Spat

ial -

Bea

m S

teer

ing

and

Nul

l Ste

erin

g


SD

R 2

00

47

Ant

enna

Tec

hnol

ogie

sA

nten

na T

echn

olog

ies

Ant

enna

Tec

hnol

ogie

s

►M

ulti-

band

(int

egra

ted)

ant

enna

sPI

FAFI

CA

DR

AM

P-H

►R

econ

figur

able

Ant

enna

sTu

NA

►W

ideb

and

ante

nnas

Tear

drop

on

hand

set f

orm

fact

ors

►A

ctiv

e an

tenn

asC

ompa

ct a

nten

na s

truc

ture

s w

ith m

ulti-

octa

ve b

andw

idth

►M

ulti-

ante

nna

syst

ems

MIM

OD

iver

sity


SD

R 2

00

48

Mul

ti-ba

nd te

chno

logy

: PIF

AM

ulti

Mul

ti --ba

nd te

chno

logy

: PIF

Aba

nd te

chno

logy

: PIF

A

►PI

FA (P

lana

r Inv

erte

d-F

Ant

enna

) is

the

mos

t wid

ely

adop

ted

tech

nolo

gy in

mul

ti-ba

nd c

ellu

lar p

hone

s

Nok

ia p

ione

ered

PIF

A in

tegr

atio

n in

mob

ile p

hone

sEm

ploy

ed to

day

by m

ost c

ellp

hone

man

ufac

ture

rsC

ompa

tible

with

aes

thet

ic fo

rm fa

ctor

sA

llow

s fle

xibl

e ch

oice

of a

nten

na lo

catio

n an

d vo

lum

e sh

ape

Mul

ti-ba

nd o

pera

tion

base

d on

a “

volu

me-

shar

ing”

prin

cipl

e

Sub-

optim

al u

se o

f the

ant

enna

vol

ume

due

to h

igh-

Q o

f eac

h re

sona

nce

Eric

sson

T68i

Low

Ban

dH

igh

Ban

d


SD

R 2

00

49

Mul

ti-ba

nd te

chno

logy

: FIC

AM

ulti

Mul

ti --ba

nd te

chno

logy

: FIC

Aba

nd te

chno

logy

: FIC

A

►FI

CA

(Fol

ded

Inve

rted

Con

form

al A

nten

na) a

dvan

ces

the

curr

ent

stat

e-of

-the-

art f

or m

ulti-

band

inte

grat

ed c

ellp

hone

ant

enna

s

Impl

emen

ts a

“vo

lum

e-re

use”

prin

cipl

e yi

eldi

ng th

ree

reso

nanc

es

Res

onan

ces

exhi

bit l

ower

Q th

an fo

r PI

FAs

havi

ng th

e sa

me

volu

me

Mot

orol

a IP

R

Com

mon

Mod

eD

iffer

entia

l Mod

eSl

ot M

ode

Mot

orol

aE3

98


SD

R 2

00

41

0

FIC

A R

eson

ance

sFI

CA

Res

onan

ces

FIC

A R

eson

ance

s

CO

MM

ON

MO

DE

SLO

T M

OD

ED

IFFE

REN

TIA

L M

OD

E

CD

S


SD

R 2

00

41

1

FIC

A v

s PI

FAFI

CA

vs

PIFA

FIC

A v

s PI

FA►

Mot

orol

a T1

92 (d

ual b

and

GSM

)

01020304050607080

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

Freq

uenc

y (M

Hz)

Efficiency (%)

FIC

API

FA


SD

R 2

00

41

2

Mul

ti-ba

nd te

chno

logy

: DR

AM

ulti

Mul

ti --ba

nd te

chno

logy

: DR

Aba

nd te

chno

logy

: DR

A

►M

ulti-

mod

e D

RA

s (D

iele

ctric

Res

onat

or A

nten

nas)

DR

A m

ade

of lo

w-lo

ss, h

igh-

K d

iele

ctric

mat

eria

lPa

rtia

lly c

onfin

ed v

olum

e re

sona

nce

yiel

ds h

igh

effic

ienc

yC

ompa

ct, s

elf-c

onsi

sten

t ant

enna

whe

n hi

gh-K

(>80

) is

used

Man

ufac

turin

g is

sues

Mot

orol

a IP

R

-25

-20

-15

-10-50

11.

21.

41.

61.

