end show slide 1 of 37 copyright pearson prentice hall 37-3 the respiratory system
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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What Is Respiration?
What Is Respiration?
In biology, respiration means two different things.
1. Cellular respiration = when cells release energy from the breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen.
2. respiration = the process of gas exchange (carbon dioxide out / oxygen in)
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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The Human Respiratory System
The Human Respiratory System
The basic function of the human respiratory system is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the air, and tissues.
In addition, air entering the respiratory system is warmed, moistened, and filtered before it enters the lungs.
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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The Human Respiratory System
The respiratory system consists of the:
• nose (& mouth)
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
•bronchioles
• alveoli of lungs
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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The Human Respiratory System
Epiglottis
Trachea
Nose Pharynx
Larynx
Lungs
Bronchus
Mouth
Diaphragm
Bronchioles
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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The Human Respiratory System
Air enters the nose or mouth and moves to the pharynx, or throat.
The pharynx serves as a passageway for both air and food.
Nose Pharynx
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The Human Respiratory System
Air moves from the pharynx into the trachea, or windpipe.
The epiglottis covers the entrance to the trachea when you swallow.
Epiglottis Trachea
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The Human Respiratory System
At the top of the trachea is the larynx, which contains two elastic folds of tissue called vocal cords.
Larynx
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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The Human Respiratory System
Air then passes through the trachea into two large passageways in the chest cavity called bronchi.
Each bronchus leads into one of the lungs.
Lungs
Bronchus
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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The Human Respiratory System
In each lung, the bronchus subdivides into smaller bronchi, and then into bronchioles.
Bronchioles
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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The Human Respiratory System
Bronchioles subdivide into millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Alveoli are grouped in grape-like clusters.
Alveoli
Bronchiole
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The Human Respiratory System
A network of capillaries surrounds each alveolus.
Pulmonary vein
Capillaries
Pulmonary artery
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange
Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.
Capillary
O2
CO2
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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Breathing
Breathing
Breathing is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
The force that drives air into the lungs comes from air pressure.
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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Breathing
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and the rib cage rises up.
This expands the volume of the chest cavity, creating a vacuum.
Atmospheric pressure fills the lungs as air rushes into the breathing passages.
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37-3 The Respiratory System
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Breathing
Often exhaling is a passive event.
The rib cage lowers & the diaphragm relaxes, pushing air out of the lungs.
Exhalation
Rib cage lowers
Air Exhaled
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37-3
Air passes through the trachea into two large passageways in the chest cavity known as the
a. bronchi.
b. alveoli.
c. epiglottis.
d. bronchioles.
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The function of the cilia lining the respiratory surfaces is to
a. improve the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in the lungs.
b. cover the opening of the trachea when you swallow.
c. move air in and out of the lungs.
d. sweep trapped particles and mucus away from the lungs.
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Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the blood because
a. blood entering the capillaries of the lungs is oxygen-poor.
b. blood entering the capillaries of the lungs is oxygen-rich.
c. air entering the lungs has more carbon dioxide than oxygen.
d. air entering the lungs has less oxygen than is found in the blood.