Encyclopedia of Biophysics

Gordon C. K. RobertsEditor

Encyclopedia of Biophysics

With 1597 Figures and 131 Tables

EditorGordon C. K. RobertsHonorary Professor of BiochemistryDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of LeicesterLeicester, UK

ISBN 978-3-642-16711-9 ISBN 978-3-642-16712-6 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-642-16713-3 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012949366

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To Hilary

Preface

Perhaps the first issue in introducing an Encyclopaedia of Biophysics is the question

“What is Biophysics?”. The answer to this has varied considerably over time and

between different ‘biophysicists’, particularly depending on whether they have come

to biophysics from physics or physiology. For the present purposes, we have adopted

the definition given by the Nobel Prize-winning physiologist A. V. Hill (Science 124,1233, 1956): Biophysics is “the study of biological function, organization, and

structure by physical and physicochemical ideas and methods.” – to which one

would now add methods of mathematical analysis and computer modelling. An

important feature of Hill’s definition is that it includes both physical methods and

physical ideas. The astonishing developments in physical methods over the last

hundred years have made them ubiquitous in biological laboratories – and indeed in

hospitals. However, to quote Hill again “the employment of physical instruments in

a biological laboratory does not make one a biophysicist - otherwise any user of

a microscope, a balance . . ... or a pH meter would drop automatically into that class.”

Beyond simply the use of physical methods, it is the combination of both physical and

biological ideas, intuitions and experience that makes a Biophysicist.

The application of physical methods in biology has a very long history. For

example, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 –1723) developed improved microscope

lenses which allowed him to be the first to observe and describe single-celled

organisms – the beginning of microbiology. The 18th century saw much speculation

about ‘animal electricity’, culminating in the 1780s in Luigi Galvani’s famous

experiments on the relation of electricity to muscle contraction. The middle of the

19th century saw what was probably the first explicitly biophysical programme of

research, in which a group of physiologists (du Bois-Reymond, Ludwig, von Br€ucke,

von Helmholtz) proclaimed their intention to ‘reduce physiology to physics and

chemistry’. Of course the state of physics at the time was such as to make Biophysics

a very premature venture, but this group did make important discoveries, notably in

physiological optics and electrophysiology, using physical methods. An associate of

this group, Adolf Fick – well-known for his law of diffusion – published what is

probably the first biophysics text, Die Medizinische Physik (1856).

In the 20th and 21st centuries there has been a dramatic flowering of Biophysics.

The early part of 20th century saw the development of physical tools which are now

familiar in biology – from X-ray diffraction (von Laue, Bragg) to the ultracentrifuge

(Svedberg) and the electron microscope (Knoll & Ruska) – and this methodological

development continues apace, notably with single-molecule techniques. The 1920s

and 1930s saw the beginnings of physicochemical (Cohn, Edsall, Linderstrøm-Lang)

and structural (Astbury, Bernal, Hodgkin, Perutz) studies of proteins. At the same

vii

viii Preface

time, the first Departments or Institutes of Biophysics began to be established.

In Germany these were commonly focussed on the study of radiation effects on

organisms, while in the USA they concentrated largely on physiology. Many of

these later expanded into other areas of Biophysics, and many more Departments of

Biophysics – and Biophysical Societies – were established in the USA, Europe

and Israel in the 1940s and 1950s. The power of the Biophysical approach was

demonstrated unequivocally in the 1950s with the determination of the first three-

dimensional structure of a protein, the structure of DNA and the Hodgkin-Huxley

model of the action potential in nerves.

Over the last 50 years, Biophysics has continued to develop at an astonishing pace.

Biophysicists study life at every level, from atoms and molecules to cells, organisms,

and environments. Molecular and Cellular Biophysics: This is perhaps the predom-

inant strand of modern biophysics. It includes, for example, structural, functional and

simulation studies of macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies of ever-

increasing complexity and imaging of cells at ever-increasing resolution. AppliedBiophysics: The applications of biophysical methods are perhaps most notable in the

area of medical imaging - including X-ray CAT scans, magnetic resonance imaging,

positron emission tomography and ultrasound scans. Therapeutic applications

include radiation therapy of increasing sophistication and cardiac defibrillators.

In addition tomedical applications, there are now increasing and exciting applications

in nanotechnology. Environmental Biophysics: For many years an important area of

biophysics has been the study of the effects of ionising - and indeed non-ionising -

radiation on organisms. Another key area of considerable current importance is the

development of mathematical models of, e.g., heat and mass transfer at the level of

organisms and ecosystems.

This Encyclopedia is intended to provide a resource both for biophysicists inter-

ested in approaches outside their immediate sub-discipline and for people coming to

biophysics from either the physical or biological direction. The emphasis is very

much on molecular and cellular biophysics, but some discussion of imaging and of

nanotechnology is included. Just as there is overlap between chemistry and physics,

so there is overlap between biophysics and biochemistry; our focus is of course on the

techniques and uses of biophysics, but biochemical context is included where

appropriate.

The Encyclopedia consists of two kinds of entries, Systems and Techniques.

• In the Systems sections, biophysical approaches to particular biological systems or

problems – from protein structure to membranes, ion channels and receptors – are

described. These sections, which have an emphasis on the integration of the

different techniques, therefore provide an entry into Biophysics from the biolog-

ical more than from the technique-oriented physics direction.

• In the Techniques sections, each of the wide range of methods which fall under the

heading of Biophysics are explained in detail, together with their strengths and the

limitations of the information each provides. Experimental techniques covered

range from diffraction, through a wide range of spectroscopic methods (X-ray,

optical, EPR, NMR), kinetics, thermodynamics and hydrodynamics, to imaging

(from electron microscopy to live cell imaging and MRI). The important and

increasingly powerful computational, modelling and simulation approaches are

also included.

Each of the Sections includes concise introductions to the major concepts and

methods, and outlines of more specific topics, in each case with links to a limited

Preface ix

number of carefully selected key reviews and/or papers in the scientific literature.

Extensive cross-referencing (hyperlinks in the online version) between different

articles allows access to related topics in a user-friendly manner.

The online version of the Encyclopedia is intended to develop continuously, both

by the updating of existing entries and by the addition of new articles. In this way it

will provide the resources to help both practising biophysicists and newcomers to the

field to keep pace with the continuing and exciting developments in Biophysics.

Leicester

UK

Gordon C. K. Roberts

May 2012

Biography

Gordon C. K. Roberts

Honorary Professor of Biochemistry

Department of Biochemistry

University of Leicester

Henry Wellcome Building

Leicester, LE1 9HN

UK

gcr@le.ac.uk

Gordon Roberts was a Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Leicester from

1986 to 2008; following his formal retirement in the latter year he has held the

position of Honorary Professor. In Leicester he was the founding Director of

the Leicester Biological NMR Centre - now the Henry Wellcome Laboratories of

Structural Biology. He has also served as Chair of the Department of Biochemistry

(2000–2004) and of the School of Biological Sciences (2004–2008). For over

40 years Gordon Roberts has used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy to

study the structure and dynamics of proteins and their interactions with ligands,

combining NMR with kinetic, mutagenesis and other methods to relate structure to

function. Systems studied most recently include the cytochrome P450 mono-

oxygenase system, metallo-b-lactamases and the cytoskeletal protein talin. He has

published over 250 refereed research papers and 40 reviews.

Gordon Roberts has served on a wide range of committees concerned with

funding, policy and conference organisation in the biochemical and biophysical

sciences, both in the UK and internationally, and on editorial boards of seven journals.

He is an elected Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences and of the International

Society for Magnetic Resonance, an Honorary Member of the British Biophysical

Society and a former member of the Council of the Biochemical Society. He is

President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Biophysics.

xi

Section Editors

Ulrike Alexiev Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Free

University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Judith Armitage Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology Unit, University of

Oxford, Oxford, UK

xiii

xiv Section Editors

Clive R. Bagshaw Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of

California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

Andreas Barth Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laborato-

ries, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Richard Cammack School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical

Science Research Division, King’s College London, London, UK

Section Editors xv

Tony Cass Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biomedical Engineering,

Imperial College London, London, UK

Victor L. Davidson Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine,

University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

Alberto Diaspro Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT)

and Department of Physics, Universita degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy

xvi Section Editors

Alan R. Fersht MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK

Richard Garratt Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao

Paulo, Brazil

Graham George Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan,

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Section Editors xvii

Helmut Grubm€uller Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Department, Max

Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, G€ottingen, Germany

Stephen E. Harding School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton

Bonington, Leicestershire, UK

Peter Henderson Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds,

Leeds, UK

xviii Section Editors

Elizabeth Hounsell School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck College,

University of London, London, UK

Mitsu Ikura Ontario Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, Univer-

sity of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

John E. Ladbury Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Univer-

sity of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Section Editors xix

Patrick J. Loria Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Jacqueline M. Matthews School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of

Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

John S. Mitcheson Department of Cell Physiology & Pharmacology, University of

Leicester, Leicester, UK

xx Section Editors

Peter C. E. Moody Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester,

Leicester, UK

Peter G. Morris School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham,

University Park, Nottingham, UK

Adrian Mulholland School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Section Editors xxi

Kuniaki Nagayama National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1

Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan

Neil J. Oldham School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park,

Nottingham, UK

Stanley J. Opella Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of

California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

xxii Section Editors

Christine Orengo Research Department of Structural & Molecular Biology,

University College London, London, UK

Andres Ramos Molecular Structure Division, National Institute for Medical

Research, London, UK

Dilson Rassier Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill

University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Section Editors xxiii

Alison Rodger Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

John M. Seddon Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK

Peter Stanfield Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick,

Coventry, UK

xxiv Section Editors

Heinz-J€urgen Steinhoff Fachbereich Physik, Universit€at Osnabr€uck, Osnabr€uck,Germany

Anna Tramontano Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,

Italy

Nils G. Walter Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

MI, USA

Section Editors xxv

Anthony Watts Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Table of Contents

SYSTEMS

Biomaterials & Biosensors

Tony Cass

Amperometric Biosensors

Amyloid Protein Biomaterials

Biofabrication

Calcium Phosphate–Derived Biomaterials

Carbon Nanotubes as Biomaterials

Cell Sensing with Raman Spectroscopy

Dendrimers for Drug Delivery

Implantable Amperometric Biosensors

Laser Processing of Biomaterials and Cells

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

Nanoparticles for Drug and Gene Delivery

Nanowire Biosensors

Polymeric Heart Valves

Polysaccharide Biomaterials

Potentiometric Biosensors

Protein Design for Biosensors

Retinal Prosthesis

Segmented Flow Microfluidics

Carbohydrates

Elizabeth Hounsell

Anomeric Effect in Sugars

Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide, OPS, and Lipid A

Bacterial Polysaccharide Structure and Biosynthesis

Capillary Electrophoresis of Cell Metabolism

Carbohydrate Antibiotics

Carbohydrate Circular Dichroism

Carbohydrate Enzymology

Carbohydrate Molecular Dynamics: Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides, and

