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ithin the context of recent changes

emerging on unconventional war

battlefield, setting up reliable

TERRORISMTERRORISMTERRORISMTERRORISMTERRORISM~ From “The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad”~ From “The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad”~ From “The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad”~ From “The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad”~ From “The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad”

to “Hamas Covenant” and the “White al-Qaeda” ~to “Hamas Covenant” and the “White al-Qaeda” ~to “Hamas Covenant” and the “White al-Qaeda” ~to “Hamas Covenant” and the “White al-Qaeda” ~to “Hamas Covenant” and the “White al-Qaeda” ~

General Questor Anghel ANDREESCU, PhD~ State Secretary – The Romanian Ministry of Administration and Interior ~

Lieutenant Colonel Nicolae RADU, PhD~ Chief of the Centre for Psychological Expertise and Assistance,

Department for Protection and Guarding (SPP) ~

antiterrorist units represents a major growing concernfor international special forces such as: US Airborne Forcefor Special Operations, Delta Force, SEAL or SWAT,Airborne Brigade 44 from South Africa, AirborneForce s or SPETNAZ Troops from the RussianFederation, as well as for Romanian special combat units:ACVILA or Vlad }epes Brigade, within The RomanianMinistry of Administration and Interior and TheDepartment for Protection and Guarding.

The need to know as many as possible detailsregarding terrorists psychological, physical andspecialized training that is generated by terrorist groups’intention of brain washing of the new recruits, religiousindoctrination and training based on models inspired byThe Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad, The letter from anal-Qaeda member, How to withstand and to confrontspecial services’ investigators requires now, more thanever, a special focus on understanding terrorist groupsre-configuration and a new approach to antiterroristfighters’ training.

Al-Qaeda (“Qaidat al-Jihad”), after mergingin June 2001 with al-Jihad (the Egyptian Islamic Jihad),

WThe authors approach terrorismfrom the angle of the necessity for somereliable structures to counter terrorism.

After introducing us in the historyof terrorism, the authors present sometypes of terrorist organisations. In thiscontext, contemporary terrorism isconsidered to be a new type of war.Four important terrorist attacks arementioned to support it, those in theUSA, Madrid, London and Beslan.

The ar t i c l e emphas i s e s theimportance of knowing the psychologyof both the terroris t and of theanti-terrorist fighter. Having knowledgein this field allows for the specialisedstructures to take measures to combatterrorism.

The authors analyse terrorism froma psychological perspective, stressingthe important role mass-media playsto keep people informed and to diminishthe psychological evil.

In conclusion, it is recommendablethat each counter-terrorist group shouldconceive the strategy taking into accountthe real capabilities of his collectiveand of the component tactical groups.

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holds training bases spread over the south, South-East Asiaand Middle East. Beside these bases, it is a well-known factthat the terrorist group is very active through its Europeancells called White al-Qaeda or “the terrorists with white skin”.This group reunites around 800 Bosniac mujahedins and itspurpose is to expand al-Qaeda in Europe with the final aimof accomplishing the “Pan-Islamic Caliphate” worldwide.

Terror genesis and conceptualisationAs a special social phenomenon, terrorism has gain,

at the beginning of this century and millennium, globalproportions and complex features through its expansionand varied forms of manifestation. Humankind is increasinglyfacing a multitude of terrorist attacks, some of which are incredibly violent, spreadinghorror and deeply affecting the normal tempo of the society, endangering the core existenceand function of democracies, national security of states and even the world peace.

Without claiming an exhaustive documentary work, the content of this paper is partof an in-depth research, structured on six chapters. The main topic is dedicated to: decodingthe terrorist phenomenon. The authors intention would not be realistic if it did not bringto the general attention the need for the terrorist phenomenon conceptualisation,based on the meanings derived from documents such as: The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihador The letter from an al-Qaeda member. It is interesting to introduce the genesis of themain historic, geographical and psychological features, which generally define terroristgroups and criminal actions.

