1. 1. RT2451_half title page 8/4/04 1:00 PM Page 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Encyclopedia of African History
2. 2. Jacob F. Ade Ajayi Professor Emeritus, Department of History University of Ibadan, Nigeria David M. Anderson St. Antonys College, University of Oxford, England Guy Arnold Writer and lecturer, London, England A. Adu Boahen Professor Emeritus, Department of History University of Ghana Philip L. Bonner Department of History University of Witwatersrand, Republic of South Africa Michael Brett Department of History School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch Laboratoire Socits en development dans lespace et les temps Universit de Paris VIIDenis Diderot, France John Fage Centre for West African Studies, University of Birmingham Toyin Falola Department of History University of Texas, Austin Richard Gray Emeritus, University of London Mark Horton Department of Archaeology University of Bristol, England David Kiyaga-Mulindwa University of Makerere (Uganda) Nehemia Levtzion Department of History Hebrew University of Jerusalem Paul E. Lovejoy Department of History University of York, Toronto, Canada Mahmood Mamdani Department of Anthropology Columbia University, New York Shula Marks Professor Emeritus School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England John Middleton Suzanne Miers Professor Emeritus, Department of History Ohio University, Athens Malyn Newitt Department of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies Kings College (London, England) Bethwell A. Ogot Institute of Research and Postgraduate Studies Maseno University College, Kenya Roland Oliver Emeritus, University of London Jack D. Parson Department of Political Science College of Charleston, South Carolina Neil Parsons Department of History University of Botswana John Peel Department of Anthropology and Sociology School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England David W. Phillipson Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology University of Cambridge, England Richard Rathbone Department of History School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England Andrew Roberts Emeritus, University of London Jan Vansina Professor Emeritus, Department of History University of Wisconsin-Madison Joseph O. Vogel Professor Emeritus, Department of Anthropology University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa Tom Young Department of Political Studies School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England BOARD OF ADVISORS RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page ii
3. 3. RT2451_v1 Title page 8/4/04 4:04 PM Page 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Fitzroy Dearborn Kevin Shillington, Editor An Imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group New York London Encyclopedia of African History Volume 1 AG
4. 4. Published in 2005 by Fitzroy Dearborn Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, a Division of T&F Informa. Fitzroy Dearborn is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of African history / Kevin Shillington, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57958-245-1 (alk. paper) 1. AfricaHistoryEncyclopedias. I. Shillington, Kevin. DT20.E53 2004 960.03dc22 2004016779
5. 5. v CONTENTS List of Entries AZ vii List of Entries: Thematic xxi Introduction xxxv The Encyclopedia 1 Contributors 1741 Index 1755 RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page v
6. 6. RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page vi
7. 7. vii LIST OF ENTRIES A-Z (with chronological sublistings within nation/group categories) A Abd Allah ibn Yasin: Almoravid: Sahara Abd al-Mumin: Almohad Empire, 11401269 Abd al-Qadir Abouh, Muhammad Abu Madian, al-Shadhili and the Spread of Susm in the Maghrib Abuja Accra Achebe, Chinua Adal: Ibrahim, Ahmad ibn, Conict with Ethiopia, 15261543 Addis Ababa African Development Bank Africanus, Leo Afrikaans and Afrikaner Nationalism, Nineteenth Century Aghlabid Amirate of Ifriqiya (800909) Agriculture, Cash Crops, Food Security Ahidjo, Ahmadou Aid, International, NGOs and the State Air, Sultanate of Aja-Speaking Peoples: Aja, Fon, Ewe, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Aja-Speaking Peoples: Dahomey, Rise of, Seventeenth Century Akan and Asante: Farmers, Traders, and the Emergence of Akan States Akan States: Bono, Dankyira, Wassa, Akyem, Akwamu, Fante, Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries Akan States: Eighteenth Century Akhenaten Aksum, Kingdom of Alcohol: Popular Culture, Colonial Control Alexandria Alexandria and Early Christianity: Egypt Algeria: Algiers and Its Capture, 18151830 Algeria: Conquest and Resistance, 18311879 Algeria: Government and Administration, 18301914 Algeria: Muslim Population, 18711954 Algeria: European Population, 18301954 Algeria: Arabism and Islamism Algeria, Colonial: Islamic Ideas and Movements in Algeria: Nationalism and Reform, 19111954 Algeria: War of Independence, 19541962 Algeria: Ben Bella, Boumdienne, Era of, 1960s and 1970s Algeria: Bendjedid and Elections, 19781990 Algeria: International Relations, 1962Present Algeria: Islamic Salvation Front, Military Rule, Civil War, 1990s Algiers Allada and Slave Trade All-African Peoples Conference, 1958 Anglo-Zulu War, 18791887 Angola, Eighteenth Century Angola: Ambaquista, Imbangala, and Long-Distance Trade Angola: Chokwe, Ovimbundu, Nineteenth Century Angola: Slave Trade, Abolition of Angola: Scramble Angola: New Colonial Period: Christianity, Missionaries, Independent Churches Angola: New Colonial Period: Economics of Colonialism Angola: New Colonial Period: White Immigration, Mestios, Assimilated Africans Angola: Revolts, 1961 Angola: MPLA, FNLA, UNITA, and the War of Liberation, 19611974 Angola: Independence and Civil War, 19741976 Angola: Cold War Politics, Civil War, 19751994 Angola: Civil War: Impact of, Economic and Social VOLUME 1 RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page vii
8. 8. Angola: Peace Betrayed, 1994 to the Present Antananarivo Anti-Slavery Movement Anti-Slavery Squadron, Decline of Export Slave Trade, Nineteenth Century Arab and Islamic World, Africa in Arab Bedouin: Banu Hilal, Banu Sulaym, Banu Maqil (Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries) Armies, Colonial: Africans in Arms, Armies: Postcolonial Africa Art and Architecture, History of African Art, Postcolonial Asante Kingdom: Osei Tutu and Founding of Asians: East Africa Augustine, Catholic Church: North Africa Awolowo, Obafemi Azikiwe, Nnamdi B Bagirmi, Wadai, and Darfur Balewa, Alhaji Sir Abubakar Bamako Banda, Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banking and Finance Bantu Cultivators: Kenyan Highlands Barbary Corsairs and the Ottoman Provinces: Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli in the Seventeenth Century Beira Corridor Bello, Alhaji (Sir) Ahmadu Benin, Empire: Origins and Growth of City State Benin, Empire: Oba Ewuare, Trade with the Portuguese Benin Kingdom: Nineteenth Century Benin Kingdom: British Conquest, 1897 Benin (Republic of)/Dahomey: Colonial Period: Survey Benin (Republic of)/Dahomey: Independence, Coups, Politics Benin, Republic of (Dahomey): Krkou, Mathieu Benin, Republic of (Dahomey): Democratization: National Conference and, 1990s Benue Valley Peoples: Jukun and Kwarafa Berbers: Ancient North Africa Berlin West Africa Conference, 18841885 Bhambatha Rebellion, 1906 Blantyre Blyden, E. W. Boer Expansion: Interior of South Africa Boganda, Barthlemy Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of: Origins and Rise, Fifteenth Century Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of: Mai Idris Alooma Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of: Saifawa Dynasty: Horses, Slaves, Warfare Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Botswana: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Botswana: Missionaries, Nineteenth Century Botswana: Bechuanaland Protectorate, Founding of: 18851899 Botswana (Bechuanaland Protectorate): Colonial Period Botswana: Independence: Economic Development, Politics Boundaries, Colonial Bourbon, Ile de France, Seychelles: Eighteenth Century Brazzaville British Togoland Brussels Conference and Act, 1890 Buganda: To Nineteenth Century Bulawayo Bunyoro Burkina Faso (Upper Volta): Nineteenth Century Burkina Faso (Upper Volta): Colonial Period Burkina Faso (Upper Volta): Independence to the Present Burundi to c.1800 Burundi: Nineteenth Century: Precolonia Burundi: Colonial Period: German and Belgian Burundi: Independence to 1988 Burundi: 1988 to Present Buthelezi and Inkatha Freedom Party Byzantine Africa, 533710 C Cabinda Cairo Cameroon: Nineteenth Century Cameroon (Kamerun): Colonial Period: German Rule Cameroon: Colonial Period: British and French Rule Cameroon: Rebellion, Independence, Unication, 19601961 Cameroon: Independence to the Present Cape Colony: Origins, Settlement, Trade Cape Colony: Khoi-Dutch Wars Cape Colony: Slavery Cape Colony: British Occupation, 18061872 Cape Liberalism, Nineteenth Century Cape Town Cape Verde, History of Carthage Carvajal, Luis del Mrmol Casablanca Casely Hayford, Joseph Ephraim Central Africa, Northern: Slave Raiding Central Africa, Northern: Central Sudanic Peoples Central Africa, Northern: Chadic Peoples LIST OF ENTRIES AZ viii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page viii
9. 9. Central Africa, Northern: Islam, Pilgrimage Central Africa, Northern: Arab Penetration, Rise of Cavalry States Central African Republic: Nineteenth Century: Baya, Banda, and Zande Central African Republic: Colonial Period: Occupation, Resistance, Baya Revolt, 1928 Central African Republic: Colonial Period: Oubangui-Chari Central African Republic: Nationalism, Independence Central African Republic: 1980s and 1990s Cetshwayo Chad, Nineteenth Century: Kanem/Borno (Bornu) and Wadai Chad: Colonial Period: French Rule Chad: Independence to the Present Chad: Libya, Aozou Strip, Civil War Civil War: Postcolonial Africa Climate and Vegetational Change in Africa Clothing and Cultural Change Cold War, Africa and the Collaboration as Resistance Colonial European Administrations: Comparative Survey Colonial Federations: British Central Africa Colonial Federations: French Equatorial Africa Colonial Federations: French West Africa Colonial Imports versus Indigenous Crafts Colonialism: Ideology of Empire: Supremacist, Paternalist Colonialism, Overthrow of: Nationalism and Anticolonialism Colonialism, Overthrow of: Northern Africa Colonialism, Overthrow of: Sub-Saharan Africa Colonialism, Overthrow of: Thirty Years War for Southern African Liberation Colonialism, Overthrow of: Women and the Nationalist Struggle Colonialism, Inheritance of: Postcolonial Africa Colonialism: Impact on African Societies Commonwealth, Africa and the Communaute Financire Africaine Communications Community in African Society Comoros: Before 1800 Comoros/Mayotte: Nineteenth Century to 1975 Comoros/Mayotte: Independence to the Present Conakry Concessionary Companies Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: De Brazza and French Colonization Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: Colonial Period: Moyen-Congo Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: Independence, Revolution, 19581979 Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: Liberalization, Rebellion, 1980s and 1990s Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Congo Free State, 18851908 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Belgian Congo: Administration and Society, 19081960 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Belgian Congo: Colonial Economy, 19081960 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Evolus, Politics, Independence Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Mobutu, Zaire, and Mobutuism Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Mineral Factor Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: National Conference and Politics of Opposition, 19901996 Congo (Kinshasa): Post-Mobutu Era Corruption and the Criminalization of the Postcolonial State Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): Colonization and Resistance Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): Colonial Period: Administration and Economy Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): Independence to the Present Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): Parti Dmocratique de la Cte dIvoire Coups dtat and Military Rule: Postcolonial Africa Crop Cultivation: The Evidence Crowther, Reverend Samuel Ajayi and the Niger Mission Currencies and Banking Cushites: Northeastern Africa: Stone Age Origins to Iron Age D Dahomey: Eighteenth Century Dakar Dar es Salaam Debt, International, Development and Dependency Delta States, Nineteenth Century Democracy: Postcolonial Development, Postcolonial: Central Planning, Private Enterprise, Investment LIST OF ENTRIES AZ ix RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page ix