Glycoconjugates

Carbohydrate NMR Spectroscopy

xxvii

xxviii Table of Contents

Carbohydrate Nomenclature

Carbohydrate Surfactants

Cellulose

Glycan-to-Protein Linkages

Glycoconjugates in Cell Function and Therapeutics

(Glyco)Protein Folding Disorders

Glycoproteins

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

Glycosphingolipids

Glycosylated Natural Products

Glycosylation in Metabolism

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

Lectins

Mucin Biophysics

Pectin Biophysics

Polysaccharides: Biophysical Properties

Proteoglycans

Synthetic Cell Biology (in the Context of Carbohydrates)

Techniques Applied to Glycan Structure and Conformation

X-Ray Diffraction and Crystallography of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides

Electron Transfer

Victor L. Davidson

Bacterial Globins

Bacterial Respiratory Chains

Bacterial Respiratory Oxygen Reductases

Chlorophylls and Light-Harvesting Complexes

Coupled Electron Transfer

Cupredoxins

Cytochrome b6 f Complex

Cytochrome c Oxidase (Complex IV)

Cytochromes

Dynamic Docking

Electron Hopping in Biomolecules

Electron Transfer Cofactors

Electron Transfer Flavoproteins

Electron Transfer in Catalases and Catalase-Peroxidases

Electron Transfer Proteins: Overview

Electron Transfer Theory

Electron Transfer Through Proteins

Electron Transport in Facultative Anaerobes

Electron Transport in Strict Anaerobes

Flavins

Gated Electron Transfer

Glutathione

Heme Peroxidases

Table of Contents xxix

Hemes

Iron–Sulfur Clusters

Mitochondrial Electron Transport

NADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (Complex I)

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

Oxidative Stress

Photosynthetic Electron Transport

Photosystem I

Photosystem II

Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer

Pyranopterins

Quinone Cofactors

Reactive Oxygen Species

Redox Potential

Succinate Dehydrogenase (Complex II)

Superoxide Dismutases

Thioredoxins

Ubiquinol-Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase (Complex III)

Ion Channels

John S. Mitcheson and Peter Stanfield

Analysis of Macroscopic Currents

Automated Patch Clamp: Advantages and Limitations

Bioelectricity, Ionic Basis of Membrane Potentials and Propagation of Voltage Signals

Calcium Activation of K+ Channels: RCK Domains

CFTR, an Ion Channel Evolved from ABC Transporter

CLC Channels and Transporters

Computational Modeling of Neuronal Networks

Cut-Open Oocyte Voltage-Clamp Technique

Dynamic Clamp: Synthetic Conductances and Their Influence on Membrane

Potential

ENAC, Degenerins, ASICs, and Related Channels

Fluorescence Techniques for Studying Ion Channel Gating: VCF, FRET, and LRET

Gap Junction Proteins (Connexins, Pannexins, and Innexins)

Gating of Potassium Channels by Cyclic Nucleotide Binding

HCN Channels: Biophysics and Functional Relevance

Ion Channel Regulation by G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Recent Advances with

Optical Biosensors

Ion Channels: New Tools to Track Cyclic Nucleotide Changes in Living Cells

KATP and Sulfonylurea Receptor

Mechanosensitivity of Ion Channels

Modeling the Heart

N-Type Inactivation in Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels

P2X Receptors for ATP: Molecular Properties and Functional Roles

Patch-Clamp Recording of Single Channel Activity: Acquisition and Analysis

Potassium Channel Selectivity and Gating at the Selectivity Filter: Structural Basis

Potassium Channels: Their Physiological and Molecular Diversity

xxx Table of Contents

Reconstitution of Ion Channels from Intracellular Membranes and Bacteria Not

Amenable to Conventional Electrophysiological Techniques

Voltage-Dependent Gating of K+ Channels: Structural Basis

Voltage-Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels

Membrane Lipids

John M. Seddon

Alkanols – Effects on Lipid Bilayers

Atomic Force Microscopy of Lipid Membranes

Brewster Angle Microscopy and Imaging Ellipsometry

Chemical Diversity of Lipids

Chemistry of Glycosphingolipids

Critical Fluctuations in Lipid Mixtures

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Pressure Perturbation Calorimetry (PPC),

and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) of Lipid Bilayers

Diffraction Methods for Studying Transmembrane Pore Formation and Membrane

Fusion

Electron Microscopy of Membrane Lipids

Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty Acids, Alkanols, and Diacylglycerols

Fluorescence and FRET in Membranes

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy of Lipids

Functional Droplet Interface Bilayers

Functional Roles of Lipids in Membranes

Glycerolipids: Chemistry

Hierarchically Structured Lipid Systems

Infrared Spectroscopy of Membrane Lipids

Lipid Bilayer Asymmetry

Lipid Bilayer Lateral Pressure Profile

Lipid Domains

Lipid Flip-Flop

Lipid Lateral Diffusion

Lipid Mesophases for Crystallizing Membrane Proteins

Lipid Organization, Aggregation, and Self-assembly

Lipid Protocells

Lipid Signaling and Phosphatidylinositols

Lipid Trafficking in Cells

Lipidomics

Lipids: Isolation and Purification

Lipopolysaccharides: Physical Chemistry

Membrane Fluidity

Membrane Lipid Electrostatics

Membranes: A Field-Theoretic Description

Micropipette Manipulation of Lipid Bilayer Membranes

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Lipids

Neutron Scattering of Membranes

NMR of Lipids

Phase Transitions and Phase Behavior of Lipids

Table of Contents xxxi

Pressure Effects on Lipid Membranes

Pressure Effects on Proteins

Skin Lipids

Sphingolipids and Gangliosides

Supported Lipid Bilayers

Thermodynamics of Lipid Interactions

X-Ray Scattering of Lipid Membranes

Membrane Proteins

Anthony Watts

Membrane Protein Function

Membrane Proteins: Structure and Organization

Motors: Myosin, Kinesin & Dynein

Dilson Rassier

ATP-Driven Mechanical Work Performed by Molecular Motors

Dynein Family Classification

Dynein Motility: Mechanism

Kinesin Superfamily Classification

Kinesin: Fundamental Properties and Structure

Myosin Family Classification

Myosin: Fundamental Properties and Structure

Myosin Work and Motility: Mechanism

Rotating Cross-Bridge Model

Protein Dynamics

Patrick J. Loria

Computational Studies of Enzyme Motions

Molecular Recognition: Lock-and-Key, Induced Fit, and Conformational Selection

Multiple-Quantum NMR Spectroscopy: Detection of Slow Dynamics

Protein Conformational Dynamics by Relaxation Dispersion

Protein Dynamics and Allostery

Protein Dynamics and Conformational Change from Site-Directed Spin Labeling and

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Protein Dynamics Studied with 1D and 2D Infrared Spectroscopy

Protein Dynamics: Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Studies

Protein–Ligand Dynamics

Protein Folding

Alan R. Fersht

F Value Analysis

Membrane Proteins: Folding and Stability

Protein Folding: Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Single-Molecule Spectroscopy

Structurally Disordered Proteins

xxxii Table of Contents

Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions

Andres Ramos

Alternative Splicing Regulation: Structural and Biophysical Studies

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases

Bacterial Repression: Lac and Trp Systems

Chromatin Structure and Dynamics

Core Splicing Machinery: Structural and Biophysical Studies

DNA Repair and Recombination

Double Stranded RNA and End-Recognition Domains

Helicases

Machinery of DNA Replication

mRNA Degradation in Prokaryotes

mRNA Localization

Protein Synthesis: Translational Fidelity

Push Through One-Way Valve Mechanism of Viral DNA Packaging Nanomotor

RNA Polymerases and Transcription

RNA-Binding Proteins – Catalytic Domains

Single-Stranded RNA Recognition Domains

Topoisomerases

Transcriptional 30-End Processing

Translation Initiation: A Eukaryotic Perspective

Translocation on the Ribosome

Protein-Protein Interactions

Jacqueline M. Matthews

Amyloid Formation

Amyloid Formation in Bacteria

Amyloid Inhibitors

Bcl-2 Inhibitors

Coupled Folding and Binding

Domain Swapping

Double-Mutant Cycle Analysis

Functional Amyloid

Heteromeric Versus Homomeric Association of Protein Complexes

Linear Motifs in Protein-Protein Interactions

Macromolecular Crowding: Effects on Association Equilibria and Kinetics

Mass Spectrometry: Mapping Large Stable Protein Complexes

Mutagenic Scanning to Define Binding Hotspots

Nutlins

Plasticity at Protein–Protein Interaction Interfaces

Post-Translational Modification of Histone Proteins

Protein and Peptide Arrays

Protein Complexes: Definitions of Obligate Versus Transitory (Strengths of Binding)

Protein Phosphorylation

Protein–Protein Interactions – Inhibition

Protein–Protein Interactions – Interpreting Data from Large-Scale Screens

Table of Contents xxxiii

Protein–Protein Interactions: Kinetics

Regulation of Protein Surfaces Through Posttranslational Modification

Statistical Analysis and Prediction of Protein–Protein Interactions and Binding Sites

Ubiquitination

Receptors

Ulrike Alexiev

Channelrhodopsin

Chemotaxis Receptor Arrays

Dynamics of BMP Receptor Signaling

Dynamics of Helix 8 in GPCR Function

G Protein–Coupled Receptor Activation Based on X-ray Structural Studies

LOV Proteins: Photobiophysics

Molecular Simulations of NGF Protein

Phytochrome Structure

Rhodopsin Activation Based on Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Rhodopsin – Stability and Characterization of Unfolded Structures