With this approach in mind, the authors aim to bring to the general attention, rightfrom the beginning, the existential philosophy of terrorism identified in the historic rootsof past criminal actions.

It is a well-known fact that terrorism does not represent a new problem (Seger, 1992).Fanatics from Palestine used terrorist tactics to fight the Roman invasion in the first centuryAD. The Battle from Uruk between Sargon’s (or Sharu-Kenu – the rightful ruler) Semitesand Sumerian army of Lugal-Zage-Si represents forms of terrorist manifestation, documentedas early as 2380 BC. Considered a milestone in the world order (Frattasio, 2006), this battleopened up the way for Sargon, formerly known as the Kish royal dates Gardner, thenas the Royal wine keeper and minister of Urzababa King, to new attacks and conquestsranging from old Elam (nowadays Iran) to Tilmun (considered Eden’s garden), the oldestand furthest commercial centre from the Persian Gulf.

In the 10th century Persia, another secret terrorist organization, “The Society of Assassins”(hashish eaters), set up by Muslim religious fanatics (mullahi), used to spread Islamismin the Middle East through enemy intimidation. In the whole humankind history thereis no situation, experience or ideology that compares to the moral force induced by Islamto its fighters. The fear of death is defeated, guaranteeing the right to a privileged positionin Heaven, in the after life. The sense of forgiveness towards the enemy is repressed through

Questor GeneralAnghel ANDREESCU, PhD

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Geopolitics • Geostrategy • International Securitycursing, the opponents’ greed is justified and amplifiedand at the same time, the heathens are demoralized and madeaware of the only way to save their souls through convertingto Islamism (Frattasio, 2006).

Starting with the 14th century, the time of the greatestgeographical discoveries, organized terrorism and violenceincreased and diversified directly connected to the colonialexpansion policy of the major empires of the time, used asinstruments of economic despoliation and nations’ repression.

Initially Portugal, Spain and The Netherlands, lateron France and England were amongst the first countriesto conquer territories on other continents and to lay thefoundation of a strong colonial system. The effects of colonies’plunder and despoliation were: a sturdy development of industry,

commerce and army in the major metropolises, and the continuous fight amongst empiresfor control preservation and expansion over certain geographical regions.

The emergence of the industrial, commercial and tourist corporations (the precursorof contemporary neo-colonialism) in the colonies has lead to the setting up and developmentof an increasingly active resistance movement culminating with the national and socialrevolutions. To handle conflict situations, major empires had frequently used violentand terrorist practices aiming to repress freedom movements. It should be noticed thatuntil 1945 there were no systematic terrorist actions in Europe, apart from some states,such as Russia, Croatia and Spain (Voicu, Andreescu [i Jerebie, 1996).

Terrorist organizations under the motto: “death for death”Experimentation of contemporary terrorism was possible in some South American

countries where, at the same time with revolutionary factions, a series of terrorist organizationssuch as The Freedom Army Forces from Venezuela, Cinconceros from Honduras, Tupamarosfrom Uruguay, The Anticommunist Alliance from Argentina appeared.

The activity of these organizations has served as a model for Europe, offering a sourceof inspiration and support for terrorist groups such as: Baader – Meinhoff and 2nd of JulyMovement from Germany, The Red Brigades from Italy, The Secret Army from France,ETA from Spain or IRA from United Kingdom.

As time goes by, terrorism has developed to new stages of violence, the theoryof “death for death” was launched and the cooperation with terrorist organizations fromfar away situated areas as, for instance, The Red Japanese Army appeared as a newphenomenon. On May 30, 1972, a group of Japanese terrorists arrived at Tel Aviv, withan Air France airliner and opened fire in Lod airport. 27 people died and 80 were injured.

In this context, besides the revitalisation of Muslim Brothers Organization, othergroups appeared such as: Hezbollah, Hamas, The Palestinian Islamic Jihad, as well asOsama Bin Laden’s al-Qaeda (Andreescu, 2002).