10. 10. Diagne, Gueye, and Politics of Senegal, 1920s and 1930s Diamonds Diaspora: Colonial Era Diaspora: Historiographical Debates Difaqane on the Highveld Diop, Cheikh Anta Diouf, Abdou Djibouti: Nineteenth Century to the Present: Survey Domestication, Plant and Animal, History of Donatist Church: North Africa Douala Drama, Film: Postcolonial Drought, Famine, Displacement Du Bois, W. E. B. and Pan-Africanism Dube, John Langalibalele Durban E East African Community, the, 19671977 Eastern Africa: Regional Survey Eastern Savanna, Political Authority in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Education in Colonial Sub-Saharan Africa Education in Postcolonial Sub-Saharan Africa Education, Higher, in Postcolonial Africa Education: French West Africa Education: North Africa (Colonial and Postcolonial) Egypt, Ancient: Chronology Egypt, Ancient: Predynastic Egypt and Nubia: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Unication of Upper and Lower: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Old Kingdom and Its Contacts to the South: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Middle Kingdom, Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: New Kingdom and the Colonization of Nubia Egypt: Ancient: Ptolemaic Dynasty: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Roman Conquest and Occupation: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient, and Africa Egypt, Ancient: Agriculture Egypt, Ancient: Architecture Egypt, Ancient: Economy: Redistributive: Palace, Temple Egypt, Ancient: Funeral Practices and Mummication Egypt, Ancient: Hieroglyphics and Origins of Alphabet Egypt, Ancient: Literacy Egypt, Ancient: Religion Egypt, Ancient: Social Organization Egypt: Arab Conquest Egypt: Arab Empire Egypt: Tulunids and Ikhshidids, 850969 Egypt: Fatimid Caliphate Egypt: Fatimids, Later: 10731171 Egypt: Fatimids, Later (10731171): Army and Administration Egypt: Fatimids, Later: World Trade Egypt: Ayyubid Dynasty, 11691250 Egypt and Africa (10001500) Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty: Baybars, Qalawun, Mongols, 12501300 Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Literature Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Army and Iqta System Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Plague Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Historical Outline Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Mamluk Beylicate (c.16001798) Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Napoleon and the French in Egypt (17981801) Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Nubia, Red Sea Egypt under the Ottomans, 15171798: Trade with Africa Egypt: Muhammad Ali, 18051849: Imperial Expansion Egypt: Muhammad Ali, 18051849: State and Economy Egypt, North Africa: Scramble Egypt: Urabi Pasha and British Occupation, 18791882 Egypt: Cromer Administration, 18831907: Irrigation, Agriculture, and Industry Egypt: Salayya, Muslim Brotherhood Egypt: Nationalism, World War I and the Wafd, 18821922 Egypt: Monarchy and Parliament, 19221939 Egypt, World War II and Egypt: Printing, Broadcasting Egypt: Nasser: Foreign Policy: Suez Canal Crisis to Six Day War, 19521970 Egypt: Nasser: High Dam, Economic Development, 19521970 Egypt: Sadat, Nationalism, 19701981 Egypt: Mubarak, Since 1981: Agriculture, Industry Egypt: Mubarak, Since 1981: Politics Egyptology, From Herodotus to the Twentieth Century Environment, Conservation, Development: Postcolonial Africa Epidemics: Malaria, AIDS, Other Disease: Postcolonial Africa Equatorial Guinea: Colonial Period, Nineteenth Century LIST OF ENTRIES AZ x RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page x
11. 11. Equatorial Guinea: Independence to the Present Equiano, Olaudah Eritrea: Ottoman Province to Italian Colony Eritrea: 1941 to the Present Ethiopia: Muslim States, Awash Valley: Shoa, Ifat, Fatagar, Hadya, Dawaro, Adal, Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries Ethiopia: Aksumite Inheritance, c.8501150 Ethiopia: Zagwe Dynasty, 11501270 Ethiopia: Solomonid Dynasty, 12701550 Ethiopia: Shoan Plateau, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries Ethiopia, c.1550c.1700 Ethiopia: Portuguese and, SixteenthSeventeenth Centuries Ethiopia: Eighteenth Century Ethiopia: Early Nineteenth Century Ethiopia: Tewodros II, Era of Ethiopia: Johannes IV, Era of Ethiopia: Menelik II, Era of Ethiopia: Italian Invasion and Occupation: 19351940 Ethiopia: Land, Agriculture, Politics, 19411974 Ethiopia: Famine, Revolution, Mengistu Dictatorship, 19741991 Ethiopia: Civil War and Liberation (to 1993) Ethiopia: 1991 to the Present Ethiopianism and the Independent Church Movement Europe: Explorers, Adventurers, Traders Europe: Industrialization and Imperialism F Farming: Stone Age Farmers of the Savanna Farming: Tropical Forest Zones Fatimid Empire: Maghrib, 9101057 Federations and Unions, Postcolonial Fonds dInvestment pour le Dveloppement Economique et Social (FIDES) Forest Peoples: Sierra Leone, Liberia and Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): History of to 1800 Francophonie, Africa and the Freetown Fulbe/Fulani/Peul: Origins Fulbe/Fulani/Peul: Cattle Pastoralism, Migration, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Funj Sultanate, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries Futa Jalon to 1800 Futa Jalon: Nineteenth Century Futa Toro Futa Toro: Early Nineteenth Century G Gabon: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Gabon: Colonial Period: Administration, Labor the Economy Gabon: Colonial Period: Social Transformation Gabon: Decolonization and the Politics of Independence, 19451967 Gabon: Bongo, Omar, and the One-Party State, 1967 to the Present Gambia, The: Nineteenth Century to Independence Gambia, The: Independence to the Present Gambia, The: Relations with Senegal Garamantes: Early Trans-Saharan Trade Garang, John, and the Sudan Peoples Liberation Party (SPLA) Gender and Migration: Southern Africa Geography, Environment in African History Ghana Empire: Historiography of Origins Ghana, Empire of: History of Ghana (Republic of): 18001874 Ghana (Republic of): Colonization and Resistance, 18751901 Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Colonial Period: Administration Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Colonial Period: Economy Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Guggisberg Administration, 19191927 Ghana (Republic of): Nationalism, Rise of, and the Politics of Independence Ghana, Republic of: Social and Economic Development: First Republic Ghana, Republic of: Coups dtt, Second Republic, 19661972 Ghana: Achaempong Regime to the Third Republic, 19721981 Ghana: Revolution and Fourth Republic, 1981 to Present Globalization, Africa and Gold: Akan Goldelds: 1400 to 1800 Gold: Mining Industry of Ghana: 1800 to the Present Gold: Production and Trade: West Africa Gore-Browne, Stewart Great Lakes Region: Growth of Cattle Herding Great Lakes Region: Karagwe, Nkore, and Buhaya Great Lakes Region: Kitara and the Chwezi Dynasty Great Lakes Region: Ntusi, Kibiro, and Bigo Great Zimbabwe: Colonial Historiography Great Zimbabwe: Origins and Rise Guinea: Colonial Period Guinea: Decolonization, Independence Guinea: Tour, Ahmed Sekou, Era of Guinea: 1984 to the Present Guinea-Bissau: Nineteenth Century to 1960 Guinea-Bissau: Cabral, Amlcar, PAICG, Independence, 19611973 Guinea-Bissau: Independence to the Present LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xi RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xi
12. 12. H Haile Selassie I Hailey: An African Survey Hamdallahi Caliphate, 18181862 Harare Harris, William Wade Hausa Polities: Origins, Rise Hausa Polities: Urbanism, Industry, and Commerce Hausa Polities: Warfare, Nineteenth Century Health: Medicine and Disease: Colonial Health: Medicine and Disease: Postcolonial Herding, Farming, Origins of: Sahara and Nile Valley Historiography of Africa Historiography of Western Africa, 1790s1860s History, African: Sources of Horton, James Africanus Beale Houphout-Boigny, Flix Human Rights: Postcolonial Africa Humankind: Hominids, Early, Origins of Hundred YearsWar, 17791878 Hunting, Colonial Era Hunting, Foraging I Ibadan Ibn Battuta, Mali Empire and Ibn Khaldun: Civilization of the Maghrib Ibn Khaldun: History of the Berbers Ibn Tumart, Almohad Community and Identity, Political Ife, Oyo, Yoruba, Ancient: Kingship and Art Igbo and Igala Igboland, Nineteenth Century Igbo-Ukwu Industrialization and Development Ingombe Ilede Iron Age and Neolithic: West Africa Iron Age (Early) and Development of Farming in Eastern Africa Iron Age (Early): Farming, Equatorial Africa Iron Age (Early): Herding, Farming, Southern Africa Iron Age (Later): Central Africa Iron Age (Later): Central Africa: Luangwa Tradition Iron Age (Later): Central Africa: Peoples, Forest Iron Age (Later): Central Africa: Upemba Basin Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Cattle, Wealth, Power Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Labor, Gender, Production Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Societies, Evolution of Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Salt Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Trade Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Characteristics and Origins, South of Zambezi Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Toutswemogala, Cattle, and Political Power Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Leopards Kopje, Bambandyanalo, and Mapungubwe Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Highveld, Emergence of States on Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Southeastern Lowveld, Emergence of States on Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Ethnicity, Language, Identity Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Peoples Islam in Eastern Africa J Jabavu, John Tengo Jameson Raid, Origins of South African War: 18951899 Johannesburg Johnston, Harry H. Jonathan, Chief Joseph Leabua Journalism, African: Colonial Era Juula/Dyula K Kabarega and Bunyoro Kagwa, Apolo Kabala Gulemye Kakungulu and the Creation of Uganda Kampala Kanem: Origins and Growth (SixthTenth Centuries) Kanem: Slavery and Trans-Saharan Trade Kanem: Decline and Merge with Borno (c.1400) Kano Kasai and Kuba: Chiefdoms and Kingdom Kaunda, Kenneth Kazembes Eastern Lunda Kenya: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Kenya: East African Protectorate and the Uganda Railway Kenya: Mekatilele and Giriama Resistance, 19001920 Kenya: World War I, Carrier Corps Kenya: Colonial Period: Economy 1920s and 1930s Kenya: Colonial Period: Administration, Christianity, Education, and Protest to 1940 Kenya: Mau Mau Revolt Kenya: Nationalism, Independence Kenya: Kenyatta, Jomo: Life and Government of Kenya: Independence to the Present Kenya: Islam LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xii VOLUME 2 RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xii