82

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3

Freq

uenc

y, GH

z|S11|, dB D

imen

sion

s of

die

lect

ric re

sona

tor a

re:

Dim

ensi

ons

of d

iele

ctric

reso

nato

r are

: 25

x 2

3 x

2 m

m ;

25 x

23

x 2

mm

; εε rr

=80;

50

=80;

50 --

Ohm

feed

ing

Ohm

feed

ing

mic

rost

rip o

n 31

mil

FRm

icro

strip

on

31 m

il FR

-- 44


SD

R 2

00

41

3

DR

A F

ield

Con

figur

atio

nsD

RA

Fie

ld C

onfig

urat

ions

DR

A F

ield

Con

figur

atio

ns►►

Res

onan

t mod

es

Res

onan

t mod

es

Res

onan

ce fr

eque

ncie

s N

OT

in

Res

onan

ce fr

eque

ncie

s N

OT

in

harm

onic

rela

tion

harm

onic

rela

tion

Gro

und

plan

e or

gro

unde

d su

bstr

ate

Gro

und

plan

e or

gro

unde

d su

bstr

ate

can

be u

sed

to re

duce

the

heig

ht o

f ca

n be

use

d to

redu

ce th

e he

ight

of

the

reso

nato

rth

e re

sona

tor

Gro

und

plan

e in

trod

uces

a s

igni

fican

t G

roun

d pl

ane

intr

oduc

es a

sig

nific

ant

back

back

-- toto

-- fro

nt ra

tiofr

ont r

atio

111y

TE

121y

TE TEy 13

1


SD

R 2

00

41

4

Mul

ti-ba

nd te

chno

logy

: MP-

HM

ulti

Mul

ti --ba

nd te

chno

logy

: MP

band

tech

nolo

gy: M

P-- HH

►M

P-H

(Mul

ti-Pi

tch

Hel

ical

) tec

hnol

ogy

enab

les

mul

ti-ba

nd p

ublic

sa

fety

radi

os (V

HF/

700/

800)

Rel

iabl

e, c

ost-e

ffect

ive

tech

nolo

gy fo

r pro

fess

iona

l SD

RPa

ttern

cha

ract

eris

tics

are

cont

rolla

ble

in o

rder

to e

nhan

ce th

eco

mm

unic

atio

n ra

nge

Terr

estr

ial a

nd s

atel

lite

cove

rage


SD

R 2

00

41

5

Rec

onfig

urab

le te

chno

logy

: TuN

AR

econ

figur

able

tech

nolo

gy: T

uNA

Rec

onfig

urab

le te

chno

logy

: TuN

A

►Tu

NA

(Tun

able

Nar

row

band

Ant

enna

) tec

hnol

ogy

prov

ides

ex

trem

ely

com

pact

siz

e an

d m

ulti-

octa

ve tu

ning

rang

eSe

lect

ive

cove

rage

of b

road

spe

ctru

mC

ontin

uous

or d

isco

ntin

uous

tuni

ng ra

nge

50-o

hm m

atch

mai

ntai

ned

acro

ss tu

ning

rang

e “M

ATC

HED

TU

NA

BIL

ITY”

Con

vent

iona

l sw

itch

tech

nolo

gy e

mpl

oyed

to re

aliz

e tu

ning

sta

tes

Switc

hes

oper

ate

in a

con

duct

ed c

urre

nt e

nviro

nmen

tH

igh

effic

ienc

y (~

70%

) dem

onst

rate

dH

igh

depe

nden

cy o

f sw

itch

tech

nolo

gy e

volu

tion

Mot

orol

a IP

R p

endi

ng


SD

R 2

00

41

6

TuN

A D

emo

TuN

A D

emo

TuN

A D

emo

►M

EMS

switc

h (M

agfu

sion

)B

ista

ble

3V d

rivin

g vo

ltage

►Tu

ning

net

wor

k2

switc

hes

3 tu

ning

sta

tes

►A

nten

na e

lem

ent

3.6

cm3

ante

nna

elem

ent

40 x

90

cm2

PCB

►Q

uadb

and

GSM

Effic

ienc

y >

50%

Frac

tiona

l BW

cov

ers

RX/

TX

►M

ore

stat

es n

eede

d

-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10-8-6-4-20

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1

2.3

Freq

uenc

y [G

Hz]

Return Loss [dB]

S11

sta

te #

0S

11 s

tate

#1

S11

sta

te #

2

0102030405060708090100 80

0 10

0012

0014

0016

0018

0020

00

Freq

uenc

y [M

Hz]

Radiated Efficiency [%]