Lieutenant ColonelNicolae RADU, PhD

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HAMAS CovenantFar from aiming to highlight the diversity of meanings focusing on defining terrorism,

still lacking consensus amongst them, one should not neglect the missions of terroristorganizations as mentioned by the HAMAS Covenant (Islamic Resistance Movement).

Published on August 18, 1988, the HAMAS Covenant contains 36 articles, all of themencouraging the freedom of Palestine and the termination of Israel through Jihad (IslamicHoly War): Palestine is a blessed Islamic Waqf (a holly territory) belonging to futureMuslim generations until the Judgement Day. None can deny it or leave the wholeof it or any part of it (Article 11). The liberation of Palestine is an individual duty for eachMuslim wherever he might be (Article 13). The anti-Semitic spurs are also to be foundin this document: The Judgement Day will not come unless the Muslims fight the Jewsand kill them. Then, the Jews will hide behind the rocks and trees, and the rocks and thetrees will yell: “Oh Muslim! A Jew hides behind me, come and kill him” (Article 7).

Before we try to understand, at least at the intuitive level, the measures requiredfor fighting terrorism, an important feature in deciphering the hidden meanings of terrorismis the non-ethnocentric perspective. This view represents a sum of perceptions of the terroristphenomenon reality besides the interpretation of the values and beliefs adopted by our owncultural environment.

The above-mentioned approach is even more necessary, taking into account thatthe one organising the antiterrorist fight must learn to think as a terrorist. This attitudeimposes overcoming ethno-centric limitations and requires a global unrestrictive vision,at the same time insuring facts quantification from terrorist own experience. Moreover,taking this approach and thinking like a terrorist, the antiterrorist fighter will be ableto identify his own vulnerabilities.

The HAMAS Covenant offers valuable hints, fulfilling the need for understanding theterrorist specific. According to this document, HAMAS (the Movement for IslamicResistance) considers itself the avant-garde and the spear within the fighting circle againstWorld Zionists … ! Islamic groups throughout the Arab world should do the same becausethey are equipped even better for fighting against the Jews who stir things up lookingfor war (Article 32).

The biome and the psychopathology of terrorContemporary terrorism is already a type of war, marking numerous manifestations,

described above in brief. Using an analytical approach to terrorist behaviour, regardless ofthe terrorist group to be investigated – dynamite men from the Jewish organisation STERN,Palestinian fedains, the Islamic fundamentalists, or the Chechens Black Widows – onemajor aspect to be considered is that in order to understand the terrorist one must study theterrorist psychopathology (Frattasio, 2006) and identify the genesis of terror.

Taking into account the Biome perception, defined as the delicate and shifting balance(…) of two systems, the vegetal and the animal, interacting with the human presence(Frattasio, 2006), the justification for choosing terror as the ultimate self-imposing decision

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Geopolitics • Geostrategy • International Securitycannot be made without analysing the economic, political and terrorist psychologyenvironments.

One of the key characteristics of terrorists, implicitly of terrorism, is representedby their obsessive wish to impose to a certain public – the target social group, their own

behavioural norms, their personal vision on justice and morals (Andreescu, 2002).Once they enter the open conflict situation with society, terrorists accept to become

clandestine and marginalized, self-isolated full of anxiety and uncertainty. This representsa turning point that releases false and unrealistic beliefs complemented by terrorist actions.

As a result of the research initiated by Laiden University in The Netherlands it was concludedthat the item “violence” could be found in 83,5% of the committed terrorists attacks,65% were connected to political aims, and only 51% were placing a strong accent on inducingthe feelings of fear and terror.

“Society’s rebels”Strange or psychopathological behaviours (Delcea, 2006), noticeable in a series

of terrorists from groups such as AUM (The Supreme Truth), a Japanese group or ANO(Abu Nidal Organisation), amplify violence, their actions lacking any form of compassionfor the victims. A survey performed on 250 terrorists from Germany revealed that 25%of the enquired people had lost one parent before reaching 14 years, 79% had had arguments

with their parents and 33% had described their fathers in a hostile manner (Brad, 2004).It results from the same research that 33% had been formerly convicted by a juvenile court.