13. 13. Kerma and Egyptian Nubia Khama III Khartoum Kimbangu, Simon and Kimbanguism Kimberley, Diamond Fields and Kinshasa Kongo, Teke (Tio), and Loango: History to 1483 Kongo Kingdom: Afonso I, Christianity, and Kingship Kongo Kingdom, 15431568 Kongo Kingdom: Jaga Invasion to 1665 Kongo Kingdom: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Kouyat, Tiemoko Garan Kruger, Paul Kumasi Kush L Labor: Cooperative Work Labor: Decline in Traditional Forms of Exploitation Labor, Migrant Labotsibeni Lagos Lagos Colony and Oil Rivers Protectorate Lalibela and Ethiopian Christianity Land and Reserves, Colonial Africa Language Classication Language, Colonial State and Law, Islamic: Postcolonial Africa Law and the Legal System: Postcolonial Africa Legitimate Commerce and Export Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century Lenshina, Alice Lesotho: Treaties and Conict on the Highveld, 18431868 Lesotho (Basutoland): Colonization and Cape Rule, 18681884 Lesotho (Basutoland): Peasantry, Rise of Lesotho (Basutoland): Colonial Period Lesotho: Independence to the Present Lesotho: Nationalism and Independence Lewanika I, the Lozi and the BSA Company Liberia, Nineteenth Century: Origins and Foundations Liberia: Nineteenth Century: Politics, Society, and Economics Liberia: Firestone Liberia: Tubman, William V. S., Life and Era of Liberia: Tolbert, William Richard, Life and Era of Liberia: Doe, Samuel K., Life and Era of Liberia: Civil War, ECOMOG, and the Return to Civilian Rule Libreville Libya: Yusuf Pasha Karamanli and the Ottoman Reoccupation, 17951835 Libya: Muhammad Al-Sanusi (c. 17871859) and the Sanusiyya Libya: Italian Invasion and Resistance, 19111931 Libya: Italian Colonization and Administration Libya: World War II and the Kingdom of Libya, 19421969 Libya: Gadda (Qadhdha) and Jamahiriyya (Libyan Revolution) Libya: Oil, Politics, and OPEC Libya: Foreign Policy under Qadda Literacy and Indigenous Scripts: Precolonial Western Africa Literacy: Vehicle for Cultural Change Literature, Western: Africa in Livingstone, David Loango: Slave Trade Lom Lom Conventions, the Lozi Kingdom and the Kololo Luanda Luba: Origins and Growth Luba: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Lubumbashi Lumumba, Patrice Lunda: Mwaant Yaav (Mwata Yamvo) and Origins Lunda: Kingdoms, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Lunda: Titles Lusaka Luthuli, Albert John Mavumbi Luwum, Janani M Maal-Aynayn Macaulay, Herbert Madagascar: Prehistory and Development to c.1500 Madagascar: Malagasy Kingdoms, Evolution of Madagascar: Merina Kingdom, Nineteenth Century Madagascar: French Conquest, Colonization Madagascar: Colonial Period: French Rule Madagascar: Great Rebellion, 19471948 Madagascar: Reconciliation, Reform, and Independence, 19481960 Madagascar: Independence to 1972 Madagascar: Reform and Revolution, 19721989 Madagascar: Democracy and Development, 1990s to the Present Al-Maghili Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie al-Maghili Maghrib, Arab Conquest of, 650715 Maghrib: Marinids, Ziyanids, and Hafsids, 12351359 Maghrib, European Expansion into, 12501550 Maghrib: Ottoman Conquest of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xiii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xiii
14. 14. Maghrib: Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli under the Deys, Husaynids, and Qaramanlis in the Eighteenth Century Maghrib: Muslim Brotherhoods Maghrib Unity, European Union and Mai Dunama Dibalami Makeke, Charlotte Makhanye Makenye Kalemba Malawi: Ngoni Incursions from the South, Nineteenth Century Malawi: Long-Distance Trade, Nineteenth Century Malawi: Missionaries and Christianity, Nineteenth Century Malawi: Colonization and Wars of Resistance, 18891904 Malawi (Nyasaland): Colonial Period: Land, Labor, and Taxation Malawi (Nyasaland): Colonial Period: Chilembwe Rising, 1915 Malawi (Nyasaland): Colonial Period: Federation Malawi: Nationalism, Independence Malawi: Independence to the Present Mali Empire, Sundiata and Origins of Mali Empire: Economy Mali Empire: Decline, Fifteenth Century Mali (Republic of): Economy and Society, Nineteenth Century Mali (Republic of): Alliances and Wars Mali (Republic of): Colonial Soudan Franais Mali, Republic of: Nationalism, Federation, Independence Mali, Republic of: Keita, Modibo, Life and Era of Mali, Republic of: Traor, Moussa, Life and Era of Mali, Republic of: Politics, Economics: 1990s Mandates: League of Nations and United Nations Mandela, Nelson Mandinka States of Gambia Mane: Migrations, Sixteenth Century, History of Mansa Musa, Mali Empire and Manyika of Eastern Zimbabwe Maputo Maravi: Phiri Clan, Lundu and Undi Dynasties Maravi: Zimba Invasions Maravi: Kalonga Masula: Empire, Trade Marrakech Martial Races Mascarene Islands Prior to the French Massassi and the Kaarta State Massawa, Ethiopia, and the Ottoman Empire Matthews, Z. K. Mauritania: Colonial Period: Nineteenth Century Mauritania: Independence and Western Sahara, 19601979 Mauritania: Domestic and International Politics and Conict, 1980s and 1990s Mauritania: Ethnicity, Conict, Development, 1980s and 1990s Mauritius: Slavery and Slave Society to 1835 Mauritius: Indentured Labor and Society, 18351935 Mauritius: Nationalism, Communalism, and Independence, 19351968 Mauritius: Ramgoolam, Seewoosagur, Government of Mauritius: 1982 to the Present Mboya, Tom J. Media as Propaganda Medical Factor in Christian Conversion Meroe: Meroitic Culture and Economy Metalworking: Origins of Ironworking Mfecane Military: Colonialism, Conquest, Resistance Mining Mining, Multinationals, and Development Missionary Enterprise: Precolonial Mogadishu Mokhehle, Ntsu Mondlane, Eduardo Monophysitism, Coptic Church, 379640 Monrovia Morocco: Sadians Morocco: Ahmad al-Mansur and Invasion of Songhay Morocco: Maraboutic Crisis, Founding of the Alawite Dynasty Morocco: Mawlay Ismail and Empire of Morocco: Sidi Muhammad and Foundations of Essawira Morocco: Mawlay Sulayman, Life and Era of Morocco: Mawlay Abd al-Rahman, Life and Era of Morocco: Economy and Society, Nineteenth Century Morocco: Hay, Edward and John Drummond, British Diplomatic Protection, 18291903 Morocco: Mawlay Hasan and the Makhzen Morocco: French and Spanish Protectorates, 19031914 Morocco: Resistance and Collaboration, Bu Hmara to Abdelkrim (Ibn Abd el-Krim) Morocco: Lyautey, General Hubert, and Evolution of French Protectorate, 19121950 Morocco: Spain in Morocco and the Sahara, 19001958 Morocco: Immigration and Colonization, 19001950 Morocco: Nationalism, Muhammad V, Independence, 19301961 Morocco: Hassan II, Life and Government of Morocco: Education since Independence Morocco: Economics and Social Change since Independence Morocco: International Relations since Independence Moshoeshoe I and the Founding of the Basotho kingdom Mosque, Sub-Saharan: Art and Architecture of Mozambique: Nineteenth Century, Early LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xiv RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xiv
15. 15. Mozambique: Nguni/Ngoni Incursions from the South Mozambique: Colonial Period: Labor, Migration, Administration Mozambique: Colonial Period: Resistance and Rebellions Mozambique: Frelimo and the War of Liberation, 19621975 Mozambique: Machel and the Frelimo Revolution, 19751986 Mozambique: Renamo, Destabilization Mozambique: Chissano and, 1986 to the Present Mphahlele, Ezekiel Msiri: Yeke Kingdom Mugabe, Robert Gabriel Multinationals and the State Museums, History of: Postcolonial Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta Music: Postcolonial Africa Mutapa State, 14501884 Mutesa (Kabaka) N Namibia: Nineteenth Century to 1880 Namibia (Southwest Africa): German Colonization, 18931896 Namibia (Southwest Africa): Nama and Herero Risings Namibia (Southwest Africa): South African Rule Namibia (Southwest Africa): League of Nations, United Nations Mandate Namibia: SWAPO and the Freedom Struggle Namibia: Struggle for Independence, 19701990 Namibia: Independence to the Present Napata and Meroe Natal, Nineteenth Century Nationalism(s): Postcolonial Africa Ndongo, Kingdom of Ngritude Neolithic North Africa Neolithic, Pastoral: Eastern Africa Neto, Antnio Agostinho Ngugi wa Thiongo Niger Delta and Its Hinterland: History to Sixteenth Century Niger Delta and Its Hinterland: Peoples and States to 1800 Niger: Nineteenth Century: Survey Niger: French Occupation and Resistance Niger: Colonial Period to Independence Niger: Independence to Present Nigeria: British Colonization to 1914 Nigeria: Lugard, Administration and Indirect Rule Nigeria: World War I Nigeria: Colonial Period: Railways, Mining, and Market Production Nigeria: Colonial Period: Christianity and Islam Nigeria: World War II Nigeria: Colonial Period: Intelligentsia, Nationalism, Independence Nigeria: Colonial Period: Federation Nigeria: Conferences, Commissions, Nigerian Constitution: 19561960 Nigeria: Federalism, Corruption, Popular Discontent: 19601966 Nigeria: Army Nigeria: Gowon Regime, 19661975 Nigeria: Biafran Secession and Civil War, 19671970 Nigeria: Murtala Muhammed, Obasanjo, and Return to Civilian Rule, 19751979 Nigeria: Second Republic, 19791983 Nigeria: Agriculture, Irrigation, Rural Development Nigeria: Industry, Oil, Economy Nigeria: Military Rule, 19831999 Nigeria: Opposition, 1990s, to the Fourth Republic Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Origins, Pastoralism, Migration Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Eastern Nilotes: Ateker (Karimojong) Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Maasai Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Southern Nilotes: Kalenjin, Dadog, Pokot Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Western Nilotes: Luo Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Western Nilotes: Shilluk, Nuer, Dinka, Anyuak Njinga Mbande Nkomo, Joshua Mgabuko Nyogolo Nkrumah, Kwame Nkumbula, Harry Mwaanga Nobadia, Makurra and Alwa Nok Culture: Terracotta, Iron Nonqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing, 1857 North Africa, Ancient: Urbanization North Africa: Roman Occupation, Empire Northern Africa Nubia: Relations with Egypt (SeventhFourteenth Centuries) Nubia: Banu Kanz, Juhayna, Arabization of the Nilotic Sudan (FourteenthEighteenth Centuries) Nujoma, Sam Nyabingi Cult and Resistance Nyanga Hills Nyerere, Julius O Obasanjo, Olusegun Obote, Milton Odinga, A. Oginga Oil Olduwan and Acheulian: Early Stone Age Olympio, Sylvanus LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xv RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xv