Rhodopsin: Stability and Structural Organization in Membranes

Rhodopsins – Intramembrane Signaling by Hydrogen Bonding

Sensory Rhodopsin I

Sensory Rhodopsin II: Signal Development and Transduction

Transient Grating Spectroscopy: Dynamics of Photoreceptors

Type I Interferon Receptor

Rotary Motors

Judith Armitage

ATP Synthase Structure

ATP Synthases from Archaea: Structure and Function

ATPase: Overview

Bacterial Flagellar Motor: Biochemical and Structural Studies

Bacterial Flagellar Motor: Biophysical Studies

Bacterial Flagellar Motor: Overview

Electron Microscopy of Motor Structure and Possible Mechanisms

F1-ATPase: Fundamental Properties and Structure

Flagellar Motor: Molecular Architecture In Situ

Sodium-Driven Flagellar Motor: Structure and Mechanisms

Vacuolar-Type ATPases in Animal and Plant Cells

Transporters

Peter Henderson

FucP, the L-Fucose-H+ Membrane Transport Protein and Related Transporters

Glutamate Transporter Family

H+-Lactose Membrane Transport Protein, LacY

Membrane Transport Proteins: The Five-Helix Inverted Repeat Superfamily

Membrane Transport Proteins: The Nucleobase-Cation-Symport-1 Family

xxxiv Table of Contents

Membrane Transport Proteins: The Proton-Dependent Oligopeptide Transporter

Family

Membrane Transport, Energetics and Overview

Mhp1, the Na+-Hydantoin Membrane Transport Protein

Mitochondrial Transport Protein Family

Mitochondrial Transport Protein Family: Structure

Mitochondrial Transporters: Molecular Mechanism

Nucleobase-Cation-Symport-2 Family and the Uracil: Proton Symporter, UraA

Sodium-Substrate Symporter Family

Substrate Capture by ABC Transporters

SWEET Glucoside Transporter Superfamily

TECHNIQUES

Circular Dichroism & Related Techniques

Alison Rodger

Circular Dichroism and Chirality

Circular Dichroism Signals: Qualitative Description of Origins

Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy of Biomacromolecules

Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy: Units

DNA-Ligand Circular Dichroism

DNA-Ligand Flow Linear Dichroism

Far UV Protein Circular Dichroism

Linear Dichroism

Linear Dichroism Spectra - Measurement

Linear Dichroism Spectroscopy: Theory

Near UV Protein CD

Nucleic Acid Circular Dichroism

Nucleic Acid Linear Dichroism

Oriented Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

Polarized Light, Linear Dichroism, and Circular Dichroism

Protein Circular Dichroism Analysis

Protein Circular Dichroism Data Bank

Protein Circular Dichroism: Theoretical Aspects

Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

Computational Studies of Enzyme Mechanisms

Adrian Mulholland

4-Oxalocrotonate Tautomerase – Computational Studies

Acetylcholinesterase: Computational Studies

Beta-Lactamases: Computational Studies

Biliverdin IX-Beta Reductase: Computational Studies

Carboxypeptidase A – Computational Studies

Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics

Table of Contents xxxv

Chorismate Mutase – Computational Studies

Citrate Synthase – Computational Studies

Computational Enzymology

Cyclooxygenase – Computational Studies

Cysteine Dioxygenase – Computational Studies

Cytochrome c Peroxidase – Computational Studies

Cytochrome P450 – Computational Studies

Differential Transition State Stabilization – Nonempirical Analysis

Dihydrofolate Reductase – Computational Studies

Drug Metabolism – Computational Studies of Mechanisms

Empirical Valence Bond Methods

Enzymatic Chlorination/Halogenation – Computational Studies

Enzymatic Fluorination – Computational Studies

Farnesyltransferase – Computational Studies

Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase – Computational Studies

Flavoenzyme Mechanisms: p-Hydroxybenzoate Hydroxylase and Phenol

Hydroxylase – Computational Studies

Glutathione S-Transferase – Computational Studies

Glycoside Hydrolases – Computational Studies

Hemagglutinin – Computational Studies

Heme Dioxygenases – Computational Studies

HIV Protease – Computational Studies

HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase – Computational Studies on the Polymerase Active Site

Influenza Neuraminidase – Computational Studies

Insulin-Degrading Enzyme – Computational Studies

Ketosteroid Isomerase – Computational Studies

Lactate Dehydrogenase – Computational Studies

Lysozyme – Computational Studies

Manganese-Containing Arginase – Computational Studies

Methylamine Dehydrogenase (MADH): Studies with Variational Transition State

Theory (VTST)

Nitric Oxide Synthase – Computational Studies

ONIOM

Peptide Synthesis on the Ribosome – Computational Studies

Phosphatases – Computational Studies

Phosphotriesterase – Computational Studies

Protein Dynamics in Catalysis – Computational Studies

Protein Lysine Methyltransferase – Computational Studies

Protein Splicing – Computational Studies

QM/MM Methods

Quantum Chemical Cluster Approach to Modeling Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

Quantum Effects/Tunneling

Ribonucleotide Reductase – Computational Studies

Semiempirical Quantum Mechanical Methods

Taurine/Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase – Computational Studies

Triosephosphate Isomerase – Computational Studies

Zinc-Dependent Metalloenzymes – Computational Studies

xxxvi Table of Contents

Diffraction Methods

Peter C. E. Moody

Electron Diffraction

Macromolecular Crystallography: Crystal Preparation

Macromolecular Crystallography: Future of FELs for Structural Biology

Macromolecular Crystallography: Overview

Macromolecular Neutron Diffraction

Molecular Replacement

X-ray Fiber Diffraction

Electron Microscopy

Kuniaki Nagayama

3D Electron Microscopy Based on Cryo-Electron Tomography

Electron Cryo-microscopy of Molecular Machines

Electron Crystallography of 2D Crystals

Electron Microscopy: Classical Sample Preparation

Electron Microscopy: Cryo-Preparation

Phase Contrast Electron Microscopy

Fluorescence Imaging

Alberto Diaspro

Confocal Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy

Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization Microscopy

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching

Fluorescence Three-Dimensional Optical Imaging

Gated Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy (g-STED)

Ground State Depletion Imaging

Individual Molecule Localization Techniques

Optical Fluorescence Microscopy

Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy (SHG)

Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy (SPIM)

Single Particle Tracking

Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy

Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy

Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Microscopy

Two-Photon Excitation Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy

Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Alberto Diaspro

Flavin Mononucleotide-Binding Fluorescent Proteins

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching

Table of Contents xxxvii

Fluorescence: General Aspects

Individual Molecule Localization Techniques

Photochromic F€orster Energy Transfer

Kinetics

Clive R. Bagshaw

Continuous Flow

Flash Photolysis

Kinetic Isotope Effects

Kinetics: Overview

Kinetics: Relaxation Methods

Kinetics: Simulation and Analysis

Kinetics: Single-Molecule Techniques

Law of Mass Action

NMR Methods for Kinetic Analysis

Order of Reaction

Quenched-Flow Methods

Solid-Phase Detection Techniques

Steady-State Enzyme Kinetics

Stopped-Flow Techniques

Transient-State Kinetic Methods

Mass Spectrometry

Neil J. Oldham

Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry – Principles

Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry: Biological Applications

Mass Analysis

Mass Spectrometry in Proteomics

Mass Spectrometry of N-Linked Carbohydrates and Glycoproteins

Mass Spectrometry: Application to Protein-Ligand Interactions

Mass Spectrometry: Methods of Ionization (Applied to Biopolymers)

Protein-Protein Interactions Studied by Mass Spectrometry

Metalloprotein EPR

Richard Cammack

DEER of Metalloproteins

EPR and ENDOR of Radicals and Metalloproteins in Biological Systems

EPR Spectroscopy: General Principles

Pulsed ENDOR and ESEEM: Principles and Examples of Applications to Heme

Proteins

Pulsed EPR: Principles and Examples of Applications to Hemeproteins

Simulation of Transition-Metal EPR Spectra

Spin-Trapping: Theory and Applications

xxxviii Table of Contents

Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Helmut Grubm€uller

Fluxes Through Channels and Pores

Markov Models of Molecular Kinetics

Protein Folding Studied with Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Reaction Paths and Rates

Molecular Shape & Hydrodynamics

Stephen E. Harding

Complement Factor H and Its Ligands: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Interactions

and Modeling

Composition-Gradient Multiangle Light Scattering

Crystallohydrodynamics of IgG

Dynamics of Colloids and Macromolecules

Electro-optics and Macromolecular Hydrodynamics

Electrophoretic Light Scattering

Ellips and Covol

HYDFIT and Related Packages for Linear Molecules

HYDRO Suite of Computer Programs for Solution Properties of Rigid

Macromolecules

Hydrodynamic Modeling of Carbohydrate Polymers

Hydrodynamics of Macromolecules: Conformation Zoning for General

Macromolecules

Hydrodynamics of Nucleic Acids: Modeling Overall Conformation and Dynamics

Intrinsic Viscosity

Multiangle Light Scattering from Separated Samples (MALS with SEC or FFF)

Sedimentation Equilibrium Analytical Ultracentrifugation

Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation

Small Angle Neutron Scattering

Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) Software

Small Angle X-ray Scattering

Small-Angle X-Ray Solution Scattering: Software Tools for Biological Structure

Analysis

Thermodynamics and Thermodynamic Nonideality

US-SOMO: Methods for Construction and Hydration of Macromolecular

Hydrodynamic Models

MRI & PET Imaging

Peter G. Morris

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Methodology

MRI and PET Imaging: Clinical Applications

Positron Emission Tomography Methodology

Table of Contents xxxix

Protein Structure Prediction & Modeling

Anna Tramontano, Richard Garratt, Christine Orengo

3D Domain Swapping

a-Helical Coiled Coils

Alignment of Protein Sequences

Alternative Splicing

Domain Structure Classifications

Homology Modeling of Protein Structures

Membrane Protein Structure

Modeling of Antibody Structures

Modeling of RNA Molecules

Oligomeric Proteins

Post-Translational Modifications

Protein Secondary Structure Prediction in 2012

Protein Structural Models – Evaluating Quality

Protein Structure Comparison Methods

Protein Structure Prediction and Structural Annotation of Proteomes

Protein Structure: Potential Folds

Proteins: Relationship Among Divergence of Sequence, Structure, and Function

Structural Impact of SNPs

Single Molecule Methods

Nils G. Walter

Angular Optical Trapping

Anti-Brownian Traps

Atomic ForceMicroscopy (AFM) for Topography and Recognition Imaging at Single

Molecule Level

Atomic Force Spectroscopy

DNA Curtains

Dual-Beam Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy

Dual-Beam Optical Tweezers

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy

Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy

Fluorescence Imaging with One Nanometer Accuracy

Fluorescence Labeling of Nucleic Acids

Force-Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Hidden Markov Modeling in Single-Molecule Biophysics

High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Live-Cell Single-Molecule Imaging

Magnetic Tweezers

Microfluidics for Single Molecule Detection

Nanodroplet Confinement

Optical Tweezers

Phospholipid Bilayer Nanodiscs: Application to Single-Molecule Measurements

xl Table of Contents

Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM)

Single Fluorophore Blinking

Single Fluorophore Photobleaching

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Single-Molecule High-Resolution Colocalization (SHREC)

Single-Molecule High-Resolution Imaging with Photobleaching (SHRImP)

Single-Molecule RNA FISH

Single-Molecule Sequencing

Single-Particle Tracking

Site-Specific Protein Labeling for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Studies

Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM)

Surface Passivation for Single Molecule Detection

Surface-Tethered Lipid Vesicles

Tethered Particle Microscopy

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy for Single-Molecule Studies