Unacceptability of the established order, secretly considered a form of disguisedoppression, represents the most frequent type of profile for the psychopathic terrorist.

Rebel youngsters are the first to be oriented towards terrorist organizations (Gurr, 1970).Placed at the periphery of community, being born into a disadvantaged environment,haunted by an inferiority complex and feeling unfulfilled, psychopaths of terror try to takerevenge on a society in which they could not fit, on a way of life incompatible with their

deviant psychology.

“The professionals of terrorist attacks”Completely opposite to the type of psychopaths – known under the name of lonely

wolves and described above, normally, terrorists think and act in an institutionalised way,

being members of a group, political organization or religious extremist faction. Irrespective

of the unclear purposes for which terrorists are ready to sacrifice their lives, regardless

of the unlimited violence they use, as well as the total lack of scruples they prove, these

people, the real professionals of terror, do not share anything with the other kind of terrorists

who want to save the world, to make it a better place, through a crime. It is interesting

to remember that psychic disorder is incompatible with political or religious terrorist “status”

(Delcea, 2006). The people who act in groups similar to these are likely to have normal

psychical state but they have been, most probably, brought up to hate (Post, 1990).

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Cold, calculated and well trained, these so called professionals of terrorist attacksvery often serve specific interests that are not related to theirs. They practice terrorismas a job, without passion, but persistently. All the aspects presented above are neededin order to understand the genesis of terror, taking into account that the structure of the

terrorist group as well as the terrorist’s profile has recorded substantial changes.

Terrorist’s psychologyIn contrast to past times, following resizing the terrorist phenomenon, the terrorist

often passes as a highly educated person, a graduate of famous universities. But this reflectsa complex type of psychology. The forces behind terrorists include: male (or female)assertiveness, the need for objectifying, escaping his own personality, isolation and the belief

in blood brotherhood (Antipa, 2004). Uncertainty, search for danger, associated with suicidalbehaviour are the key elements which define the profile of a possible candidate to terrorism.

Terrorist attacks planned by terrorist organizations are, most of the time, the answerto frustrations built up during the struggle for power or for getting rid of unwanted situations

by violent criminal means. Turning their causes into a war is highly important for terrorists,as they look to test faith through military confrontations (Powers, 1971).

By understanding terrorist psychology, specialized structures can take the mostappropriate measures to fight terrorism. Needless to point out that the interest for the antiterrorist

profile is equally demonstrated by terrorist groups such as ANO, ETA, ASG (the GroupAbu Sayyaf), al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (The Egyptian Islamic Group IG), Asbat al-Ansar(the League of the Followers ) or PFLP (The Popular Front for Palestine’s Freedom).

The antiterrorist fighterIn order to face challenges, fighters are trained in harsh conditions, unbearable most

of the time. They are trained to consider that physical limits are mainly based on their way

of thinking. Intimately connected to the physical fighter’s training are his dynamic abilities.A clumsy and poor climber or an unfit fighter to handle the specific gear is a risk factor

for his group (Radu, 1999).

Through training and coaching, the antiterrorist fighter must be as close as possibleto the way in which a real terrorist behaves. Without understanding terrorist actions,

and without considering feelings that support the terrorist act, the antiterrorist fighter

may risk remaining uncovered when facing terrorist attacks. It is for this reason that tacticalexercises have a high degree of risk and danger (Profil, 2003).

Antiterrorists’ missions are complex, many of them being carried out outside

the conscious analytical control. This is possible due to long training that develops reflexesand polishes skills (Radu, 2000).

Based on research regarding the typical antiterrorist fighter’s profile (Radu, 2005),

and with the help of Professional Monograph (MPA-1) the antiterrorist should compilethe subsequent qualities represented in the table on page 163.

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Geopolitics • Geostrategy • International SecurityThe qualities considered to be

the most important for an antiterroristfighter are, according to the resultsof the survey, the following: 92%of the subjects appreciated courage,89% physical qualities and only 84%believed that professional trainingis important.