Stat

e#0

Stat

e#1

Stat

e#2

850

MHz

18

80 M

Hz

925

MHz

1710

MHz


SD

R 2

00

41

7

Wid

eban

d an

tenn

as: T

eard

rop

Wid

eban

d an

tenn

as: T

eard

rop

Wid

eban

d an

tenn

as: T

eard

rop

►Ex

tern

al, v

olum

inou

s an

tenn

a In

stan

tane

ous

wid

e ba

ndA

nten

na h

eigh

t det

erm

ines

low

er

freq

uenc

y bo

und


SD

R 2

00

41

8

Tear

drop

vs

Hel

ixTe

ardr

op v

s H

elix

Tear

drop

vs

Hel

ix


SD

R 2

00

41

9

Act

ive

ante

nna

syst

ems

Act

ive

ante

nna

syst

ems

Act

ive

ante

nna

syst

ems

►A

nten

na s

yste

m c

ompr

isin

g ac

tive

circ

uitr

y to

syn

thes

ize

desi

red

func

tions

Wid

eban

d tu

ning

or m

atch

ing

Com

pact

siz

e

Cha

lleng

esLi

near

ity (d

ynam

ic ra

nge)

Rec

eive

onl

y?Pa

rasi

tics

at h

igh

freq

uenc

ies

Cos

t and

com

plex

ityR

elia

bilit

y

Mot

orol

a IP

R p

endi

ng

Sim

ulat

ed re

spon

se o

f 3 c

c “a

cten

na”


SD

R 2

00

42

0

Mul

ti-an

tenn

a Sy

stem

sM

ulti

Mul

ti --an

tenn

a Sy

stem

san

tenn

a Sy

stem

s

►Im

plem

entin

g M

IMO

(Mul

tiple

-Inpu

t Mul

tiple

Out

put)

on p

orta

ble

radi

os w

ill re

quire

mul

tiple

ant

enna

s, p

ossi

bly

feat

urin

g

Low

pat

tern

cor

rela

tion

Hig

h is

olat

ion

Com

pact

dim

ensi

ons

Com

para

ble

effic

ienc

y

Cha

lleng

esSi

ze v

s B

W a

nd e

ffici

ency

Inte

grat

ion

Alte

rnat

ive:

sin

gle

ante

nna

exhi

bitin

g m

ultip

le ra

diat

ing

mod

esLe

ss e

xpen

sive

Mor

e co

mpa

ct

Ant

enna

sys

tem

s su

itabl

e fo

r MIM

O c

an a

lso

be e

mpl

oyed

to im

plem

ent

dive

rsity

sch

emes

Low

/Hig

h B

and

PIFA

pai

r


SD

R 2

00

42

1

Ref

eren

ces

Ref

eren

ces

Ref

eren

ces

[1]

Bal

zano

et a

l., "

Elec

trom

agne

tic e

nerg

y ex

posu

re o

f sim

ulat

ed u

sers

of p

orta

ble

cellu

lar

tele

phon

es,"

IEEE

Tra

nsac

tions

on

Vehi

cula

r Tec

hnol

ogy,

Aug

. 199

5.[2

]M

cCoy

et a

l., "

Fiel

d st

reng

ths

and

spec

ific

abso

rptio

n ra

tes

in a

utom

otiv

e en

viro

nmen

ts,"

IE

EE T

rans

actio

ns o

n Ve

hicu

lar T

echn

olog

y, J

uly

1999

.[3

]B

alza

no e

t al.,

"A

n ef

ficie

nt R

F ex

posu

re s

yste

m w

ith p

reci

se w

hole

-bod

y av

erag

e SA

R

dete

rmin

atio

n fo

r in

vivo

ani

mal

stu

dies

at 9

00 M

Hz,

" IE

EE T

rans

actio

ns o

n M

icro

wav

e Th

eory

and

Tec

hniq

ues,

Nov

. 200

0.[4

]Fa

raon

e et

al.,

"Es

timat

ion

of th

e av

erag

e po

wer

den

sity

in th

e vi

cini

ty o

f cel

lula

r bas

e-st

atio

n co

lline

ar a

rray

ant

enna

s,"

IEEE

Tra

nsac

tions

on

Vehi

cula

r Tec

hnol

ogy,

May

200

0.[5

]C

icch

etti

and

Fara

one,

"Es

timat

ion

of th

e pe

ak p

ower

den

sity

in th

e vi

cini

ty o

f cel

lula

r and

ra

dio

base

sta

tion

ante

nnas

," IE

EE T

rans

actio

ns o

n El

ectr

omag

netic

Com

patib

ility

, May

20

04.


enabling antenna technologies for the software defined radio

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