16. 16. Organization of African Unity (OAU) and Pan- Africanism Oromo: Origins, Social and Economic Organization Oromo: Migration and Expansion: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Ovimbundu States LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xvi VOLUME 3 P Pan-African Technical Organizations and Associations Peacekeeping: Postcolonial Africa Peasant Production, Colonial: Cash Crops and Transport Peasant Production, Colonial: Food, Markets: West Africa Peasant Production, Postcolonial: Markets and Subsistence Pedi Kingdom, and Transvaal, 18221879 Permanent Settlement, Early Phelps-Stokes Commission 25 Plaatje, Sol T. Plantations and Labor, Colonial Policing, Colonial Polisario and the Western Sahara Political Elites and Patronage: Postcolonial Africa Political Identity Political Parties and One-Party States Political Systems Population and Demography Port Harcourt Portugal: Exploration and Trade in the Fifteenth Century Press: Northern Africa Press: Southern Africa Press: Tropical Africa Pretoria Production and Exchange, Precolonial Professions, Africans in: Colonial Punt and Its Neighbors Q Qayrawan R Rabih ibn Fadl Allah Railways Ramphele, Dr. Mamphela Aletta Ramses II Rawlings, Jerry John Refugees Religion, Colonial Africa: Conversion to World Religions Religion, Colonial Africa: Independent, Millenarian/Syncretic Churches Religion, Colonial Africa: Indigenous Religion Religion, Colonial Africa: Islamic Orders and Movements Religion, Colonial Africa: Missionaries Religion, Colonial Africa: Prophetic Movements Religion, Colonial Africa: Religious Responses to Colonial Rule Religion, History of Religion: Indigenous Beliefs: Sub-Saharan Africa Religion: Islam, Growth of: Western Africa Religion, Postcolonial Africa: African Theology, Indigenization Religion, Postcolonial Africa: Independence and Churches, Mission-Linked and Independent Religion, Postcolonial Africa: Islam Religion, Postcolonial Africa: Neo-Pentecostalism Religion, Postcolonial Africa: Church and State Relations Resettlement of Recaptives: Freetown, Libreville, Liberia, Freretown, Zanzibar Resistance to Colonialism Runion: Nineteenth Century to 1946 Runion: 1946 to the Present Rhodes, Cecil J. Rhodes, Jameson, and the Seizure of Rhodesia Rinderpest and Smallpox: East and Southern Africa Rock Art, Saharan Rock Art: Eastern Africa Rock Art: Southern Africa Rock Art: Western and Central Africa Royal Niger Company, 18861898 Rudd Concession, 1888 Rumfa, Muhammad Rural Development, Postcolonial Rwanda: To 1800 Rwanda: Precolonial, Nineteenth Century Rwanda: Colonial Period: German and Belgian Rule Rwanda: Civil Unrest and Independence: 19591962 Rwanda: 19621990 Rwanda: Genocide, 1994 Rwanda: Genocide, Aftermath of S Sahara: Peoples of the Desert Sahara: Salt: Production, Trade Sahara: Trans-Saharan Trade Salah al-Din/Saladin Samkange, Rev. D. T. Sanhaja So Tom and Prncipe, to 1800 So Tom and Prncipe, 1800 to the present Sassou-Nguesso, Denis Savimbi, Jonas RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xvi
17. 17. Schreiner, Olive Emilie Albertina Segu: Origins and Growth of a Bamana Kingdom Sena, Tete, Portuguese and Prazos Senegal: Nineteenth Century Senegal: Faidherbe, Louis and Expansion of French Senegal, 18541865 Senegal: Colonial Period: Railways Senegal: Colonial Period: Four Communes: Dakar, Saint-Louis, Gore, and Rusque Senegal: World War I Senegal: Colonial Period: Administration and Assimilation Senegal: Colonial Period: Economy Senegal: World War II Senegal: Nationalism, Federation, and Independence Senegal: Independence to the Present Senegal: Casamance Province, Conict in Senghor, Lopold Sdar Seychelles: 1770 to 1960 Seychelles: Independence, Revolution, and Restoration of Democracy, 1960 to Present Shaka and Zulu Kingdom, 18101840 Sierra Leone: Origins, 17871808 Sierra Leone: Development of the Colony, Nineteenth Century Sierra Leone: Christianity, Education, Krio Diaspora Sierra Leone: Temne, Mende, and the Colony Sierra Leone: Protectorate: Administration and Government Sierra Leone: Protectorate: Economy Sierra Leone: Margai, Sir Milton: Independence, Government of Sierra Leone: Stevens, Siaka and the All Peoples Congress Sierra Leone: Momoh, Joseph Saidu: Regime, 19861992 Sijilmasa, Zawila: Trans-Saharan Trade Sirikwa and Engaruka: Dairy Farming, Irrigation Slave Trade: Arms, Ivory, and (East and Central Africa) Slave Trade: Arms, Ivory, and (Southern Africa) Slavery in African Society Slavery, Atlantic Basin in the Era of Slavery, Atlantic Trade: Problems of Scale Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Transatlantic Passage Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Effects in Africa and the Americas Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Opposition, African Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Abolition: Philanthropy or Economics? Slavery, Abolition of: East and West Africa Slavery: Mediterranean, Red Sea, Indian Ocean Slavery: Trans-Saharan Trade Slavery: East Africa: Eighteenth Century Slavery, Plantation: East Africa and the Islands Slavery, Colonial Rule and Smuts, Jan C. Soba and Dongola Sobukwe, Robert and the Pan-Africanist Congress Socialism in Postcolonial Africa Soga, Tiyo Sokoto Caliphate: Hausa, Fulani and Founding of Sokoto Caliphate, Nineteenth Century Soldiers, African: Overseas Somalia: Pastoralism, Islam, Commerce, Expansion: To 1800 Somalia: Nineteenth Century Somalia: Hassan, Muhammad Abdile and Resistance to Colonial Conquest Somalia: Independence, Conict, and Revolution Somalia: Barr, Mohamed Siad, Life and Government of Somalia: 1990 to the Present Songhay Empire, Gao and Origins of Songhay Empire: Sunni Ali and the Founding of Empire Songhay Empire: Ture, Muhammad and the Askiya Dynasty Songhay Empire: Moroccan Invasion, 1591 Soshangane, Umzila, Gungunhane and the Gaza State South Africa: Missionaries: Nineteenth Century South Africa: Confederation, Disarmament and the First Anglo-Boer War, 18711881 South Africa: Gold on the Witwatersrand, 18861899 South Africa: Peasantry, African South African War, 18991902 South Africa: Peace, Reconstruction, Union: 19021910 South Africa: Gandhi, Indian Question South Africa: Colored Identity South Africa: African National Congress South Africa: Industrial and Commercial Workers Union South Africa: Afrikaner Nationalism, Broederbond and National Party, 19021948 South Africa: World Wars I and II South Africa: Segregation, Political Economy of South Africa: Industry, Labor, Urbanization, 19401946 South Africa: Capitalist Farming, Poor Whites, Labor South Africa: Apartheid, 19481859 South Africa: Homelands and Bantustans South Africa: Mining South Africa: Rural Protest and Violence: 1950s South Africa: Deance Campaign, Freedom Charter, Treason Trials: 19521960 South Africa: Apartheid, Education and South Africa: Sharpeville Massacre South Africa: Soweto Uprising South Africa: Africa Policy South Africa: Antiapartheid Struggle: Townships, the 1980s South Africa: Antiapartheid Struggle, International LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xvii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xvii
18. 18. South Africa: Transition, 19901994 South Africa: 1994 to the Present Southern Africa: Regional Survey Southern African Development Community Soviet Union and Africa Soyinka, Wole K. Sports: Postcolonial Africa Stanley, Leopold II, Scramble Stone Age, Middle: Cultures Stone Age (Later): Central and Southern Africa Stone Age (Later): Eastern Africa Stone Age (Later): Nile Valley Stone Age (Later): Sahara and North Africa Stone Age, Later: Western Africa Sudan: Turco-Egyptian Period, 18201885 Sudan: Mahdist State, 18811898 Sudan: Omdurman and Reconquest Sudan: Condominium Period: Administration, Legacy in South Sudan: Condominium Period: Economy Sudan: Civil War, Independence, Military Rule, 19551964 Sudan: October Revolution, 1964 Sudan: Nimeiri, Peace, the Economy Sudan: Cotton, Irrigation, and Oil, 1970s Sudan: Sadiq Al-Mahdi Regime, 1980s Sudan: Turabis Revolution, Islam, Power Sudan: Civil War: 1990s Suez Canal Swahili: Azania to 1498 Swahili, Portuguese and: 14981589 Swahili: Mombasa, Fort Jesus, the Portuguese, 15891698 Swahili Language Swaziland: Sobhuza I, Foundation of Ngwane Kingdom Swaziland: Swazi Kingdom, Survival of, 18391879 Swaziland: Concessions, Annexation, 18801902 Swaziland: Colonial Period: Land, Labor, Administration Swaziland: Kingship, Constitution, Independence Swaziland: Sobhuza II, Life and Government of Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign of T Tanganyika (Tanzania): Early Nineteenth Century Tanganyika (Tanzania): Ngoni Incursion from the South Tanganyika (Tanzania): Nyamwezi and Long- Distance Trade Tanganyika (Tanzania): German Invasion and Resistance Tanganyika (Tanzania): Maji Maji Rebellion, 19051907 Tanganyika (Tanzania): German Rule: Land, Labor, and Economic Transformation Tanganyika (Tanzania): World War I Tanganyika (Tanzania): Colonial Period, British: Indirect Rule Tanganyika (Tanzania): Colonial Period, British: Economy Tanganyika (Tanzania): African Association, 19291948 Tanganyika (Tanzania): Nationalism, TANU, Independence Tangier Tanzania (Tanganyika): Arusha Declaration Tanzania (Tanganyika): Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), One-Party Politics Tanzania (Tanganyika): Uganda, Relations with Tanzania (Tanganyika): Democracy and Capitalism: 1990 to the Present Taxation Taylor, Charles Thuku, Harry Timbuktu Tippu Tip (Muhammed bin Hamed) Togo: German Colonial Rule Togo: Colonial Period: Dual Mandate, 19191957 Togo: Eyadma, Gnassingb, Life and Era of President of Togo Toivo ya Toiva, Andimba Tombalbaye, F. Ngarta Tonga, Ila, and Cattle Torwa, Changamire Dombo, and the Rovzi Tour, Samori (c. 18301900) and His Empire Tourism Trade Unions: Postcolonial Trades Unionism and Nationalism Transportation Infrastructure Transportation: Postcolonial Africa Tripoli Tuareg: Takedda and Trans-Saharan Trade Tuareg: Traders, Raiders, and the Empires of Mali and Songhay Tuareg: Twentieth Century Tukolor Empire of al-Hajj Umar Tunis Tunisia: Ahmad Bey and Army Reform Tunisia: Khayr al-Din and Constitutional and Administrative Reform, 18551878 Tunisia: French Protectorate,18781900 Tunisia: Immigration and Colonization, 18811950 Tunisia: Nationalism, Growth of, 18811934 Tunisia: Neo-Destour and Independence, 19341956 Tunisia: Bourguiba, Presidency of: Government and Opposition Tunisia: Bourguiba, Presidency of: Economic and Social Change Tunisia: Ben Ali, Liberalization Tunisia: Educational Policy and Development Since Independence Tunisia: Modern International Relations Tutu, Desmond LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xviii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xviii