Amongst the factors with negativeimpact on accomplishing the scopeof the combat missions, 91% of thesubjects believed that lack of technicalsupport is a main cause. Amongst theimportant character faults the nextwere mentioned: self-centeredness(81%) and lie (86%); from self-controlpoint of view: the lack of informationabout the mission (78%), lack of decentliving standard (the lack of a home– 85%).

Based on the above data, onecan anticipate in connection to thespecialized profile, typical for thisfighter, that his main featuresare: courage, physical skills, specialized training, team spirit. 93% of the sample groupconsider that an antiterrorist group should act as one body and behave as a real family.

To carry out the assigned missions, it is imperative that solutions for handlingand sorting new, unpredicted and problem rising situations must be conceived. Duringsorting these cases, 91% of the fighters appreciate that a major role is played by visualand hearing high sensitivity, which ensures fast perception of the position in space,and in connection with each other, the dynamics of various objects and targets movements.Regarding attention, some aspects should be considered: focus capacity, balance and itsduration under stressful circumstances, as well as during repetitive, monotonous conditions.Psychological balance and the trust in oneself are also some of the central featuresof an antiterrorist fighter, as highlighted by 94% of the interviewees.

Without insisting over detailed elements, as a result of applying some psychologicalresearch instruments such as Spectrum CPI-26 or 16 PF-5, under international copyrightlaw and administrated in Romania by D&D Research (Pitariu& Iliescu, 2004), from theresulting data (+Cs, +Sy, +Sp, +Sa, +Wb) it can be concluded that the antiterrorist fighterproves interpersonal efficiency, doubled by social maturity (+So, +To, +Gi). The mediumscore registered around T-50 on the Sensitivity scale (Sn/M-F) underlines that typicalantiterrorist profile is defined through attributes as: oral fluency, involvement in sorting thereceived tasks, carefulness and sensitivity, all on a background of personal torment.

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From the perspective of the average scores, which are above the mean (T = 50), it canbe concluded that a typical profile has the following features: ambition and efficiencyon the social level, maturity, responsibility in carrying out tasks and combat missionsand team spirit.

“The terrorist must be shot twice !”In this context, based on the operative and psychological knowledge, it can be appreciated

that the work experience relevant to majority of groups specialized in antiterrorist fightrelies on: prevention, discouragement, fast reaction and forecast, as key objectivestypical to groups such as: SEAL (Sea Air Land), SAS (Special Air Force), GEO (Especialde Operaciones Group), Sayeret MAK TAL or Delta Force.

The type of action and its results recommend the latter from the above groups as thebest specialists in hostage rescuing missions and terrorists annihilation (Vi[an et al, 2004).The fighter from Delta Force combat unit is the only one taught that a terrorist must be shottwice, to make sure that he is not going to return to fight.

Despite all these, the professionalism of an antiterrorist unit regardless its name –SAS (Special Air Force), GEO (Especial de Opraciones Group), Spetsgruppa Alfa (specialgroup A), Special Unit for Antiterrorist Intervention ACVILA, The Special Brigadefor Intervention Vlad }epe[ and last but not least, the Antitero Brigade (BAT) or The SpecialUnit for Antiterrorist Intervention from the Department for Protection and Guarding (SPP)cannot reach their highest value limit. Within such structures, there is always roomfor experimenting something new. Copying previous missions or poor knowledge regardingreal fighters’ capabilities could easily lead to disasters. The following event requires someconsideration in this respect: In February 1978, two Palestinians assassinated Yusuf Sebai,a close friend of President Anwar el Sadat, in Nicosia. After taking hostages, the terroristsasked the Cypriot authorities for an airplane with the aim to seek refuge in the MiddleEast. Because no airport allowed the plane to land, after 21-hour flying time, the planefinally landed in Larnaca. The Egyptians launched the operation hastily, without askingfor the Cypriots’ agreement. Using a plane C-130 Hercules, the Egyptian fighters decidedto take the terrorists’ plane by assault but they were attacked by the National CypriotGuard. The result of the mission was tragic. The Egyptian fighters did not succeed to getinto the terrorists’ plane and they lost 15 soldiers. Paradoxically, the disoriented terroristsended up by surrendering themselves to the Cypriot authorities (Ar`d`voiace et al, 1997).