Worm-Like Chain (WLC) Model

Zero-Mode Waveguides

Solid State NMR

Stanley J. Opella

J-Based NMR Correlation Spectroscopy of Biological Solids

M2 Proton Channel from Influenza A: Example of Structural Sensitivity to

Environment

Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR on Proteins

Membrane Proteins in Phospholipid Bilayers: Structure Determination by

Solid-State NMR

Oriented-Sample NMR of Membrane Proteins: Sensitivity Enhancement and

Spectroscopic Assignment

Solid-State NMR Structural Studies of Outer Membrane Proteins

Transmembrane Helix Orientation and Dynamics

Solution State NMR

Mitsu Ikura

Assignment of 19F Resonances in Protein Solution State NMR Studies

BMRB

Cell-Free Protein Production

Chemical Shift Index

CNS (Crystallography and NMR System)

CPMG

Cross Saturation/Transferred Cross Saturation (TCS)

Cross-Correlated Relaxation

Cryogenic NMR Probes

CYANA

Flow NMR

Fragment Screen

Table of Contents xli

H/D Exchange

HADDOCK

High-Pressure NMR

Hyperfine Shifts

In-Cell NMR

INEPT

J Coupling

Linear Prediction in NMR Spectroscopy

Maximum Entropy Reconstruction

Metabolomics

Multidimensional NMR Spectroscopy

NMR in Drug Discovery – Introduction

NMR Studies of Macromolecular Interactions – Introduction

NMR-based Structural Proteomics

Nuclear Overhauser Effect

Nucleic Acid NMR – Introduction

Paramagnetic Metalloproteins

Protein NMR – Introduction

Protein NMR Resonance Assignment

Protein Segmental Labeling

Pulsed Field Gradient NMR

Relaxation Dispersion

Residual Dipolar Coupling

SAR by NMR

Single Protein Production System in Escherichia coli

SOFAST HMQC

Sparse Sampling in NMR

Spin Diffusion

Stereo-Array Isotope Labeling (SAIL) Method

Structural Genomics

Structure Determination by NMR: Overview

Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) in NMR Protein Structure

Determination

Triple Resonance NMR

TROSY

XH/p Interactions

ZZ-Exchange

Spin-label EPR

Heinz-J€urgen Steinhoff

Chemistry of Spin Labeling

Interspin Distance Determination by EPR

Simulation of Spin-Label EPR Spectra

Spin Labeling of DNA and RNA

Spin-Labeling EPR of Lipid Membranes

Spin-Labeling EPR of Proteins: Dynamics and Water Accessibility of Spin-Label

Side Chains

xlii Table of Contents

Thermodynamics

John E. Ladbury

Thermodynamics of Biomolecular Interactions

UV/visible Absorption Spectroscopy

Alison Rodger

Absorbance Spectroscopy: Overview

Absorbance Spectroscopy: Quality Assurance

Absorbance Spectroscopy: Spectral Artifacts and Other Sources of Error

Absorption Spectroscopy and Transition Polarizations: Pictorial Description

Absorption Spectroscopy to Determine Macromolecule Structural Changes

Absorption Spectroscopy to Probe Ligand Binding

Absorption Spectroscopy: Practical Aspects

Absorption Spectroscopy: Relationship of Transition Type to Molecular Structure

Beer-Lambert Law Derivation

Concentration Determination Using Beer-Lambert Law

DNA-Ligand Circular Dichroism

DNA-Ligand Flow Linear Dichroism

Protein Concentration Determination Using Dyes and Beer-Lambert Law

UV Absorbance Spectroscopy of Biological Macromolecules

Vibrational Spectroscopy

Andreas Barth

Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy

Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS)

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Biophysical Applications: Technical

Aspects

Infrared Spectroscopy of Cells, Tissues, and Biofluids

Infrared Spectroscopy of DNA

Infrared Spectroscopy of Protein Dynamics: H/D Exchange

Infrared Spectroscopy of Protein Dynamics: Ultrafast Kinetics

Infrared Spectroscopy of Protein Folding, Misfolding and Aggregation

Infrared Spectroscopy of Protein Structure

Infrared Spectroscopy Using Synchrotron Radiation

Infrared Spectroscopy: Data Analysis

Isotope Edited Raman and Infrared Difference Spectroscopy Studies of Protein

Structure

Molecular Vibrations and Their Interaction with Electromagnetic Radiation

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Biological Molecules and Tissues

Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy: Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)

Optical Spectroscopy: Future Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

Polarized Infrared Spectroscopy

QM/MM Calculations of Vibrational Spectra

Quantum Mechanical Simulations of Biopolymer Vibrational Spectra

Raman Optical Activity Studies of Structure and Behavior of Biomolecules

Raman Spectroscopic Instrumentation, Experimental Considerations

Table of Contents xliii

Raman Spectroscopy and Microscopy of Cells and Tissues

Reaction-Induced Infrared Difference Spectroscopy

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Protein–Cofactor Complexes

Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Bioanalytics

Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy in Electron Transfer Studies

Terahertz Spectroscopy: Protein Dynamics

Terahertz Spectroscopy: Solvation of Biomolecules

Ultrafast Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of Proteins

Ultraviolet Resonance Raman (UVRR) Spectroscopy Studies of Structure and

Dynamics of Proteins

Vibrational Circular Dichroism of Biopolymers

Vibrational Spectroscopy with Neutrons

Vibrational Spectroscopy, A Short History of

X-ray Spectroscopy

Graham George

X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Metals in Biology

X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging: Elemental and Chemical Speciation Mapping of

Biological Systems

Contributors

Jennifer A. Dougan Centre for Molecular Nanometrology WestCHEM,

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow,

Scotland, UK

Aniella Abi-Gerges INSERM UMR–S–769, LabEx LERMIT, University of

Paris-South, Chatenay–Malabry, France

Jeff Abramson Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at

UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Jose P. Afonso The School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham,

Nottingham, UK

Kazuyuki Akasaka Institute of Advanced Technology, High Pressure Protein

Research Center, Kinki University, Kinokawa, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan

Mikael Akke Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Protein

Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Anders N. Albertsen Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, FLinT

Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Brett Alcott Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia

University, New York, NY, USA

Ulrike Alexiev Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Free

University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

David Altman Department of Physics, Willamette University, Salem, OR, USA

Toshio Ando Department of Physics and Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center,

Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan

Daniel Appelt Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King’s College

London, London, UK

Michelle Arkin Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical

Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

Judith P. Armitage Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Ornjira Aruksakunwong Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rangsit

University, Pathumtani, Thailand

xlv

xlvi Contributors

Kenichi Ataka Department of Physics, Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Freie

Universit€at Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Daniel Axelrod Department of Physics and LSA Biophysics, University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Jose Fernando Ruggiero Bachega Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of

Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos-SP, Brazil

David Baez-Nieto Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Valparaiso

University, Valparaıso, Chile

Stefan Bagby Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK

Clive R. Bagshaw Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester,

Leicester, UK

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz,

Santa Cruz, CA, USA

Gurusamy Balakrishnan Department of Chemistry, University of Washington,

Seattle, WA, USA

Stephen A. Baldwin Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of

Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Jocelyn M. Baldwin Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of

Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Katarzyna Bandyra Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, UK

Danas Baniulis Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Center for Agricul-

ture and Forestry, Babtai, Lithuania

Anja Baresic Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of

Biosciences, University College London, London, UK

Ravi P. Barnwal Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of

Washington, Seatte, WA, USA

Perdita E. Barran The School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh,

Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Laurence Barron Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow,

Scotland, UK

Igor L. Barsukov School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool,

Liverpool, UK

Andreas Barth Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories,

Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Rosa Bartucci Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy

Mirko Baruscotti Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Depart-

ment of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Contributors xlvii

Joseph J. Barycki Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center,

University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA

Andrew Battle Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang

Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia

Wolfgang P. Baumeister Department ofMolecular Structural Biology,Max-Planck-

Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany

Hagan Bayley Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University

of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Burkhard Bechinger Institute of Chemistry, University of Strasbourg/CNRS,

UMR7177, Strasbourg, France

Oliver Beckstein Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biochemistry Unit,

Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

William E. Bentley Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioscience

and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

David N. Beratan Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Duke

University, Durham, NC, USA

Terese Bergfors Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University,

Uppsala, Sweden

Simon Berneche Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Monica Berry Bristol Eye Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Ivano Bertini Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry,

University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy

Paolo Bianchini Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT),

Genoa, Italy

Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

Eva Biegel Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute

of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt

am Main, Germany

Julie S. Biteen Department of Chemistry 2533 Chemistry, University of Michigan,

Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Robert Bittman Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the

City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA

Ranieri Bizzarri The Biophysics Institute (IBF), National Research Council

(CNR), Pisa, Italy

David Blair University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Matthew Paul Blakeley Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, Isere, France

xlviii Contributors

Scott C. Blanchard Tri–Institutional Program in Chemical Biology, Weill Cornell

Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell

University, New York, NY, USA

Mario R. Blanco Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Robert E. Blankenship Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Washington

University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Rainer A. B€ockmann Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University

of Erlangen-N€urnberg, Erlangen, Germany

Alexandre M. J. J. Bonvin Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of

Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands

Paula J. Booth School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Enrica Bordignon Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

Olga Boudker Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical

College, New York, NY, USA

Chris Bowens Department of Biological Sciences, Wolf Hall, University of

Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Anna Louise Bowman Center for Drug Discovery, The Bouve College of Health

Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA

Kevin Braeckmans Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy,

Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Klaus Brandenburg Research Center Borstel, LG Biophysics, Borstel, Germany

Ulrich Brandt Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Medical School, Cluster of Excel-

lence Frankfurt “Macromolecular Complexes,” Center for Membrane Proteomics,

Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Emre Brookes Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science

Center in San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

Mostyn T. Brown Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Michael F. Brown Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of

Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Rachel Brown Pain & Sensory Disorders Research Unit, Pfizer Laboratories

Sandwich UK, Sandwich, Kent, UK

GaryW. Brudvig Department of Chemistry, Yale University, NewHaven, CT, USA

Florian Brueckner Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell

Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK

Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group,

Imperial College, London, UK

Contributors xlix

Axel T. Brunger Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology/HHMI,

Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Bernhard Brutscher Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy group, Institut de Biologie

Structurale – J.-P. Ebel, Grenoble, France

Maria Teresa Buenavista School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading,

Reading, UK

Biocomputing, MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK

Diamond Light Source Ltd., Didcot, UK

Georg B€uldt Research Centre J€ulich, Institute of Complex Systems 5,

Forschungszentrum J€ulich, J€ulich, Germany

Research–Educational Centre Bionanophysics, Moscow Institute of Physics and

Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russia

Per Bullough Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute

for Biomolecular Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Gaetano Burriesci Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cardiovascular

Engineering & Medical Devices Group, University College London, London, UK

Zachary F. Burton Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan

State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

Olwyn Byron School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life

Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Robert H. Callender Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of

Medicine Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA

Phil Callow Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble Cedex 9, France