19. 19. U Uganda: Early Nineteenth Century Uganda: Mwanga and Buganda, 1880s Uganda: Colonization, Resistance, Uganda Agreement, 18901900 Uganda: Colonial Period: Administration, Economy Uganda: Colonial Period: Northern Uganda Uganda: Education Uganda: Buganda Agreement, Political Parties, Independence Uganda: Obotes First Regime, 19621971 Uganda: Amin Dada, Idi: Coup and Regime, 19711979 Uganda: Tanzanian Invasion, 19791980 Uganda: Obote: Second Regime, 19801985 Uganda: National Resistance Movement and the Winning of Political Power Uganda: Reconstruction: Politics, Economics Uganda: Conict, Regional since 1990 Union Douanire et Economique de LAfrique Centrale (UDEAC) Upare, Usambara, Kilimanjaro Urbanization and Site Hierarchy: West Africa: Savannah and Sahel Urbanization: Colonial Context Urbanization, Housing and Employment Uthman dan Fodio V Vandals and North Africa, 429533 Verwoerd, H. F. W Wallace-Johnson, I. T. A. and Radical Politics: West Africa: 1930s Water Supplies and Schemes Welensky, Roy Western Sahara: Nineteenth Century to the Present White Settler Factor: Economic and Political Wolof and Jolof Empires Women: History and Historiography World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and Structural Adjustment World History, Africa in World War I: Survey World War I: North and Saharan Africa World War II: French West Africa, Equatorial Africa World War II: North Africa World War II: Sub-Saharan Africa: Economic Impact Y Yaound Yoruba-Speaking Peoples Yoruba States: Oyo Yoruba States (Other Than Ife and Oyo) Yoruba States: Trade and Conict, Nineteenth Century Yusuf ibn Tashn: Almoravid Empire: Maghrib: 10701147 Z Zaire: Politics, Regional Zambia: Early Nineteenth Century: Survey Zambia: Long-Distance Trade, Nineteenth Century Zambia: Ngoni Incursion from the South Zambia (Northern Rhodesia): British Occupation, Resistance: 1890s Zambia (Northern Rhodesia): Colonial Period: Administration, Economy Zambia (Northern Rhodesia): Copperbelt Zambia (Northern Rhodesia): Mineworkers Strikes: 1935, 1940 Zambia (Northern Rhodesia): Federation, 19531963 Zambia: Nationalism, Independence Zambia: Religious Movements Zambia: First Republic, 19641972: Development and Politics Zambia: Second Republic, 19731991 Zambia: 1991 to the Present Zanzibar (City) Zanzibar: Busaidi Sultanate in East Africa Zanzibar: Trade: Slaves, Ivory Zanzibar: Britain, Germany, Scramble Zanzibar: Colonial Period Zanzibar: Revolution and Union (Tanzania) Zimbabwe: Nineteenth Century, Early Zimbabwe: Incursions from the South, Ngoni and Ndebele Zimbabwe: 1880s Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Ndebele and Shona Risings: First Chimurenga Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Colonial Period: Land, Tax, Administration Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): African Political and Trades Union Movements, 1920s and 1930s Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Urbanization and Conict, 1940s Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Federation Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Nationalist Politics, 1950s and 1960s Zimbabwe (Rhodesia): Unilateral Declaration of Independence and the Smith Regime, 19641979 Zimbabwe: Second Chimurenga, 19661979 Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, Lancaster House and Independence, 19781980 Zimbabwe: Conict and Reconstruction, 1980s Zimbabwe: Since 1990 LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xix RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xix
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21. 21. xxi LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC Early Prehistory Climate and Vegetational Change Humankind: Hominids, Early: Origins of Olduwan and Acheulian: Early Stone Age Permanent Settlement, Early Rock Art: Eastern Africa Rock Art, Saharan Rock Art: Southern Africa Rock Art: Western and Central Africa Stone Age (Later): Central and Southern Africa Stone Age (Later): Eastern Africa Stone Age (Later): Nile Valley Stone Age (Later): Sahara and North Africa Stone Age (Later): Western Africa Stone Age, Middle: Cultures Later Prehistory and Ancient History Akhenaten Aksum, Kingdom of Alexandria and Early Christianity: Egypt Augustine, Catholic Church: North Africa Berbers: Ancient North Africa Byzantine Africa, 533710 Carthage Crop Cultivation: The Evidence Domestication, Plant and Animal, History of Donatist Church: North Africa Egypt, Ancient, and Africa Egypt, Ancient: Agriculture Egypt, Ancient: Architecture Egypt, Ancient: Chronology Egypt, Ancient: Economy: Redistributive: Palace, Temple Egypt, Ancient: Funeral Practices and Mummication Egypt, Ancient: Hieroglyphics and Origins of Alphabet Egypt, Ancient: Literacy Egypt, Ancient: Middle Kingdom: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: New Kingdom and the Colonization of Nubia Egypt, Ancient: Old Kingdom and its Contacts to the South: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Predynastic Egypt and Nubia: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Ptolemaic Dynasty: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Religion Egypt, Ancient: Roman Conquest and Occupation: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Social Organization Egypt, Ancient: Unication of Upper and Lower: Historical Outline Egyptology, from Herodotus to Twentieth Century Farming: Stone Age Farmers of the Savanna Farming: Tropical Forest Zones Garamantes: Early Trans-Saharan Trade Herding, Farming, Origins of: Sahara and Nile Valley Hunting, Foraging Igbo-Ukwo Iron Age (Early): Farming, Eastern Africa Iron Age (Early): Farming, Equatorial Africa Iron Age (Early): Herding, Farming, Southern Africa Iron Age and Neolithic: West Africa Kerma and Egyptian Nubia Kush Meroe: Meroitic Culture and Economy Metalworking: Origins of Ironworking Monophysitism, Coptic Church, 379640 Napata and Meroe Neolithic North Africa Neolithic, Pastoral: Eastern Africa Nok Culture: Terra-Cotta, Iron North Africa, Ancient: Urbanization North Africa: Roman Occupation, Empire Punt and Its Neighbors RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxi
22. 22. Ramses II Soba and Dongola Urbanization and Site Hierarchy: West Africa: Savanna and Sahel Vandals: North Africa Iron Age to End of the Eighteenth Century: Central and Southern Africa Angola, Eighteenth Century Cape Colony: Khoi-Dutch Wars Cape Colony: Origins, Settlement, Trade Cape Colony: Slavery Great Zimbabwe: Colonial Historiography Great Zimbabwe: Origins and Rise Ingombe Ilede Iron Age (Later): Central Africa Iron Age (Later): Central Africa: Luangwa Tradition Iron Age (Later): Central Africa: Peoples, Forest Iron Age (Later): Central Africa: Upemba Basin Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Characteristics and Origins, South of Zambezi Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Ethnicity, Language, Identity Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Highveld, Emergence of States on Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Leopards Kopje, Bambandyanalo and Mapungubwe Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Peoples Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Southeastern Lowveld, Emergence of States on Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Toutswemogala, Cattle, and Political Power Kasai and Kuba: Chiefdoms and Kingdom Kazembes Eastern Lunda Kongo Kingdom, 15431568 Kongo Kingdom: Afonso I, Christianity and Kingship Kongo Kingdom: Jaga Invasion to 1665 Kongo Kingdom: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Kongo, Teke (Tio) and Loango: History to 1483 Loango: Slave Trade Luba: Origins and Growth Luba: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Lunda: Kingdoms, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Lunda: Mwaant Yaav (Mwata Yamvo) and Origins Lunda: Titles Manyika of Eastern Zimbabwe Maravi: Kalonga Masula: Empire, Trade Maravi: Phiri Clan, Lundu and Undi Dynasties Maravi: Zimba Invasions Mutapa State, 14501884 Ndongo, Kingdom of Njinga Mbande Nyanga Hills Ovimbundu States Rwanda: To 1800 Sena, Tete, Portuguese, and Prazos Torwa, Changamire Dombo and the Rovzi Iron Age to End of Eighteenth Century: Eastern and North Central Africa Adal: Ibrahim, Ahmad ibn, Conict with Ethiopia, 15261543 Bagirmi, Wadai and Darfur Bantu Cultivators: Kenyan Highlands Bourbon, Ile de France, Seychelles: Eighteenth Century Buganda to the Nineteenth Century Bunyoro Burundi to c.1800 Central Africa, Northern: Arab Penetration, Rise of Cavalry States Central Africa, Northern: Central Sudanic Peoples Central Africa, Northern: Chadic Peoples Central Africa, Northern: Islam, Pilgrimage Central Africa, Northern: Slave Raiding Comoros: Before 1800 Cushites: Northeastern Africa: Stone Age Origins to Iron Age Eastern Savanna, Political Authority in Ethiopia, c.1550c.1700 Ethiopia: Aksumite Inheritance, c.8501150 Ethiopia: Eighteenth Century Ethiopia: Muslim States, Awash Valley: Shoa, Ifat, Fatagar, Hadya, Dawaro, Adal, Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries Ethiopia, Portuguese and, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries Ethiopia: Shoan Plateau, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries Ethiopia: Solomonid Dynasty, 1270c.1550 Ethiopia: Zagwe Dynasty, 11501270 Great Lakes Region: Cattle Herding Great Lakes Region: Karagwe, Nkore and Buhaya Great Lakes Region: Kitara and the Chwezi Dynasty Great Lakes Region: Ntusi, Kibiro and Bigo Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Cattle, Wealth, Power Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Labor, Gender, Production Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Salt Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Societies, Evolution of Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Trade Islam: Eastern Africa Lalibela and Ethiopian Christianity Madagascar: Malagasy Kingdoms, Evolution of Madagascar: Prehistory and Development to c.1500 Mascerene Islands prior to the French LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxii
23. 23. Massawa, Ethiopia and the Ottoman Empire Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Eastern Nilotes: Ateker (Karimojong) Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Maasai Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Origins, Pastoralism, Migration Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Southern Nilotes: Kalenjin, Dadog, Pokot Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Western Nilotes: Luo Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Western Nilotes: Shilluk, Nuer, Dinka, Anyuak Oromo: Migration and Expansion: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Oromo: Origins, Social and Economic Organization Sirikwa and Engaruka: Dairy Farming, Irrigation Slavery: East Africa: Eighteenth Century Slavery, Plantation: East Africa and the Islands Somalia: Pastoralism, Islam, Commerce, Expansion: To 1800 Swahili: Azania to 1498 Swahili: Mombasa, Fort Jesus, the Portuguese, 15891698 Swahili, Portuguese and: 14981589 Upare, Usambara, Kilimanjaro Iron Age to End of Eighteenth Century: North Africa Abd Allah ibn Yasin: Almoravid: Sahara Abd al-Mumin: Almohad Empire, 11401269 Abu Madian, al-Shadhili and the Spread of Susm in the Maghrib Aghlabid Amirate of Ifriqiya (800909) Arab Bedouin: Banu Hilal, Banu Sulaym, Banu Maqil (Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries) Barbary Corsairs and the Ottoman Provinces: Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli in the Seventeenth Century Egypt and Africa (10001500) Egypt: Arab Conquest Egypt: Arab Empire (640850) Egypt: Ayyubid Dynasty, 11691250 Egypt: Fatimid Caliphate Egypt: Fatimids, Later: 10731171 Egypt: Fatimids, Later: Army and Administration Egypt: Fatimids, Later: World Trade Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Army and Iqta System Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Baybars, Qalawun, Mongols, 12501300 Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Literature Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Plague Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Historical Outline Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Mamluk Beylicate (c.16001798) Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Napoleon and the French in Egypt (17981801) Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Nubia, Red Sea Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Trade with Africa Egypt: Tulunids and Ikhshidids, 850969 Fatimid Empire: Maghrib, 9101057 Funj Sultanate, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries Ibn Khaldun: Civilization of the Maghrib Ibn Khaldun: History of the Berbers Ibn Tumart, Almohad Community and Maghrib: Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli under the Deys Husaynids and Karamanlis in the Eighteenth Century Maghrib: Arab Conquest of, 650715 Maghrib: European Expansion into, 12501550 Maghrib: Marinids, Ziyanids, and Hafsids, 12351359 Maghrib: Muslim Brotherhoods Maghrib: Ottoman Conquest of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis Marrakech Morocco: Ahmad al-Mansur and Invasion of Songhay Morocco: Maraboutic Crisis, Founding of the Alawite Dynasty Morocco: Mawlay Ismail and Empire of Morocco: Saadians Morocco: Sidi Muhammad and Foundations of Essawira Nobadia, Makurra and Alwa Nubia: Banu Kanz, Juhayna, Arabization of the Nilotic Sudan Nubia: Relations with Egypt (Seventh to Fourteenth Centuries) Qayrawan Salah al-Din/Saladin Sahara: Peoples of the Desert Sahara: Salt: Production, Trade Sahara: Trans-Saharan Trade Sijilmasa, Zawila: Trans-Saharan Trade Yusuf ibn Tashn: Almoravid Empire: Maghrib: 10701147 Iron Age to End of Eighteenth Century: Western Africa Africanus, Leo Air, Sultanate of Aja-Speaking Peoples: Aja, Fon, Ewe, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Aja-Speaking Peoples: Dahomey, Rise of, Seventeenth Century Akan and Asante: Farmers, Traders, Emergence of Akan States Akan States: Bono, Dankyira, Wassa, Akyem, Akwamu, Fante, Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries Akan States: Eighteenth Century Allada and Slave Trade LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxiii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxiii
24. 24. Asante Kingdom: Osei Tutu and Founding of Benin Empire: Oba Ewuare, Trade with the Portuguese Benin Empire: Origins and Growth of City State Benue Valley Peoples: Jukun and Kwarafa Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of: Mai Idris Aloma Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of: Origins and Rise, Fifteenth Century Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of: Saifawa Dynasty: Horses, Slaves, Warfare Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Carvajal, Luis del Mrml Dahomey: Eighteenth Century Equiano, Olaudah Forest Peoples: Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ivory Coast: History of to 1800 Fulbe/Fulani/Peul: Cattle Pastoralism, Migration, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Fulbe/Fulani/Peul: Origins Futa Jalon to 1800 Futa Toro Futa Toro: Nineteenth Century Ghana, Empire: Historiography of Origins Ghana, Empire: History of Gold: Akan Goldelds: 1400 to 1800 Gold: Production and Trade: West Africa Hausa Polities: Origins, Rise Hausa Polities: Urbanism, Industry, and Commerce Hausa Polities: Warfare, Nineteenth Century Ibn Battuta, Mali Empire and Ife, Oyo, Yoruba, Ancient: Kingship and Art Igbo and Igala Juula/Dyula Kanem: Decline, Merge with Borno (c.1400) Kanem: Origins and Growth (Sixth to Tenth Centuries) Kanem: Slavery and Trans-Saharan Trade Literacy and Indigenous Scripts: Precolonial West Africa al-Maghili Mai Dunama Dibalami Mali Empire: Decline, Fifteenth Century Mali Empire: Economy Mali Empire, Sundiata and Origins of Mandinka States of the Gambia Mane: Migrations, Sixteenth Century, History of Mansa Musa, Mali Empire and Massassi and the Kaarta State Niger Delta and its Hinterland: History to Sixteenth Century Niger Delta and its Hinterland: Peoples and States to 1800 Portugal: Exploration and Trade in the Fifteenth Century Religion: Indigenous Beliefs: Sub-Saharan Africa Religion: Islam, Growth of: Western Africa Rumfa, Muhammad So Tom and Principe to 1800 Slavery: Trans-Saharan Trade Slavery in African Society Sanhaja Segu: Origins and Growth of a Bamana Kingdom Slavery, Atlantic Basin in the Era of Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Abolition: Philanthropy or Economics? Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Effects in Africa and the Americas Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Opposition, African Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Transatlantic Passage Slavery: Mediterranean, Red Sea, Indian Ocean Songhay Empire, Gao and Origins of Songhay Empire: Moroccan Invasion, 1591 Songhay Empire: Sonni Ali and the Founding of Empire Songhay Empire: Ture, Muhammad and the Askiya dynasty Timbuktu Tuareg: Takedda and Trans-Saharan Trade Tuareg: Traders, Raiders, and the Empires of Mali and Songhay Wolof and Jolof Empire Yoruba States (Other Than Ife and Oyo) Yoruba States: Oyo Yoruba-Speaking Peoples Beginnings of European Imperialism Antislavery Movement Antislavery Squadron, Decline of Export Slave Trade, Nineteenth Century Europe: Industrialization and Imperialism Europe: Explorers, Adventurers, Traders Legitimate Commerce, Export Slave Trade, Nineteenth Century Livingstone, David Medical Factor in Christian Conversion Missionary Enterprise: Precolonial Resettlement of Re-Captives: Freetown, Libreville, Liberia, Freretown, Zanzibar Slave Trade: Arms, Ivory, and (East and Central Africa) Slave Trade: Arms, Ivory, and (Southern Africa) Slavery, Abolition of: East and West Africa The Scramble Berlin West Africa Conference, 18841885 Boundaries, Colonial Brussels Conference and Act, 1890 Collaboration as Resistance LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxiv RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxiv
25. 25. Egypt, North Africa: Scramble Johnston, Harry H. Military: Colonialism, Conquest, Resistance Resistance to Colonialism Era of Colonialism Alcohol: Popular Culture, Colonial Control Armies, Colonial: Africans in Asians: East Africa Clothing and Cultural Change Colonial Administrations, Africans in Colonial European Administrations: Comparative Survey Colonial Federations: British Central Africa Colonial Federations: French Equatorial Africa Colonial Federations: French West Africa Colonial Imports versus Indigenous Crafts Colonialism: Ideology of Empire: Supremacist, Paternalist Colonialism: Impact on African societies Colonialism, Overthrow of: Nationalism and Anticolonialism Colonialism, Overthrow of: Northern Africa Colonialism, Overthrow of: Sub-Saharan Africa Colonialism, Overthrow of: Thirty Years War for Southern African Liberation Colonialism, Overthrow of: Women and the Nationalist Struggle Concessionary Companies Currencies and Banking Diaspora: Colonial Era DuBois, W. E. B. and Pan-Africanism Education in Colonial Sub-Saharan Africa Education: French West Africa Education: North Africa (Colonial and Postcolonial) Ethnicity, Tribalism: Colonial Experience Fonds dInvestment pour le Dveloppement Economique et Social Hailey: An African Survey Hunting, Colonial Era Journalism, African: Colonial Era Labor: Decline in Traditional Forms of Exploitation Labor, Migrant Land and Reserves in Colonial Africa Language, Colonial State and Literacy: Vehicle for Cultural Change Literature, Western: Africa in Mandates: League of Nations and United Nations Martial Races Media as Propaganda Mining Peasant Production, Colonial: Cash Crops and Transport Peasant Production: Food, Markets: West Africa Phelps-Stokes Commission Plantations and Labor, Colonial Policing, Colonial Professions, Africans in: Colonial Railways Religion, Colonial Africa: Conversion to World Religions Religion, Colonial Africa: Indigenous Religion Religion, Colonial Africa: Independent, Millenarian/Syncretic Churches Religion, Colonial Africa: Islamic Orders and Movements Religion, Colonial Africa: Missionaries Religion, Colonial Africa: Prophetic Movements Religion, Colonial Africa: Religious Responses to Colonial Rule Rinderpest and Smallpox: East and Southern Africa Slavery, Colonial Rule and Soldiers, African: Overseas Taxation Trades Unionism and Nationalism Transport Infrastructure Urbanization: Colonial Context Wallace-Johnson, I. T. A. and Radical Politics: West Africa: 1930s White Settler Factor: Economic And Political World War I: North and Saharan Africa World War I: Survey World War II: French West Africa, Equatorial Africa World War II: North Africa World War II: Sub-Saharan Africa: Economic Impact Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Histories of Modern States Abd al-Qadir Abouh, Muhammad Achebe, Chinua Afrikaans and Afrikaner Nationalism, Nineteenth Century Ahidjo, Ahmadou Algeria: Algiers and its Capture, 18151830 Algeria: Arabism and Islamism Algeria: Ben Bella, Boumdienne, era of, 1960s and 1970s Algeria: Bendjedid and Elections, 19781990 Algeria, Colonial: Islamic Ideas and Movements in Algeria: Conquest and Resistance, 18311879 Algeria: European Population, 18301954 Algeria: Government and Administration, 18301914 Algeria: International Relations, 1962Present Algeria: Islamic Salvation Front, Military Rule, Civil War, 1990s Algeria: Muslim Population, 18711954 Algeria: Nationalism and Reform, 19111954 LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxv RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxv
26. 26. Algeria: War of Independence, 19541962 Anglo-Zulu War, 18791887 Angola: Ambaquista, Imbangala and Long-Distance Trade Angola: Civil War: Impact of, Economic and Social Angola: Chokwe, Ovimbundu, Nineteenth Century Angola: Cold War Politics, Civil War, 19751994 Angola: Independence and Civil War, 19741976 Angola: MPLA, FNLA, UNITA, War of Liberation, 19611974 Angola: New Colonial Period: Christianity, Missionaries, Independent Churches Angola: New Colonial Period: White Immigration, Mestios, Assimilated Africans Angola: Peace Betrayed, 1994 to the Present Angola: Revolts, 1961 Angola: Scramble Angola: Slave Trade, Abolition of Awolowo, Obafemi Azikiwe, Nnamdi Balewa, Alhaji Sir Abubakar Banda, Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Bello, Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Benin Kingdom: British Conquest, 1897 Benin Kingdom: Nineteenth Century Benin (Republic of): Colonial Period Benin (Republic of): Democratization: National Conference and, 1990s Benin (Republic of): Independence, Coup, Politics Benin (Republic of): Krkou, Mathieu Bhambatha Rebellion, 1906 Blyden, E. W. Boer Expansion: Interior of South Africa Boganda, Barthlemy Botswana: Bechuanaland Protectorate, Founding of: 18851899 Botswana (Bechuanaland Protectorate): Colonial Period Botswana: Independence: Economic Development, Politics Botswana: Missionaries, Nineteenth Century Botswana: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial British Togoland Burkina Faso (Upper Volta): Colonial Period Burkina Faso (Upper Volta): Nineteenth Century Burkina Faso (Upper Volta): Independence to the Present Burundi: Colonial Period: German and Belgian Burundi: Independence to 1988 Burundi: 1988 to Present Burundi: Nineteenth Century Buthelezi and Inkatha Freedom Party Cameroon: Colonial Period: British and French Rule Cameroon: Colonial Period: German Rule (Kamerun) Cameroon: Independence to the Present Cameroon: Nineteenth Century Cameroon: Rebellion, Independence, Unication, 19601961 Cape Colony: British Occupation, 18061872 Cape Liberalism, Nineteenth Century Cape Verde, History of Casely Hayford, J. E. Central African Republic: Colonial Period: Oubangui- Chari Central African Republic: Colonial Period: Occupation, Resistance, Baya Revolt, 1928 Central African Republic: Nationalism, Independence Central African Republic: 1980s and 1990s Central African Republic: Nineteenth Century: Gbaya, Banda, and Azande Cetshwayo Chad: Colonial Period: French Rule Chad: Independence to the Present Chad: Libya, Aouzou Strip, Civil War Chad: Nineteenth Century: Kanem/Borno (Bornu) and Wadai Comoros/Mayotte: Independence to the Present Comoros/Mayotte: Nineteenth Century to 1975 Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: Colonial Period: Moyen-Congo Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: De Brazza and French Colonization Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: Independence, Revolution, 19581979 Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: Liberalization, Rebellion, 1980s and 1990s Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Belgian Congo: Administration and Society, 19081960 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Belgian Congo: Colonial Economy, 19081960 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Civil War, 19601965 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Congo Free State, 18851908 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Evolus, Politics, Independence Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Mineral Factor Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Mobutu, Zaire, Mobutuism Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: National Conference and Politics of Opposition, 19901996 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Post-Mobutu Era LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxvi RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxvi
27. 27. Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): Colonial Period: Administration and Economy Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): Colonization and Resistance Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): Independence to the Present Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): Parti Dmocratique de la Cte dIvoire Crowther, Reverend Samuel Ajayi and the Niger Mission Delta States, Nineteenth Century Diagne, Guye and Politics of Senegal, 1920s and 1930s Difaqane on the Highveld Diop, Cheikh Anta Diouf, Abdou Djibouti: Nineteenth Century to the Present: Survey Dube, John Langalibalele Egypt: Cromer Administration, 18831907: Irrigation, Agriculture and Industry Egypt: Monarchy and Parliament, 19221939 Egypt: Muhammad Ali, 18051849: Imperial Expansion Egypt: Muhammad Ali, 18051849: State and Economy Egypt: Nasser: Foreign Policy: Suez Canal Crisis to Six Day War, 19521970 Egypt: Nasser: High Dam, Economic Development, 19521970 Egypt: Nationalism, World War I and the Wafd, 18821922 Egypt: Mubarak, since 1981: Agriculture, Industry Egypt: Mubarak, since 1981: Politics Egypt: Printing, Broadcasting Egypt: Sadat, Nationalism, 19701981 Egypt: Salayya, Muslim Brotherhood Egypt: Urabi Pasha and British Occupation, 18791882 Egypt, World War II and Egypt, 19451952 Equatorial Guinea: Colonial Period, Nineteenth Century Equatorial Guinea: Independence to the Present Eritrea: 1941 to the Present Eritrea: Ottoman Province to Italian Colony Ethiopia: Civil War and Liberation (to 1993) Ethiopia: Early Nineteenth Century Ethiopia: Famine, Revolution, Mengistu Dictatorship, 19741991 Ethiopia: Italian Invasion and Occupation: 19351940 Ethiopia: Johannes IV, Era of (18681889) Ethiopia: Land, Agriculture, Politics 19411974 Ethiopia: Menelik II, Era of Ethiopia: 1991 to the Present Ethiopia: Tewodros II, Era of Ethiopianism and the Independent Church Movement Futa Jalon: Nineteenth Century Gabon: Bongo, Omar, and the One-Party State, 1967 to the Present Gabon: Colonial Period: Administration, Labor, Economy Gabon: Colonial Period: Social Transformation Gabon: Decolonization and the Politics of Independence, 19451967 Gabon: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Gambia, The: Independence to the Present Gambia, The: Nineteenth Century to Independence Gambia, The: Relations with Senegal Garang, John and the Sudan Peoples Liberation Party Gender and Migration: Southern Africa Ghana (Republic of): 18001874 Ghana, Republic of: Achaempong Regime to Third Republic, 19721981 Ghana (Republic of): Colonization, Resistance, 18751901 Ghana, Republic of: Coups dtat, Second Republic, 19661972 Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Colonial Period: Administration Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Colonial Period: Economy Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Guggisberg Administration, 19191927 Ghana (Republic of): Nationalism, Independence Ghana, Republic of: Revolution and Fourth Republic, 1981 to Present Ghana, Republic of: Social and Economic Development: First Republic Gold: Mining Industry of Ghana: 1800 to the Present Gore-Browne, Stewart Guinea: 1984 to the Present Guinea: Colonial Period Guinea: Decolonization, Independence Guinea: Tour, Ahmed Sekou, Era of Guinea-Bissau: Cabral, Amlcar, PAICG, Independence, 19611973 Guinea-Bissau: Independence to the Present Guinea-Bissau: Nineteenth Century to 1960 Haile Selassie I Hamdallahi Caliphate, 18181862 Harris, Prophet William Wade Health: Medicine, Disease and Public Health: Colonial Horton, James Africanus Beale Houphout-Boigny, Flix Hundred YearsWar, 17791878 Igboland, Nineteenth Century Jabavu, John Tengo Jameson Raid, Origins of South African War: 18951899 LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxvii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxvii
28. 28. Jonathan, Chief Joseph Leabua Kabarega and Bunyoro Kagwa, Apolo Kakungulu and the Creation of Uganda Kaunda, Kenneth Kenya: Colonial Period: Administration, Christianity, Education, and Protest to 1940 Kenya: Colonial Period: Economy 1920s and 1930s Kenya: Independence to the Present Kenya: Islam Kenya: Kenyatta, Jomo: Life and Government of Kenya: Mau Mau Revolt Kenya: Mekatilele and Giriama Resistance, 19001920 Kenya: Nationalism, Independence Kenya: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Kenya: World War I, Carrier Corps Khama III Khama, Seretse Kimbangu, Simon and Kimbanguism Kimberley and Diamond Fields Kouyat, Tiemoko Garan Kruger, Paul Labotsibeni Lagos Colony and Oil Rivers Protectorate Lenshina, Alice Lesotho (Basutoland): Colonial Period Lesotho (Basutoland): Colonization and Cape Rule, 18681884 Lesotho (Basutoland): Peasantry, Rise of Lesotho: Independence to the Present Lesotho: Nationalism and Independence Lesotho: Treaties and Conict on the Highveld, 18431868 Lewanika I, the Lozi, and the British South Africa Company Liberia: Civil War, ECOMOG and Return to Civilian Rule Liberia: Doe, Samuel K., Life and Era of Liberia: Firestone Liberia: Nineteenth Century: Politics, Society and Economy Liberia: Origins, Foundations, Nineteenth Century Liberia: Tolbert, William, Life and Era of Liberia: Tubman, William V. S., Life and Era of Libya: Foreign Policy under Gadda Libya: Gadda (Qadhdha) and Jamahiriyya (Libyan Revolution) Libya: Italian Colonization and Administration Libya: Italian Invasion, 19111931 Libya: Muhammad al-Sanusi (c.17901859) and the Sanusiyya Libya: Oil, Politics and Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Libya: World War II and the Kingdom of Libya, 19421969 Libya: Yusuf Pasha Karamanli and the Ottoman Reoccupation, 17951835 Lozi Kingdom and the Kololo Lumumba, Patrice Luthuli, Albert Luwum, Janani Maal-Aynayn Macauley, Herbert Madagascar: Colonial Period: French Rule Madagascar: Democracy, Development, 1990s Madagascar: French Conquest, Colonization Madagascar: Great Rebellion, 19471948 Madagascar: Independence to 1972 Madagascar: Merina Kingdom, Nineteenth Century Madagascar: Reconciliation, Reform, and Independence, 19481960 Madagascar: Reform and Revolution, 19721989 Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie Makeke, Charlotte Makhanye Makenye Kalemba Malawi: Colonization and Wars of Resistance, 18891904 Malawi: Independence to the Present Malawi: Long-Distance Trade, Nineteenth Century Malawi: Missionaries and Christianity, Nineteenth Century Malawi: Nationalism, Independence Malawi: Ngoni Incursions from the South, Nineteenth Century Malawi (Nyasaland): Colonial Period: Chilembwe Rising, 1915 Malawi (Nyasaland): Colonial Period: Federation Malawi (Nyasaland): Colonial Period: Land, Labor and Taxation Mali (Republic of): Alliances and Wars Mali (Republic of): Colonial Soudan Franais Mali (Republic of): Economy and Society, Nineteenth Century Mali, Republic of: Keita, Modibo, Life and Era of Mali, Republic of: Nationalism, Federation, Independence Mali, Republic of: Politics, Economics: 1990s Mali, Republic of: Traor, Moussa, Life and Era of Mandela, Nelson Matthews, Z. K. Mauritania: Colonial Period: Nineteenth Century Mauritania: Domestic and International Politics and Conict, 1980s and 1990s Mauritania: Ethnicity, Conict, Development, 1980s and 1990s Mauritania: Independence and Western Sahara, 19601979 Mauritius: Indentured Labor and Society, 18351935 Mauritius: Nationalism, Communalism, Independence, 19351968 LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxviii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxviii
29. 29. Mauritius: 1982 to the Present Mauritius: Ramgoolam, Seewoosagur, Government of Mauritius: Slavery and Slave Society to 1835 Mboya, Tom J. Mfecane Mokhehle, Ntsu Mondlane, Eduardo Morocco: Economics and Social Change since Independence Morocco: Economy and Society, Nineteenth Century Morocco: Education since Independence Morocco: French and Spanish Protectorates, 19031914 Morocco: Hassan II, Life and Government of Mozambique: Chissano and, 1986 to the Present Morocco: Hay, Edward and John Drummond, British Diplomatic Protection, 18291903 Morocco: Immigration and Colonization, 19001950 Morocco: International Relations since Independence Morocco: Lyautey, General Hubert, and Evolution of French Protectorate, 19121950 Morocco: Mawlay Abd al-Rahman, Life and Era of Morocco: Mawlay Hasan and the Makhzen Morocco: Mawlay Sulayman, Life and Era of Morocco: Nationalism, Muhammad V, Independence, 19301961 Morocco: Resistance and Collaboration, Bu Hmara to Abdlekrim (Ibn Abd el-Krim) Morocco: Spain in Morocco and the Sahara, 19001958 Moshoeshoe I, Founding of the Basotho Kingdom Mozambique: Colonial Period: Labor, Migration, Administration Mozambique: Colonial Period: Resistance and Rebellions Mozambique: FRELIMO and War of Liberation, 19621975 Mozambique: Machel and FRELIMO, 19751986 Mozambique: Ngoni Incursions from the South Mozambique: Nineteenth Century, Early Mozambique: Renamo, Destabilization Mphahlele, Ezekiel Msiri: Yeke Kingdom Mugabe, Robert Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta Mutesa (Kabaka) Namibia: Independence to the Present Namibia: Nineteenth Century to 1880 Namibia (Southwest Africa): South African Rule Namibia (Southwest Africa): German Colonization, 18831896 Namibia (Southwest Africa): League of Nations, United Nations Mandate Namibia (Southwest Africa): Nama and Herero Risings Namibia: Struggle for Independence, 19701990 Namibia: SWAPO and the Freedom Struggle Natal, Nineteenth Century Ngritude Neto, Agostinho Ngugi wa Thiongo Niger: Colonial Period to Independence Niger: French Occupation and Resistance Niger: Independence to Present Niger: Nineteenth Century: Survey Nigeria: Agriculture, Irrigation, Rural Development Nigeria: Army Nigeria: Biafran Secession and Civil War, 19671970 Nigeria: British Colonization to 1914 Nigeria: Colonial Period: Christianity and Islam Nigeria: Colonial Period: Federation Nigeria: Colonial Period: Intelligentsia, Nationalism, Independence Nigeria: Colonial Period: Railways, Mining, and Market Production Nigeria: Conferences, Commissions, Nigerian Constitution: 19561960 Nigeria: Federalism, Corruption, Popular Discontent: 19601966 Nigeria: Gowon Regime, 19661975 Nigeria: Industry, Oil, Economy Nigeria: Military Rule, 19831999 Nigeria: Murtala Muhammed, Obasanjo and Return to Civilian Rule, 19751979 Nigeria: Lugard, Administration, Indirect Rule Nigeria: Opposition, 1990s, to the Fourth Republic Nigeria: Second Republic, 19791983 Nigeria: World War I Nigeria: World War II Nkomo, Joshua Nkrumah, Kwame Nkumbula, Harry Mwaanga Nonqawuse and the Cattle Killing, 1857 Nyabingi Cult and Resistance Nyerere, Julius Obasanjo, Olusegun Obote, Milton Odinga, A. Oginga Olympio, Sylvanus Pedi Kingdom, and Transvaal, 18221879 Plaatje, Sol T. Polisario and the Western Sahara Rabih ibn Fadl Allah, Bahr el-Ghazal, Borno Ramphele, Dr. Mamphela Aletta Rawlings, J. J. Runion: 1946 to the Present Runion: Nineteenth Century to 1946 Rhodes, Cecil J. Rhodes, Jameson, and Seizure of Rhodesia Royal Niger Company, 18861898 LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxix RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxix
30. 30. Rudd Concession, 1888 Rwanda: 19621990 Rwanda: Civil Unrest, Independence, 19591962 Rwanda: Colonial Period: German and Belgian Rule Rwanda: Genocide, Aftermath of Rwanda: Genocide, 1994 Rwanda: Precolonial, Nineteenth Century Samkange, Rev. D. T. So Tom and Principe, 1800 to Present Sassou-Nguesso, Denis Savimbi, Jonas Schreiner, Olive Senegal: Casamance Province, Conict in Senegal: Colonial Period: Administration and Assimilation Senegal: Colonial Period: Economy Senegal: Colonial Period: Four Communes: Dakar, Saint-Louis, Gore, and Rusque Senegal: Colonial Period: Railways Senegal: Faidherbe, Louis and Expansion of French Senegal, 18541865 Senegal: Independence to the Present Senegal: Nationalism, Federation, Independence Senegal: Nineteenth Century, Later Senegal: World War I Senegal: World War II Seychelles: Independence, Revolution and Reform, 1960 to Present Seychelles: 1770 to 1960 Shaka and Zulu Kingdom, 18101840 Sierra Leone: Christianity, Education, Krio Diaspora Sierra Leone: Development of the Colony, Nineteenth Century Sierra Leone: Diamonds, Civil War, 1990s Sierra Leone: Margai, Sir Milton: Independence, Government of Sierra Leone: Momoh, Joseph Saidu: Regime, 19861992 Sierra Leone: Origins, 17871808 Sierra Leone: Protectorate: Administration and Government Sierra Leone: Protectorate: Economy Sierra Leone: Stevens, Siaka and the All Peoples Congress Sierra Leone: Temne, Mende, and the Colony Smuts, Jan C. Sobukwe, Robert and the Pan-Africanist Congress Soga, Tiyo Sokoto Caliphate: Hausa, Fulani and Founding of Sokoto Caliphate, Nineteenth Century Somalia: Barr, Muhammad Siad, Life and Government of Somalia: Hassan, Muhammad Abdile, and Resistance to Colonial Conquest Somalia: Independence, Conict, Revolution Somalia: 1990 to the Present Somalia: Nineteenth Century Soshangane, Umzila, Gungunhane and the Gaza State South Africa: Africa Policy South Africa: African National Congress South Africa: Afrikaner Nationalism, Broederbond and National Party, 19021948 South Africa: Antiapartheid Struggle, International South Africa: Antiapartheid Struggle: Townships, the 1980s South Africa: Apartheid, 19481959 South Africa: Apartheid, Education and South Africa: Capitalist Farming, Poor Whites, Labor South Africa: Colored Identity South Africa: Confederation, Disarmament, First Anglo-Boer War, 18711881 South Africa: Deance Campaign, Freedom Charter, Treason Trials: 19521960 South Africa: Gandhi, Indian Question South Africa: Gold on the Witwatersrand, 18861899 South Africa: Homelands and Bantustans South Africa: Industrial And Commercial Workers Union South Africa: Mining South Africa: Missionaries: Nineteenth Century South Africa: 1994 to the Present South Africa: Peace, Reconstruction, Union: 19021910 South Africa: Peasantry, African South Africa: Rural Protest and Violence, 1950s South Africa: Segregation, Political Economy of South Africa: Sharpeville Massacre, 1960 South Africa: Soweto Uprising South Africa: Transition, 19901994 South Africa: World Wars I and II South African War, 18991902 Soyinka, Wole K. Stanley, Leopold II, Scramble Sudan: Civil War: 1990s Sudan: Civil War, Independence, Military Rule, 19551964 Sudan: Condominium Period: Administration, Legacy in South Sudan: Condominium Period: Economy Sudan: Cotton, Irrigation and Oil, 1970s Sudan: Mahdist State, 18811898 Sudan: Nimeiri, Peace, the Economy Sudan: October Revolution, 1964 Sudan: Omdurman and Reconquest Sudan: Sadiq Al-Mahdi Regime, 1980s Sudan: Turabis Revolution, Islam, Power Sudan: Turco-Egyptian Period, 18201885 Suez Canal Swaziland: Colonial Period: Land, Labor, Administration LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxx RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxx
31. 31. Swaziland: Concessions, Annexation, 18801902 Swaziland: Kingship, Constitution, Independence Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign of Swaziland: Sobhuza I, Foundation of Ngwane Kingdom Swaziland: Sobhuza II, Life and Government of Swaziland: Swazi Kingdom, Survival of, 18391879 Tanganyika (Tanzania): African Association, 19291948 Tanganyika (Tanzania): Colonial Period, British: Economy Tanganyika (Tanzania): Colonial Period, British: Indirect Rule Tanganyika (Tanzania): Early Nineteenth Century Tanganyika (Tanzania): German Invasion and Resistance Tanganyika (Tanzania): German Rule: Land, Labor, and Economic Transformation Tanganyika (Tanzania): Maji Maji Rebellion, 19051907 Tanganyika (Tanzania): Nationalism, TANU, Independence Tanganyika (Tanzania): Ngoni Incursion from the South Tanganyika (Tanzania): Nyamwezi and Long- Distance Trade Tanganyika (Tanzania): World War I Tanzania (Tanganyika): Arusha Declaration Tanzania (Tanganyika): Chama Cha Mapinduzi, One- Party Politics Tanzania (Tanganyika): Democracy and Capitalism: 1990 to the Present Tanzania (Tanganyika): Uganda, Relations with Taylor, Charles Thuku, Harry Tippu Tip (Muhammed bin Hamed) Togo: Dual Mandate Colonial Rule, 19191957 Togo: Eyadma, Gnassingbe, Life and Era of Togo: German Colonial Rule Toivo ya Toiva Tombalbaye, F. Ngarta Tonga, Ila, and Cattle Tour, Samori and His Empire Tuareg: Twentieth Century Tukolor Empire of al-Hajj Umar Tunisia: Ahmad Bey and Army Reform Tunisia: Ben Ali, Liberalization Tunisia: Bourguiba, Presidency of: Economic and Social Change Tunisia: Bourguiba, Presidency of: Government and Opposition Tunisia: Educational Policy and Development since Independence Tunisia: French Protectorate,18781900 Tunisia: Immigration and Colonization, 18811950 Tunisia: Khayr al-Din and Constitutional and Administrative Reform, 18551878 Tunisia: Modern International Relations Tunisia: Nationalism, Growth of, 18811938 Tunisia: Neo-Destour and Independence, 19341956 Tutu, Desmond Uganda: Amin Dada, Idi: Coup and Regime, 19711979 Uganda: Buganda Agreement, Political Parties and Independence Uganda: Colonial Period: Administration, Economy Uganda: Colonial Period: Northern Uganda Uganda: Colonization, Resistance, Uganda Agreement, 18901900 Uganda: Conict, Regional since 1990 Uganda: Early Nineteenth Century Uganda: Education Uganda: Mwanga and Buganda, 1880s Uganda: National Resistance Movement and the Winning of Political Power Uganda: Obote: First Regime, 19621971 Uganda: Obote: Second Regime, 19801985 Uganda: Reconstruction: Politics, Economics Uganda: Tanzanian Invasion, 19791980 Uthman dan Fodio Verwoerd, H. F. Welensky, Roy Western Sahara: Nineteenth Century to the Present Yoruba States: Trade and Conict, Nineteenth Century Zaire: Politics, Regional Zambia: Early Nineteenth Century: Survey Zambia: First Republic, 19641972 Zambia: Long-Distance Trade, Nineteenth Century Zambia: Nationalism, Independence Zambia: Ngoni Incursion from the South Zambia: 1991 to the Present Zambia (Northern Rhodesia): British Occupation, Resistance: 1890s Zambia (Northern Rhodesia): Colonial Period: Administration, Economy Zambia (Northern Rhodesia): Copperbelt Zambia (Northern Rhodesia): Federation, 19531963 Zambia (Northern Rhodesia): Mineworkers Strikes: 1935, 1940 Zambia: Religious Movements Zambia: Second Republic, 19731991 Zanzibar: Britain, Germany, Scramble Zanzibar: Busaidi Sultanate in East Africa Zanzibar: Colonial Period Zanzibar: Revolution and Union (Tanzania) Zanzibar: Trade: Slaves, Ivory Zimbabwe: Conict and Reconstruction, 1980s Zimbabwe: 1880s Zimbabwe: Incursions from the South, Ngoni and Ndebele LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxxi RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxxi
32. 32. Zimbabwe: Nineteenth Century, Early Zimbabwe: Since 1990 Zimbabwe (Rhodesia): Unilateral Declaration of Independence and the Smith Regime, 19641979 Zimbabwe: Second Chimurenga, 19661979 Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): African Political and Trades Union Movements, 1920s and 1930s Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Colonial Period: Land, Tax, Administration Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Federation Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Nationalist Politics, 1950s and 1960s Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Ndebele and Shona Risings: First Chimurenga Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Urbanization and Conict, 1940s Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, Lancaster House and Independence, 19781980 Postcolonial Africa African Development Bank Agriculture, Cash Crops, Food Security Aid, International, Nongovernmental Organizations, and the State All-African Peoples Conference, 1958 Arab and Islamic World, Africa in Arms, Armies: Postcolonial Africa Art, Postcolonial Banking and Finance Civil War: Postcolonial Africa Cold War, Africa and the Colonialism, Inheritance of: Postcolonial Africa Commonwealth, Africa and the Communaute Financire Africaine Communications Coups dtat and Military Rule: Postcolonial Africa Debt, International, Development and Dependency Democracy: Postcolonial Development, Postcolonial: Central Planning, Private Enterprise, Investment Diamonds Drama, Film: Postcolonial Drought, Famine, Displacement East African Community, The, 19671977 Economic Community of West African States Education, Higher, in Postcolonial Africa Education in Postcolonial Sub-Saharan Africa Environment, Conservation, Development: Postcolonial Africa Epidemics: Malaria, AIDS, Other Disease: Postcolonial Africa Federations and Unions, Postcolonial Francophonie, Africa and the Globalization, Africa and Health: Medicine, Disease: Postcolonial Human Rights: Postcolonial Africa Industrialization and Development Law, Islamic: Postcolonial Africa Law and the Legal System: Postcolonial Africa Lom Conventions (Africa and the European Union) Maghrib Unity, European Union and Mining, Multinationals and Development Multinationals and the State Museums, History of: Postcolonial Africa Music: Postcolonial Africa Nationalism(s): Postcolonial Africa Oil Organization of African Unity and Pan-Africanism Pan-African Technical Organizations and Associations Peacekeeping: Postcolonial Africa Peasant Production, Postcolonial: Markets and Subsistence Political lites and Patronage: Postcolonial Africa Political Identity Political Parties and One-Party States Population and Demography Press: Northern Africa Press: Southern Africa Press: Tropical Africa Refugees Religion, Postcolonial Africa: African Theology, Indigenization Religion, Postcolonial Africa: Church and State Relations Religion, Postcolonial Africa: Independence and Churches, Mission-Linked and Independent Religion, Postcolonial Africa: Islam Religion, Postcolonial Africa: Neo-Pentecostalism Rural Development, Postcolonial Socialism: Postcolonial Africa Southern African Development Community Soviet Union and Africa Sports: Postcolonial Africa Tourism Trade Unions: Postcolonial Transportation: Postcolonial Africa Union Douanire et Economique de LAfrique Centrale Urbanization, Housing, and Employment Water Supplies and Schemes World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and Structural Adjustment Modern Cities of Historical Importance Abuja Accra Addis Ababa Alexandria LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxxii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxxii
33. 33. Algiers Antananarivo Bamako Beira Corridor Blantyre Brazzaville Bulawayo Cairo Cape Town Casablanca Conakry Dakar Dar es Salaam Douala Durban Freetown Harare Ibadan Johannesburg Kampala Kano Khartoum Kinshasa Kumasi Lagos Libreville Lom Lubumbashi Luanda Lusaka Maputo Mogadishu Monrovia Port Harcourt Pretoria Tangier Tripoli Tunis Yaound Zanzibar (City) Historiographical Surveys Historiography of Africa Historiography of Western Africa, 1790s1860s Hi