The tasks of an antiterrorist counter-strike unit are not at all easy, consideringthat some of the terrorist groups benefit from a large political support and from modernand efficient weapons (Andreescu et al, 1996). All these aspects determine a thoroughselection process of the fighters, based on real value criteria – quality versus quantity(Radu, 2006).

Within this context, it can be concluded that the main three terrorist actions:September 11, 2001 (USA), March 11, 2004 (Madrid), July 7, 2005 (London),followed by Beslan, Moscow have demonstrated that modern terrorists can strike anything,anywhere in the world, trying to change decisions using terror (Andreescu, 2006).

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Psychological forecastBy researching the evolution of the terrorist phenomenon, it can be anticipated that

terrorism will persist most surely in future, growing quantitatively and qualitatively,especially as there have already been some states which seek terrorists support to achievetheir aims.

All these are possible due to the fact that: modern air transport ensures an unprecedentedmobility at a global level; radio, the TV, digital communications via satellite, the Internetallow almost instant access to vital information for terrorists, ensuring, at the same time,a global audience; modern weapon systems, new generation of explosives, of global positioningsystems, remote control systems will become more and more accessible and easy to findon the weapons black markets, modern society offering new vulnerabilities, new targetsto terrorists (www.sri.ro).

The complexity, diversity and ingenuity of terrorist acts, the high level of psychologicaland combat training, their equipment and high mobility make the adaptation of antiterroristfighters, their selection, evaluation, psychological periodical testing more relevant than ever.

By analysing terrorism from the psychological perspective (Andreescu, 2000),we can sum up that paper’s justification at cognitive and operative levels, with the purposeto fight terrorism, must be targeted mainly towards:

• defining the concept of terrorism, pinning the typical elements and the featuresthat make it different from other phenomena and forms of social violence, this wayachieving a clear aim and fighting this social scourge;

•establishing the generating causes and the factors that support the appearanceand the spread of social violence, and the interdependence relationships betweencauses and effects within the terrorist phenomenon;

• the identification and the penetration in the intimacy of psychological dimensionsbrought forward by the human factor involved, organisations and terrorist attacks;

• the identification of terrorism various forms of manifestation, the methods and themeans through which violent actions take place.

Adding on to all factors mentioned above, it has to be said that a major role belongsto mass-media, which plays an important role in informing and diminishing the psychologicalharm targeted by terrorist organisations through their attacks (Rosenberg, 2005).

All these already represent the authors concern and we will go back to this topicbased on the direct relationship and shared experience with London Resilience, as aresult of the terrorist attack on July 7, 2005. Understood as a “hidden, undeclaredwarfare” or as a “low-intensity conflict that has a limited goal”, terrorism – scourge of thecontemporary world (Andreescu et al, 2003) has overcome the stage of improvisations,simple murders or bomb attacks.

*A special social phenomenon, terrorism has gained, at the beginning of this century,

through its wide and diverse forms of manifestation, a complex character that has expandedat global level.

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The planned actions of terrorist organisations are, most of the time, the outcomeof various frustrations generated by the struggle for power, with the aim to replace unwantedsituations; terrorist attacks represent the end of a series of carefully planned actions.

The material means and logistical support that terrorist groups have at this momentare impressive. Professional terrorists have information networks and channels to disseminateinformation, real arsenals covering weapons ranging from electronic sophisticated weapons,electronic devices with remote control blast system, high power explosives.

In this context, the special troops, involved in terrorism counter strike, represent a lastresource to be pulled in, in an attempt to sort out terrorist attacks; its failure could haveincalculable effects.

Besides the high level of professionalism needed for planning such missions,it is important for the leaders of such antiterrorist units to design a strategy based on theknowledge of team’s real capabilities. Copying former actions, without proper considerationto aspects mentioned above, can lead to disasters.

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