Alexander D. Cameron Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source,

Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK

Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group,

Imperial College, London, UK

Richard Cammack Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, School of Biomed-

ical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

Iain D. Campbell Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Colin J. Campbell EaStCHEM School of Chemistry & Division of Pathway

Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Paolo Carloni Computational Biophysics, German Research School for Simulation

Sciences, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum J€ulich, J€ulich,Germany

Sandro Carrara Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique

Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland

Andrew P. Carter Division of Structural Studies, Medical Research Council

Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK

l Contributors

Sabine Castano The Laboratory Chemistry & Biology of Membranes &

Nanoobjects, Universite de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR5248, IPB, Pessac, France

William A. Catterall Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington,

Seattle, WA, USA

Gary Cecchini Molecular Biology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San

Francisco, CA, USA

Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco,

San Francisco, CA, USA

Francesca Cella Zanacchi Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of

Technology (IIT), Genoa, Italy

Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

Nuno M. F. S. A. Cerqueira Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The

University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

Gregor Cevc The Advanced Treatments Institute, Gauting, Germany

Jijie Chai National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China

Anna Chailyan Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Stephen K. Chapman Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Kandala V. R. Chary Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Funda-

mental Research, Mumbai, India

Xiang Chen Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics,

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Li-Qing Chen Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology,

Stanford, CA, USA

ZhanChen ChemistryDepartment, TheUniversity ofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI, USA

Ji-Xin Cheng Department of Chemistry, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineer-

ing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Wei Cheng Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, MI, USA

Iva Chianella Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK

Salvatore Chiantia Dept. of Biochemistry andCell Biology, Stony BrookUniversity,

Stony Brook, NY, USA

Seth Chitayat Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON,

Canada

Wah Chiu National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine,

Houston, TX, USA

Contributors li

Igor V. Chizhov Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School,

Hannover, Germany

Kar Wai Chooi UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK

Lilia A. Chtcheglova Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics,

Linz, Austria

Ewa Chudyk Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University

of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Preeti Chugha Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical

Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

L. Stirling Churchman Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

MA, USA

Pietro Cicuta Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Davide Cirillo Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra,

Barcelona, Spain

Thomas Claessens Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, The Free

University of Brussles, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Brussels,

Belgium

Adam E. Cohen Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Physics,

Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

James L. Cole Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connect-

icut, Storrs, CT, USA

Charlotte E. Conn CSIROMaterials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, VIC,

Australia

Simon D. Connell School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds,

Leeds, UK

Maria R. Conte Randall Division of Cell andMolecular Biophysics, King’s College

London, London, UK

Caroline Conus Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, The Free Uni-

versity of Brussels, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Brussels,

Belgium

Paul F. Cook Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma,

Norman, OK, USA

Jennifer C. Copeland Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,

Lincoln, NE, USA

Anthony Corfield Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Yvette May Coulson-Thomas Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of

Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Vivien Jane Coulson-Thomas Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of

Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

lii Contributors

David Cowburn Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

Charles Cox Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

William A. Cramer Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, Department of Biolog-

ical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Charles G. Cranfield Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor

Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia

St Vincent’s Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Chandra Critchelow Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern

University, Evanston, IL, USA

Roberta Croce Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam,

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Timothy A. Cross Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molec-

ular Biophysics and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State

University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

Laszlo Csanady Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

Alison Cuff Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College

London, London, UK

Qiang Cui Department of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, Univer-

sity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

Teresa L. Cvetkov Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of

Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA

Guy Daculsi Faculty of Dental Surgery, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes,

France

Valerie Daggett Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle,

WA, USA

Undurti N. Das UND Life Sciences, Shaker Heights, OH, USA

School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada,

India

Bibhuti B. Das Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of

California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Jyotishman Dasgupta Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Funda-

mental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Victor L. Davidson Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine,

University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

Noel Wyn Davies Department of Cell Physiology & Pharmacology, University of

Leicester, Leicester, UK

Benjamin G. Davis Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory,

University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Contributors liii

Cristina De Castro Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The

University of Naples Federico II, University Campus of Monte S. Angelo, Naples,

Italy

Hannah DeBerg Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

Volker Deckert Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics,

Friedrich–Schiller–University Jena, Jena, Germany

Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena, Jena, Germany

Patrick Degenaar School of Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineering,

Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Frank Delaglio Software Science Consultant, North Potomac, MD, USA

Nicolas J. Delalez Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Andrew J. deMello Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for

Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Hua Deng Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA

Ashok A. Deniz Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute,

La Jolla, CA, USA

Christopher Dennison Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical

School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Allison Derenne Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, The Free

University of Brussles, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Brussels,

Belgium

Bernard Desbat The Laboratory of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes &

Nanoobjects, Universite de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR5248, IPB, Pessac, France

Hendrik Deschout Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy,

Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Xavier Deupi Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen

PSI, Switzerland

Condensed Matter Theory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Aristides G. Diamant Division of Structural Studies, Medical Research Council

Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK

Alberto Diaspro Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT),

Genoa, Italy

Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

Benjamin Dietzek Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics,

Friedrich–Schiller–University Jena, Jena, Germany

Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena, Jena, Germany

liv Contributors

Dario DiFrancesco Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology,

Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

M. van Dijk Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht

University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands

Rolf Diller Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern,

Germany

Bei Ding Chemistry Department, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Yi Ding Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA

Andrew J. Doig Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of

Manchester, Manchester, UK

William Dowhan Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University

of Texas Medical School-Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Paul C. Driscoll Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for

Medical Research, London, UK

David Dufour Structural Genomics Group, National Center for Genomic Analysis

(CNAG), Barcelona, Spain

Memed Duman Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Linz,

Austria

Paul Dumas SOLEIL Synchrotron, L’Orme des Merisiers BP48, Gif Sur Yvette

Cedex, France

David Dunlap Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Alexander R. Dunn Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University,

Stanford, CA, USA

Arpana Dutta Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of

Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Joyita Dutta Department of Biological Sciences, Wolf Hall, University of

Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

R. Brian Dyer Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

H. Jane Dyson Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute,

La Jolla, CA, USA

Boris Dzikovski National Biomedical Center for Advanced ESR Technology,

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell Univer-

sity, Ithaca, NY, USA

Andreas Ebner Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Linz,

Austria

Stefan U. Egelhaaf Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Heinrich-Heine-

University, D€usseldorf, Germany

Contributors lv

Ron Elber Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of

Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Johan Elf Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

David Eliezer Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College,

New York, USA

Jonathan J. Ellis School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of

Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Richard D. Elms The School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham,

Nottingham, UK

Yaeta Endo Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University,

Matsuyama, Japan

Andreas Engel Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western

Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Martin Engelhard Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institut f€ur

Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany

Richard M. Epand Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences,

McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Ertan Eryilmaz Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

Richard J. Evans Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of

Leicester, Leicester, UK

Iakes Ezkurdia Structural Biology and Biocomputing, Spanish National Cancer

Research Centre, Madrid, Spain

Karim Fahmy Division of Biophysics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf,

Inst. Radiochemistry, Dresden, Germany

Chong Fang Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

Gail E. Fanucci Department ofChemistry,University of Florida,Gainesville, FL,USA

Karen Faulds Centre for Molecular Nanometrology WestCHEM, Department of

Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Jianfeng Feng Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University,

Shanghai, China

Department of Computer Science, Centre for Scientific Computing, Warwick

University, Coventry, UK

Mike Ferguson Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, The

Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

Shelagh Ferguson-Miller Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology,

Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

Pedro A. Fernandes Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of

Porto, Porto, Portugal

lvi Contributors

Juilo M. Fernandez Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Heather E. Findlay School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Laura Finzi Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Rodolphe Fischmeister INSERM UMR–S–769, LabEx LERMIT, University of

Paris-South, Chatenay–Malabry, France

Stuart John Fisher Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, Isere, France

University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

Gabor Forgacs Department of Physics, Biology and Biomedical Engineering,

University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

Scott Forth Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University,

New York, NY, USA

Jack Freed National Biomedical Center for Advanced ESR Technology, Depart-

ment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University,

Ithaca, NY, USA

Alfred D. French US Department of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research

Center, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA, USA

Frank E. Frerman Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of

Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA

Assaf Friedler Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jeru-

salem, Israel

Petra Fromme Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State Univer-

sity, Tempe, AZ, USA

Wolf B. Frommer Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology,

Stanford, CA, USA

Renee R. Frontiera Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston,

IL, USA

Toyoshi Fujimoto Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya

University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

Yugo Fukazawa Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya

University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

Masamitsu Futai Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba,

Iwate, Japan

Giovanni Gadda Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Georgia State University,

Atlanta, GA, USA

David C. Gadsby Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA

Silvia Galiani Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT),

Genoa, Italy

Giulio Gambarota GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Imaging Centre, Hammersmith

Hospital, London, UK

Contributors lvii

Jose Garcıa de la Torre Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry,

University of Murcia, Spain

Ines Garcıa-Rubio Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH-Zurich, Z€urich,

Switzerland

Paul M. Gardner Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry

Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK

Richard C. Garratt Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao

Carlos-SP, Brazil

Michael A. Geeves School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK

Kunihiko Gekko Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

Robert B. Gennis Department ofBiochemistry,University of Illinois,Urbana, IL,USA

GrahamN.George Department ofGeological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan,

Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Tarsis F. Gesteira Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine,

Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Hossein Ghanbari Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, Centre for

Nanotechnology &RegenerativeMedicine, University College London, London, UK

Ranajeet Ghose Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, New

York, NY, USA

The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

Stefano Gianni Foundation “Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti” and

Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Department of Biochemical

Science ‘A. Rossi Fanelli’, University of Rome, Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Brian R. Gibney Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College – The City University

of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Leszek A. Gierusz School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry,

Warwick, UK

Bernd Giese Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg,

Switzerland

Gianfranco Gilardi Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University

of Torino, Torino, Italy

Patrick von Glehn Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry,

University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Paul Glover University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Alan Goddard Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry,

University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Lori S. Goldner Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst,

MA, USA

lviii Contributors

Erik Goormaghtigh Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, The Free

University of Brussels, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Brussels,

Belgium

Valentin Gordeliy Research–Educational Centre Bionanophysics, Moscow Insti-

tute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russia

Laboratoiare de Proteines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Structurale J.–P. Ebel,

Grenoble, France

Edurne Gorraitz Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at

UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Duncan Graham Centre for Molecular Nanometrology WestCHEM, Depart-

ment of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow,

Scotland, UK

Eric C. Greene Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia

University, New York, NY, USA

Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA

Christian Griesinger NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for

Biophysical Chemistry, G€ottingen, Germany

Juergen Groll Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry,

University of W€urzburg, W€urzburg, Germany

AngelaM.Gronenborn Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh

School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Bert L. de Groot Computational Biomolecular Dynamics Group, Max Planck

Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, G€ottingen, Germany

Ingo Grotjohann Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State

University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Herman J. Gruber Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics,

Linz, Austria

Lan Guan Department of Cell Physiology & Molecular Biophysics, Center of

Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center,

Lubbock, TX, USA

Anthony Guiseppi-Elie Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips,

Clemson University Advanced Materials Center, Anderson, SC, USA

Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, and Elec-

trical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

Biotechnology Research Park, ABTECH Scientific, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA

Peter G€untert Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, J. W. Goethe University,

Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Peixuan Guo Nanobiotechnology Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences

and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Contributors lix

Irina A. Guschina School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK

Thomas Gutsmann Research Center Borstel, LG Biophysics, Borstel, Germany

William Andrew Hallett GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Imaging Centre,

Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

Steven Halouska Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,

Lincoln, NE, USA

Peter Hamm Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Zurich, Z€urich,Switzerland

Supot Hannongbua Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn

University, Bangkok, Thailand

TheodorW. H€ansch Max Planck Institute for QuantumOptics, Garching, Germany

Ludwig–Maximilians–University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Jeffrey C. Hansen Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado

State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

Mingming Hao Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of

Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

Gilad Haran Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science,

Rehovot, Israel

Stephen E. Harding School of Biosciences, NCMH Laboratory, University of

Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK

Parvez I. Haris Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University,

Leicester, UK

Benjamin Harke Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT),

Genoa, Italy

Jeffrey Harmer Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin

Resonance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Thad Harroun Department of Physics, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON,

Canada

David John Harvey Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute,

Oxford, UK

John L. Harwood School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK

S. Saif Hasan Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, Department of Biological

Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Karin Hauser Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of

Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany

Martina Havenith Department of Physical Chemistry 2, Ruhr-Universit€at Bochum,

Bochum, NRW, Germany

Rachel Haywood RAFT, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK

lx Contributors

Joachim Heberle Department of Physics, Experimental Molecular Biophysics,

Freie Universit€at Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Frederick A. Heberle Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Labora-

tory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

Peter Hegemann Institute for Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin,

Germany

Fabian Heinemann Biotec/Biophysics Research Group, Technische Universit€at

Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Rainer Heintzmann Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King’s

College London, London, UK

Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich–Schiller–Universit€at Jena, Jena, Germany

Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany

Peter J. F. Henderson Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of

Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Andreas Herrmann Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universit€at zu Berlin, Berlin,

Germany

Peter Hildebrandt Institute for Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin,

Germany

Russ Hille Department ofBiochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA,USA

Peter Hinterdorfer Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics,

Linz, Austria

Nobutaka Hirokawa Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Molecular

Structure and Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo,

Tokyo, Japan

Jonathan Hirst School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Jeffrey C. Hoch University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA

Peter Hoenigschmid Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany

Verena Hoerr Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary,

AB, Canada

Martin Hof J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of Academy of Sciences

of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

Brian M. Hoffman Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston,

IL, USA

Arun V. Holden Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds,

Leeds, UK

Arne Holmgren Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska

Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Contributors lxi

ToddHolyoak Department of Biochemistry andMolecular Biology, The University

of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA

Michio Homma Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science,

Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

Jonathan T. S. Hopper Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,

University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Amnon Horovitz Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Sci-

ence, Rehovot, Israel

Derek Horton Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC,

USA

Ximiao Hou Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, MI, USA

Elizabeth Hounsell School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck

College, University of London, London, UK

Milos Hricovıni Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava,

Slovakia

Huey W. Huang Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, Houston,

TX, USA

BrunoM. Humbel ElectronMicroscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,

Switzerland

Toshiko Ichiye Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington,

DC, USA

Ryota Iino Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The

University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Akifumi Ikehata National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food

Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan

Fuyuhiko Inagaki Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University,

Sapporo, Japan

Masayori Inouye Department of Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Biotechnology

and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA

Joseph Irudayaraj Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue

University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Ehud Isacoff Department ofMolecular and Cell Biology, HelenWills Neuroscience

Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA

Physical Bioscience Division and Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley

National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

Rieko Ishima Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of

Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Robert Ishmukhametov Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

lxii Contributors

Anabella Ivancich CNRS (UMR 8221) and CEA-Saclay, iBiTec-S, Laboratory of

Hyperfrequencies, Metalloproteines and Systems of Spin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Ekaterina Ivanova Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of

Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

So Iwata Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science

and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK

Division ofMolecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Impe-

rial College, London, UK

Scott M. Jackson Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of

Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Lily Y. Jan HowardHughesMedical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochem-

istry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

Robert W. Janes School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary

University of London, London, UK

Joel Janin Yeast Structural Genomics, IBBMC, Universite Paris-Sud, Orsay,

France

Joseph T. Jarrett Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa,

Honolulu, HI, USA

Mariusz Jaskolski Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry,

A. Mickiewicz University and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of

Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland

Yalda Javadi Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Matthew Jenner School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham,

Nottingham, UK

Jesus Jimenez-Barbero Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones

Biologicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain

Alexander E. Johnson-Buck Department of Chemistry, The University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Alain M. Jonas Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (Bio- and Soft

Matter), Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium

Robert C. Jones Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, CA, USA

Terry Jones The PET Research Advisory Company, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK

H. Ronald Kaback Departments of Physiology and Microbiology, Immunology &

Molecular Genetics, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los

Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Masatsune Kainosho Centre for Priority Areas, Tokyo Metropolitan University,

Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan

Structural Biology Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Contributors lxiii

Jason M. D. Kalapothakis School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of

Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Juha Kammonen Ion Channel Pharmacology, Neusentis UK, Cambridge,

Cambridgeshire, UK

Marc Willem van der Kamp Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of

Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Hideki Kandori Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology,

Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan

E. Karaca Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht

University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands

Mikhail Kashlev Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National

Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA

P. L. Kastritis Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science,

Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands

Masato Katahira Kyoto University, Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto, Japan

Takayuki Kato Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka,

Japan

John Katsaras Canadian Neutron Beam Centre, National Research Council, Chalk

River, ON, Canada

Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

Chen Katz Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem,

Israel

Jamie L. Kear Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville,

FL, USA

Timothy A. Keiderling Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago,

Chicago, IL, USA

Paul A. Keifer Agilent Technologies, Inc. (formerly Varian, Inc.), Santa Clara,

CA, USA

Sanaullah Khan Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University

College London, London, UK

Himanshu Khandelia Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern

Denmark, Odense, Denmark

HyeongJun Kim Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

Matt J. Kipper Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and School of

Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

Maria L. Kireeva Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory,

National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA

Anthony J. Kirkup Pain & Sensory Disorders Research Unit, Pfizer Laboratories

Sandwich UK, Sandwich, Kent, UK

lxiv Contributors

Julianne L. Kitevski-LeBlanc Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto,

Toronto, ON, Canada

Ramazan Kizil Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University,

Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey

Biological Sciences & Bioengineering Program, International University Sarajevo,

Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Johann P. Klare Macromolecular Structure Group, Department of Physics,

University of Osnabr€uck, Osnabr€uck, Germany

Judith Klein-Seetharaman Department of Structural Biology, University of

Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Anna Kloda Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical

Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Edda Kloppmann Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany

Yuriy A. Knirel N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of

Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Bostjan Kobe School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of

Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Roger E. Koeppe II Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of

Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

Seiji Kojima Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya

University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

Thomas Kolter LiMES – Program Unit Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry,

Universit€at Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Wiktor Kozminski Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

Petr V. Konarev European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation,

Hamburg, Germany

Jonas Korlach Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA

Miroslav Koos Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Centre of

Excellence Glycomed, Bratislava, Slovakia

Christian N. Kotanen Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips,

Clemson University Advanced Materials Center, Anderson, SC, USA

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University,

Clemson, SC, USA

Helena Kovacs NMR Applications, Bruker BioSpin AG, F€allanden, Switzerland

Rumiana Koynova College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus,

OH, USA

Institute of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

Christoph Krafft Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany

Contributors lxv

Norbert Kucerka Canadian Neutron Beam Centre, National Research Council,

Chalk River, ON, Canada

Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Comenius University, Bratislava,

Slovakia

Chandrashekhar V. Kulkarni Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Labora-

tory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Edmund R. S. Kunji Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Medical Research Council,

Cambridge, UK

Isabel Kurth Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York,

NY, USA

John E. Ladbury Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University

of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Boris Lakard Institut UTINAM, Universite de Franche-Comte, Besancon, France

Andrew N. Lane JG Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Clinical Trans-

lational Research Building, Louisville, KY, USA

Peter Larsson Department of Physiology and Biophysics,Miller School ofMedicine,

University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

Ramon Latorre Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Valparaiso University,

Valparaıso, Chile

Zeno Lavagnino Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT),

Genoa, Italy

Robert V. Law Membrane Biophysics Platform, Department of Chemistry and

Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

Andrew L. Lee Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Weontae Lee Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea

Eija Lehtomaki Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular Bioscience,

University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Monica Leopoldini Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Arcavacata

di Rende (CS), Italy

ArthurM. Lesk Department of Biochemistry andMolecular Biology and The Huck

Institute for Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State

University, University Park, PA, USA

Sanford H. Leuba Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of

Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pitts-

burgh, PA, USA

Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh,

Pittsburgh, PA, USA

lxvi Contributors

Ruthven N. A. H. Lewis Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta,

Edmonton, AB, Canada

Keying Li Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College

London, London, UK

Xiaoming Li Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry

of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang

University, Beijing, China

Ioannis G. Lignos Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for

Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

G€oran Lindblom Department of Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Umea

University, Umea, Sweden

Jiqiang Ling Department ofMolecularBiophysics andBiochemistry,YaleUniversity,

New Haven, CT, USA

Eric Lingueglia Institute for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of

Nice-Sophia Antipolis UMR7275, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France

Clifford A. Lingwood Hospital for Sick Children, Research Institute, Toronto, ON,

Canada

Corinne Lionne CPBS, UMR5236 CNRS, Universities of Montpellier I and II,

Montpellier, Cedex 5, France

Dongsheng Liu Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

Chunjuan Liu Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Univer-

sity of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Jun Liu Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas

Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Alessio Lodola Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Universita degli Studi di Parma,

Parma, Italy

Peter C. Loewen Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,

Canada

Erwin London Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University,

Stony Brook, NY, USA

Richard Lonsdale Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry,

University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Xabier Lopez Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia

International Physics Center, Donostia-San Sebastian, Euskadi, Spain

Aba Losi Department of Physics, University of Parma, Parma, Italy

Luıs M. S. Loura Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Chemistry of Coimbra, Pole

of the Health Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Yi Lu Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,

Urbana, IL, USA

Contributors lxvii

Zhe Lu Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of

Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Vladan Lucic Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute

for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany

Ben Luisi Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Patrik Lundstr€om Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics,

Chemistry and Biology, Link€oping University, Link€oping, Sweden

PikyeeMa Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Membrane

and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Radek Machan J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of Academy of Sci-

ences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno,

Czech Republic

Joel P. Mackay Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular Bioscience,

University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Cait MacPhee SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of

Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Lok Hang Mak Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial

College London, London, UK

Alf Mansson School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden

HenryMantsch Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council of Canada,

Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Lili Mao Department of Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and

Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA

Francesca M. Marassi Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla,

CA, USA

Paolo Marcatili Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Tiziana Marino Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di

Rende (CS), Italy

Andrea Markelz Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo,

NY, USA

John L. Markley Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison,

Madison, WI, USA

Nicholas M. Marshall Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Derek Marsh Max-Planck-Institut f€ur biophysikalische Chemie, G€ottingen,Germany

lxviii Contributors

Boris Martinac Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang

Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia

St Vincent’s Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney,

Australia

Andrew C. R. Martin Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of

Biosciences, University College London, London, UK

Marc A. Marti-Renom Structural Genomics Group, National Center for Genomic

Analysis (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain

Tsukasa Mashima Kyoto University, Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto, Japan

Richard A. Mathies Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley,

CA, USA

Jacqueline M. Matthews School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of

Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Paul M. Matthews GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Imaging Centre, Hammersmith

Hospital, London, UK

Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK

Frederick R. Maxfield Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical

College, New York, NY, USA

Florian Mayer Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics,

Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt

am Main, Germany

James M. Mayer Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle,

WA, USA

Alexander V. Mazin Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel

University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Iain L. McConnell Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT,

USA

Airlie J. McCoy Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical

Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK

Ronald N. McElhaney Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta,

Edmonton, AB, Canada

Liam James McGuffin School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading,

Reading, UK

Lawrence P. McIntosh Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and

Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Kirsty J.McLean Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University ofManchester,

Manchester, UK

Fraser McNeil-Watson Malvern Instruments Limited, Malvern, UK

Contributors lxix

Thomas Meier Department of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Bio-

physics, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

Jens-Christian Meiners Department of Physics and Department of Biophysics,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Iris Meisen Institute for Hygiene, University of M€unster, M€unster, Germany

Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of M€unster,M€unster, Germany

Giuseppe Melacini McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Adrien S. J. Melquiond Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of

Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands

DongMen State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese

Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

Anant K. Menon Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College,

New York, NY, USA

HarukataMiki Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy andMolecular Structure

and Dynamics, Graduate School ofMedicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Anne-Frances Miller Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington,

KY, USA

Lisa M. Miller National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Labora-

tory, Upton, NY, USA

Joshua N.Milstein Department of Physics andDepartment of Biophysics, University

of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Tohru Minamino Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University,

Osaka, Japan

Fabio Minozzo Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill

University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Allen P. Minton Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of

Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Thomas Miramond Faculty of Dental Surgery, INSERM, University of Nantes,

Nantes, France

John Mitcheson Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of

Leicester, Leicester, UK

Anthony Mittermaier McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Tomoko Miyata Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University,

Osaka, Japan

Martin Moeller DWI e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chem-

istry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

lxx Contributors

W. E. Moerner Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Antonio Molinaro Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Uni-

versity of Naples Federico II, University Campus of Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy

AlfonsoMondragon Department ofMolecular Biosciences,NorthwesternUniversity,

Evanston, IL, USA

Gael Moneron Unit of Dynamic Neuronal Imaging, Department of Neuroscience,

Institut Pasteur, Paris, France

Pierre-Alain Monnard Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, FLinT

center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Luca Monticelli INSERM, UMR–S665, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris

Cite, Paris, France

Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France

Joao Henrique Morais-Cabral Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular,

Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

Marco Mor Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Universita degli Studi di Parma, Parma,

Italy

Michael Mormann Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of

M€unster, M€unster, Germany

Gordon A. Morris Chemical and Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences,

University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK

Victor J. Morris Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney,

Norwich, UK

RyanMorris SUPA, School of Physics &Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh,

Edinburgh, UK

Detlef Moskau NMR Applications, Bruker BioSpin AG, F€allanden, Switzerland

Ole G. Mouritsen Center for Biomembrane Physics, Department of Physics and

Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark

Andre Mourao Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum M€unchen,

Neuherberg, Germany

Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department

Chemie, TU M€unchen, Garching, Germany

Francis Gabriel Moussy Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University,

Uxbridge, West London, UK

Christopher G.Mowat EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh,

Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Maria Andrea Mroginski Institute for Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin,

Berlin, Germany

Contributors lxxi

Joachim D. Mueller School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota,

Minneapolis, MN, USA

Leonard J. Mueller University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Jon I. Mujika Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia

International Physics Center, Donostia-San Sebastian, Euskadi, Spain

Frans A. A. Mulder Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology

Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO),

University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

Volker M€uller Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute

of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main,

Germany

Barbara Mulloy Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biolog-

ical Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK

Andrew W. Munro Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of

Manchester, Manchester, UK

Kazuyoshi Murata National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan

Johannes M€uthing Institute for Hygiene, University of M€unster, M€unster, Germany

Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University ofM€unster, M€unster,Germany

Helena B. Nader Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine,

Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Kuniaki Nagayama National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1

Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan

Keiichi Namba Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka,

Japan

Ruodan Nan Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College

London, London, UK

Roger Narayan Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North

Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Abhinav Nath Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale

University, New Haven, CT, USA

Dieter Naumann Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany

Colin Nave Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK

David Needham Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science,

Duke University, Durham, USA

Alexander A. Nevzorov Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University,

Raleigh, NC, USA

lxxii Contributors

Rexford Newbould GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Imaging Centre, Hammersmith

Hospital, London, UK

Giuseppe Nicastro Molecular Structure Division, MRC National Institute for Med-

ical Research, London, UK

Colin G. Nichols Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and the Center for the

Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of

Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

Dierk Niessing Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum M€unchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

Lidia Nieto Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas,

CSIC, Madrid, Spain

Ryo Nitta Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Molecular Structure and

Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Frank Noe Institute of Mathematics, FU Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Judith M. Nocek Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston,

IL, USA

Anja Nohe Department of Biological Sciences, Wolf Hall, University of Delaware,

Newark, DE, USA

Hiroyuki Noji Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering,

The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Takeshi Nomura Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang

Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia

Lars Norlen Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet,

Stockholm, Sweden

Dermatology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Steven J. Norris Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Microbi-

ology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at

Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Cedric Notredame Centro de Regulacio Genomica, Comparative Bioinformatics,

Universidad Pompeus Fabre, Barcelona, Spain

Nadtanet Nunthaboot Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,

Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand

Joanne Oates Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University

of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Michael E. O’Donnell Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University,

New York, NY, USA

Kazuhiro Oiwa Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information

and Communications Technology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

Contributors lxxiii

HarukoOkamoto Department of Biochemistry, IwateMedical University, Yahaba,

Iwate, Japan

Daichi Okuno Laboratory for Cell Dynamics Observation, Quantitative Biology

Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, Japan

Riccardo Olcese Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine,

University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Brain Research Institute and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, University of

California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Neil J. Oldham School of Chemistry, TheUniversity of Nottingham,Nottingham,UK

Stanley J. Opella Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of

California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Alan Van Orden Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

CO, USA

Christine Orengo Institute of Structural andMolecular Biology, University College

London, London, UK

Alvaro Ortega Departamento de Quımica Fısica, Facultad de Quımica, Universidad

de Murcia, Murcia, Spain

Yukihiro Ozaki Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology,

Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan

Georg Pabst Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy

of Sciences, Graz, Austria

Monica M. Palcic Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark

Krzysztof Palczewski Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case

Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Vijay Pande Departments of Chemistry, Structural Biology, and Computer Science,

and Program in Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Antonios Pantazis Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medi-

cine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Giacomo Parigi Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) andDepartment of Chemistry,

University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy

Anthony William Parker Central Laser Facility Research Complex at Harwell,

Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot,

Oxfordshire, UK

Stewart F. Parker ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot,

Oxon, UK

Michelangelo Parrilli Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,

The University of Naples Federico II, University Campus of Monte S. Angelo,

Naples, Italy

lxxiv Contributors

Simon G. Patching Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of

Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Berit Smestad Paulsen School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chem-

istry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Georges M. Pavlov Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of

Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Gregory F. Payne Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioscience

and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Aviv Paz Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,

Los Angeles, CA, USA

David S. Pearson School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK

Jeffrey W. Peng Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre

Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Simon Pennell Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Med-

ical Research, London, UK

Serge Perez European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France

Stephen J. Perkins Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University

College London, London, UK

Konstantin Pervushin Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Biozentrum of University Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Evgeny Petrov Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang

Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia

Ingrid J. Pickering Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan,

Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Nathalie Picque Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany

Ludwig–Maximilians–University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Institut des Sciences Moleculaires d’Orsay, CNRS, Orsay, France

Jacob Piehler Department of Biology, University of Osnabr€uck, Osnabr€uck, LowerSaxony, Germany

Adriana Pietropaolo Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Universita Magna

Graecia di Catanzaro Campus Universitario, Viale, Catanzaro, Italy

Sergey A. Piletsky Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield,

Bedfordshire, UK

Teresa J. T. Pinheiro School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry,

Warwick, UK

Contributors lxxv

Michael Plevin Laboratoire de RMN, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble,

France

Denys Pogoryelov Department of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Bio-

physics, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

Robert K. Poole Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University

of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Bert Poolman Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen,

The Netherlands

Wilson C. K. Poon SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of

Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

J€urgen Popp Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics,

Friedrich–Schiller–University Jena, Jena, Germany

Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena, Jena, Germany

Dietmar Porschke Max Planck Institut f€ur biophysikalische Chemie, AG Biomo-

lecular Dynamics, G€ottingen, Germany

Vincent L. G. Postis Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of

Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Robert Powers Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,

Lincoln, NE, USA

Manuel Prieto Centro de Quımica-Fısica Molecular and Institute of Nanosciences

and Nanotechnologies, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal

Rebecca Prime Ion Channel Pharmacology, Neusentis UK, Cambridge,

Cambridgeshire, UK

Lawrence J. Prochaska Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,

School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA

Robert Scott Prosser Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of

Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Tara Pukala School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide,

SA, Australia

Marco Punta Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK

Michael Pusch Istituto di Biofisica, CNR, Genoa, Italy

Jian Qin Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, CA, USA

Susan Jane Quinn School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College

Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland

Edwin Quinones Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan,

PR, USA

Benyamin Rahmani Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, Centre for

Nanotechnology &RegenerativeMedicine, University College London, London, UK

lxxvi Contributors

Arjun Raj University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Rakhi Rajan Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University,

Evanston, IL, USA

Ramesh Ramakrishnan Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, CA, USA

Andres Ramos Molecular Structure Division, MRC National Institute for Medical

Research, London, UK

Maria Joao Ramos Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of

Porto, Porto, Portugal

Kara E. Ranaghan Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry,

University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Christian Rankl Agilent Technologies Austria GmbH, Linz, Austria

Dilson E. Rassier Departments of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Physics and

Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Emma L. Raven Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Gunnar W. Reginsson Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, Centre of

Magnetic Resonance, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK

Jochen Reinstein Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max-Planck-Institute

for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany

Elizabeth Rhoades Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale

University, New Haven, CT, USA

Lars Ridder Molecular Design & Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Oss,

The Netherlands

Netherlands eScience Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Lucy V. Roach The School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham,

Nottingham, UK

Gordon C. K. Roberts Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester,

Leicester, UK

Hugh P. C. Robinson Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience,

University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Mattia Rocco Biopolymers and Proteomics Lab, AUO San Martino - IST, Istituto

Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy

Daniel Barry Roche School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading,

Reading, UK

Alison Rodger Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

Marina V. Rodnina Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of

Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany

Manfred Roessle European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg Outstation,

Hamburg, Germany

Contributors lxxvii

Paul R. Rohde Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang

Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia

Matthew J. Rossi Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel

University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Burkhard Rost Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany

Arthur J. Rowe National Center for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of

Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK

David Rueda Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

Thanyada Rungrotmongkol Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science,

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Bernhard Rupp Q.E.D. Life Science Discoveries, Inc., San Marcos, CA, USA

Robert B. Russell Cell Networks, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Nino Russo Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende

(CS), Italy

Renae Ryan Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, The University

of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Sheila J. Sadeghi Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of

Torino, Turin, Italy

Michael I. Sadowski Division ofMathematical Biology,MRCNational Institute for

Medical Research, London, UK

Harekrushna Sahoo Biotec/Biophysics Research Group, Technische Universit€at

Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Arash Sanamrad Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Mark P. S. Sansom Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biochemistry

Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Manuel J. Santander-Ortega Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,

University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK

Michael Sattler Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum M€unchen,

Neuherberg, Germany

Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department

Chemie, TU M€unchen, Garching, Germany

Eliana Scemes Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein

College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

Andreas G. Sch€atzlein UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK

Ruud M. Scheek Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute,

University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

lxxviii Contributors

Gebhard F. X. Schertler Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer

Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Michael Schick Department of Physics, University ofWashington, Seattle,WA,USA

Olav Schiemann Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, Centre of Magnetic

Resonance, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK

C. Schmitz Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht

University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands

Gideon Schreiber Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of

Science, Rehovot, Israel

Peter Schuck Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics,

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, USA

Benjamin Schuler University of Zurich, Switzerland

Chad Schwartz Nanobiotechnology Center, Department of Pharmaceutical

Sciences and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Torsten Schwede Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum University of

Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Petra Schwille Biotec/Biophysics Research Group, Technische Universit€at

Dresden, Dresden, Germany

David J. Scott School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton

Bonington, UK

John M. Seddon Membrane Biophysics Platform, Department of Chemistry and

Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

Alexander M. Seifalian Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, Centre for

Nanotechnology &RegenerativeMedicine, University College London, London, UK

Paul R. Selvin Center for the Physics of Living Cells, Center for Biophysics and

Computational Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

Hans Martin Senn WestCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow,

Glasgow, UK

Louise Serpell School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton,

East Sussex, UK

Mark S. Shapiro Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science

Center, San Antonio, TX, USA

David J. Sharples Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of

Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Mark Shepherd Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University

of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK

Contributors lxxix

Ichio Shimada Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of

Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Tatsuro Shimamura Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source,

Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK

Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group,

Imperial College, London, UK

Hideyuki Shinzawa Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nagoya, Aichi,

Japan

Masahiro Shirakawa Graduate school of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto,

Japan

Ansgar B. Siemer Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Zilkha

Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine and University of Southern

California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Katie Simmons Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of

Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

J€org Simon Department of Biology, Technische Universit€at Darmstadt, Darmstadt,

Germany

Sivaraj Sivaramakrishnan Department of Cell and Developmental Biology,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

David R. Skoff Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison,

Madison, WI, USA

Shelby Skoog Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North

Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Spiros S. Skourtis Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

Mikhail N. Slipchenko Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue

University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Dieter S€oll Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University,

New Haven, CT, USA

Dirk-Jan Slotboom Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen,

Groningen, The Netherlands

Steven P. Smith Department of Biochemistry and Protein Function Discovery

Facility, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Kleitos Sokratous The School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham,

Nottingham, UK

Daniel Some Wyatt Technology Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Davide Sosso Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology,

Stanford, CA, USA

Sergio Filipe Sousa Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of

Porto, Porto, Portugal

lxxx Contributors

Thomas G. Spiro Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle,

WA, USA

David C. Spray Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein

College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

James A. Spudich Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of

Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

John L. Spudich Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry &

Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA

Atul K. Srivastava Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental

Research, Mumbai, India

Joerg Standfuss Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut,

Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Peter Stanfield School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

Edward Stevens Ion Channel Pharmacology, Neusentis UK, Cambridge,

Cambridgeshire, UK

Stefan Stoll Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis,

CA, USA

Bradley M. Stone Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose,

CA, USA

Andrey V. Struts Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of

Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Division of Medical Physics, St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg,

Russia

Sriram Subramaniam Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research,

National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Wei Sun Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University,

Philadelphia, PA, USA

Margaret Sunde Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney,

NSW, Australia

Jong Min Sung Departments of Biochemistry and Applied Physics, Stanford

University, Stanford, CA, USA

Shun’ichi Suzuki Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan

Dmitri I. Svergun European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg Outstation,

Hamburg, Germany

Heather J. Szerlong Department of Biochemistry andMolecular Biology, Colorado

State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

Edward Tan Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Contributors lxxxi

Jilin Tang Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Linz,

Austria

ChineseAcademy of Sciences, ChangChun Institute ofAppliedChemistry,Changchun,

China

Kuo-Hsiang Tang Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Washington University

in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA

Ian A. Taylor Division of Molecular Structure, National Institute for Medical

Research, London, UK

Boris Tenchov College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Institute of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

Masahide Terazima Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto

University, Kyoto, Japan

Maya Thanou Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London,

London, UK

Douglas D. Thomas Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,

University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

D. Peter Tieleman Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for

Biocomplexity and Informatics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Nico Tjandra Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart, Lung, and

Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Hidehito Tochio Graduate school of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Miroslav Tomschik Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming,

Laramie, WY, USA

Marirosa Toscano Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di

Rende (CS), Italy

Christopher P. Toseland Institut f€ur Zellul€are Physiologie, Physiologisches

Institut, Ludwig Maximilians Universit€at, Munich, Germany

Clare-Louise Towse Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington,

Seattle, WA, USA

Anna Tramontano Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,

Italy

Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy

Michael L. Tress Structural Biology and Biocomputing, Spanish National Cancer

Research Centre, Madrid, Spain

Stephen W. Turner Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA

Julio F. Turrens Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pat Capps Covey College of

Allied Health Professions, University of South Alabama, AL, USA

lxxxii Contributors

Arwen I. I. Tyler Membrane Biophysics Platform, Department of Chemistry and

Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

Spyridon Tzamtzis Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cardiovascular

Engineering & Medical Devices Group, University College London, London, UK

Ijeoma F. Uchegbu UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK

Eldon L. Ulrich Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison,

Madison, WI, USA

Cesare Usai Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy

Napoleao Fonseca Valadares Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao

Paulo, Sao Carlos-SP, Brazil

Alfonso Valencia Structural Biology and Biocomputing, Spanish National Cancer

Research Centre, Madrid, Spain

Miguel A. Valvano Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of

Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

Bryan VanSchouwen McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Gabriele Varani Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of

Washington, Seatte, WA, USA

Lyubomir T. Vassilev Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Nutley,

NJ, USA

Ilpo Vattulainen Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology,

Tampere, Finland

Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland

Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense,

Denmark

Madhvi J. Venkatesh Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research,

National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Salvador Ventura Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de

Bioquımica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,

Spain

Dmitry Veprintsev Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut,

Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Paola Vergani University College London, London, UK

Cristiano Viappiani Department of Physics, University of Parma, Parma, Italy

Giuseppe Vicidomini Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology

(IIT), Genoa, Italy

Gabriel Villar Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory,

University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Contributors lxxxiii

Sam P. de Visser Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocenter and School of Chemical

Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Hans J. Vogel Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary,

AB, Canada

S. J. de Vries Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science,

Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands

B. A. Wallace Department of Crystallography, Institute of Structural and Molecular

Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK

Nils G. Walter Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

MI, USA

Kylie J. Walters Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics,

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Michelle D. Wang Department of Physics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute,

Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

KeWei Wang Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Peking

University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China

Department of Neurobiology, Peking University School of Medicine, Beijing, China

Richard Ward Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, Centre of Magnetic

Resonance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

Jeffrey J. Warren Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology,

Pasadena, CA, USA

Anthony Watts Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry,

University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

L. Suzanne Weaver Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, CA, USA

Martin R. Webb MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK

Hongping Wei State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

Thomas Weidemann Biotec/Biophysics Research Group, Technische Universit€at

Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Simone Weyand Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell

Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK

Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group,

Imperial College, London, UK

Michael J. Whitcombe Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield,

Bedfordshire, UK

Lee Whitmore Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK

lxxxiv Contributors

Linda Wildling Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Linz,

Austria

Marc R. Wilkins Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomo-

lecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Alan Williams Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales Heart Research

Institute, Cardiff, UK

Spencer John Williams School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and

Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia

Peter R. Wills Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ

Roland Winter Physical Chemistry – Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund

University, Dortmund, Germany

Wolfgang Wintermeyer Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Insti-

tute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany

Donald J.Winzor Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular andMicrobial

Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

David Wishart Departments of Biological Sciences and Computing Science,

University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

C. Wolf Applied Lipidomics Investigation, APLIPID Sarl, Laboratoire de

Lipidomique, Faculte de Medecine P et M Curie, UPMC, Paris, France

Sharla Wood Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

Derek N.Woolfson School of Chemistry and School of Biochemistry, University of

Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, UK

Robert C. R.Wootton Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute

for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Paul Wormell School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney,

Penrith, NSW, Australia

Ernest M. Wright Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at

UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Albert M. Wu Glyco-Immunochemistry Research Lab, Institute of Molecular and

Cellular Biology, College ofMedicine, Chang-Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan,

Taiwan

Philip J. Wyatt Wyatt Technology Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Di Xia Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer

Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Eiki Yamashita Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

Nieng Yan School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Contributors lxxxv

Shi-Bing Yang Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology,

Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San

Francisco, CA, USA

Xiaojing Yang Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University

of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Yong Yao Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA

Linda Yu Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State

University, Stillwater, OK, USA

Chang-An Yu Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma

State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

Sami Yunus Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (Bio- and Soft Matter),

Universite catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium

Giuseppe Zaccai CNRS and Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France

Martin T. Zanni Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison,

Madison, WI, USA

Hui Zhang Nanobiotechnology Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences

and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

XueJuan Zhang Mathematical Department, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua,

Zhejiang, China

Junjie Zhang Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford,

CA, USA

Xian-En Zhang State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

Xiaowei Zhao Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of

Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Rui Zhao Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of

Colorado, Denver, USA

Qinsi Zheng Tri-Institutional Program in Chemical Biology, Weill Cornell Medical

College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA

Volker Zickermann Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Medical School, Cluster of

Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular Complexes,” Center for Membrane Proteo-

mics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Mathias Ziegler Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen,

Norway

Giovanni Zifarelli Istituto di Biofisica, CNR, Genoa, Italy