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ENDANGERED WILDLIFE TRUSTRHINO SECURITY BOOKLET

ENDANGERED WILDLIFE TRUSTBuilding K2, Ardeer Road, Pinelands Office Park, Modderfontein 1609,

Gauteng, South Africa. Private Bag X11, Modderfontein 1645, Gauteng, South Africa

Tel: +27 (11) 372 3600 Fax: +27 (11) 608 4682

Our VisionA healthy planet and an equitable world that values and sustains the diversity of all life

Our MissionThe Endangered Wildlife Trust is dedicated to conserving threatened species

and ecosystems in southern Africa to the benefit of all people.

A publication of the Endangered Wildlife Trust’s Rhino Project.

Published by the Endangered Wildlife Trust © 2011 (amended 2013). All rights reserved.

The tools and information shared through this publication are offered as a public good and may be used freely, but only for non-commercial purposes and not for financial gain.

The content of this publication was drawn from a variety of sources and thus do not necessarily reflect the opinion or position of the EWT.

Cover photograph courtesy of Rodney Wyndham

Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from the Endangered Wildlife Trust.

Please note the content of this booklet, accurate in September 2013, is subject to amendments in legislation and changes in contact details, and might change in the future.

RHINO SECURITY INFORMATION BOOKLETTo support landowners and reserve managers in preventing and combating rhino poaching on their properties

ContentsSCOPE OF THIS BOOKLET 51 FOREWORD 62 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 73 INTRODUCTION 84 A SHORT HISTORY OF RHINO ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT 9 4.1 THE BLACK RHINO 10 4.2 THE WHITE RHINO 115 LEGAL ASPECTS PERTAINING TO RHINOS IN SOUTH AFRICA 14 5.1 Overview of relevant legislation 15 5.2 Provincial 15 5.3 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT (NEMBA) AND THE THREATENED OR PROTECTED SPECIES REGULATIONS (TOPS) – STIPULATIONS PER TAINING TO RHINOS 15 5.4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PERMITS required by the Threatened or protected species regulations 17 5.4.1 Standing permits 17 5.4.2 Ordinary Permits 18 5.4.3 Integrated permits (Section 92 of NEMBA) 19 5.4.4 Applying for permits 19 5.5 Convetion on International trade in endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and rhino 21 5.5.1 CITES APPENDICES 22 5.5.2 PERMITS RELATED TO CITES LISTED ANIMALS 226 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF RHINO HORN STOCKPILES AND RHINO POACHING CRIME SCENES 22 6.1 Rhino horn stockpile management 22 6.1.1 Introduction 23 6.1.2 Storage and security of rhino horn 23 6.1.3 Stockpile register held by the rhino owner 24 6.2 Rhino crime scene management 25 6.2.1 Introduction 25 6.2.2 How to preserve a suspected crime scene 25 6.2.3 How to approach a rhino carcass 26 6.2.4 What to do when a crime is in progress 27 6.2.5 What to do when a staff member has shot a suspect 27 6.2.6 What to do if an arrest is made at or near the scene 28 6.2.7 Official investigation at the crime scene 287 STRENGTHENING THE SECURITY OF RHINO THROUGH PROACTIVE PREVENTION METHODS 29 7.1 INTRODUCTION 29 7.2 Principles of security 30 7.3 Threat analysis 30 7.4 Security plan 32

7.4.1 Operations room 32 7.4.2 Operations map 33 7.4.3 Guard training and patrols 33 7.4.4 Equipment 34 7.4.5 Information and intelligence gathering 34 7.4.6 Communications 358 REFERENCES 369 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3710 APPENDICES 10.1 APPENDIX A 38 10.2 APPENDIX B 40 10.3 APPENDIX C 44 Contact details for permits & district offices: 10.3.1 Eastern Cape 44 10.3.2 Free State 46 10.3.3 Gauteng 47 10.3.4 Kwazulu-Natal 48 10.3.5 Limpopo 51 10.3.6 Mpumalanga 55 10.3.7 Northern Cape 56 10.3.8 North West 57 10.3.9 Western Cape 58 10.4 APPENDIX D: NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL COORDINATORS OF ENDANGERED SPECIES RELATED MATTERS 60 10.5 APPENDIX E: STEPS TO BE TAKEN WHEN A CRIME SCENE IS DETECTED 61 10.6 APPENDIX F: Procedure for immediate reporting of rhino crime scenes in KZN 62 10.7 APPENDIX G: EMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBERS 65

A publication of the Endangered Wildlife Trust’s Rhino Project.Published by the Endangered Wildlife Trust © 2011 (amended 2013). All rights reserved.The tools and information shared through this publication are offered as a public good and may be used freely, but only for non-commercial purposes and not for financial gain. The content of this publication was drawn from a variety of sources and thus do not necessarily reflect the opinion or position of the EWT.

Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from the Endangered Wildlife Trust. Please note the content of this booklet, accurate in September 2013, is subject to amendments in legislation and changes in contact details, and might change in the future.

ENDANGERED WILDLIFE TRUSTBuilding K2, Ardeer Road, Pinelands Office Park, Modderfontein 1609,

Gauteng, South Africa. Private Bag X11, Modderfontein 1645, Gauteng, South AfricaTel: +27 (11) 372 3600Fax: +27 (11) 608 4682

Rhino Project Manager: Kirsty Brebner [email protected] and Policy Project Executant: Rynette Coetzee [email protected]

SCOPE OF THIS BOOKLETThis booklet was developed to support landowners and reserve managers in preventing and combating rhino poaching on their properties. It further provides relevant information on the history and facts about rhino conservation in Africa, relevant legislation and permit requirements both locally and internationally, and suggests standard operating procedures for rhino horn stockpile management, crime scene management and security of live rhino. It also contains useful contacts and forms for use in the field and is intended as a guide to assist rhino owners and managers to improve security on their properties in a way that is effective and affordable. There is much more information available on the Internet and other literature and where relevant, we have made reference to additional sources of information and urge rhino owners and managers to study these in order to broaden their perspective on rhino management and protection.

2 FOREWORDBetween 1820, when the White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum) was first recorded by Burchell at Kuruman, and the early 1890s, the species was slaughtered to the point of extinction. Then in 1895 a hunter was hunting at the junction of the White and the Black Umfolozi Rivers and he shot two rhinos, which he believed were Black Rhinos (Diceros bicornis) because the White Rhino was thought to be extinct.

To his surprise, the hunter discovered that they were in fact White Rhinos. This led to the proclamation of Umfolozi, Hluhluwe and Lake St Lucia Game Reserves, and the few remaining White Rhino were given legal protection as ‘Royal Game’. A long struggle was then to ensure that the species survived, and men like Sir Charles Saunders, Vaughan Kirby, William Foster and Captain H.B. Potter took on the task of protecting the rhino from poachers. From about 50 individuals in 1895, the population increased thanks to the protection afforded by the Parks. In 1952, I joined the Natal Parks Board, and in 1953, conducted the very first aerial count of the White Rhino with ranger Hendrik van Schoor and a pilot Des van der Westhuizen, who worked in the Nagana (Tstetse fly) campaign.

This was the first really accurate count of these great, grey, prehistoric beasts and we counted 437. In 1961, we began Operation Rhino and as the then Senior Ranger of Umfolozi Game Reserve, I had the task of organising the team for the capture and translocation of the rhinos. Thanks to Dr A.M. Harthoorn, who came down from Kenya with various drugs, we experimented until a suitable drug was found. Etorphine Hydrochloride (M99) turned out to be a miracle drug, and the capture and translocation began in earnest. Rangers on horseback risked their lives following darted rhino through very dense bush. Horses were gored and men injured while injecting antidotes into the ear. The dedication of the white and the black rangers was a phenomenon that was commented on by many overseas visitors who came to witness the remarkable achievement of capturing these very large animals. There was a great sense of urgency because one diseased cow with Anthrax could have wiped out the whole White Rhino population.

Politically, South Africa was also going through unstable times and the possibility of revolution leading to the demise of the rhino was another concern. Men worked day and night, developing new techniques and the White Rhino was beginning to be re-established in its former habitat in KwaZulu-Natal, then the Orange Free State and the Kruger National Park. Thanks to the vigilant anti-poaching in Umfolozi and Hluhluwe, the rhinos continued to increase in numbers, enabling us to restock Botswana and Namibia and Angola and Mozambique.

A decision was then made to sell rhino to private landowners with the full knowledge that they would become part of trophy hunting. Thanks to the revenue that the game ranches derived from the rhino hunting, they bought more land, and game ranching became a way of life, and a profitable one too, for farmers who had struggled in the beef industry. In 1970, I undertook a journey to the United Stated, United Kingdom and Europe to sell White Rhino to the open zoos like Whipsnade in England, Wild Animal Park in San Diego, USA and in Florida and Texas, USA.

South Africa received huge plaudits for its role in re-establishing the White Rhino throughout southern Africa, including the then Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). The increase in the White Rhino population as a result of the distribution, and the financial gain by game ranches, put South Africa in the forefront of wildlife conservation on the continent, as well as many other countries. South Africans could truly be proud of what was initiated by the then Natal Parks Board and the way that a wonderful animal had been rescued from the brink of extinction. The recent killing of hundreds of rhino for their horn reflects badly on our country. Game ranchers who have benefitted since the 1970s with the supply of White Rhino, now have a special responsibility to take care of their stock because the current rate of killing, if not halted, could lead the animal to the verge of extinction again.

My congratulations and thanks to all the private landowners who have looked after the White Rhino, and to the Endangered Wildlife Trust, which has taken on the task of helping to coordinate the current anti-poaching drive.

Dr Ian Player, September 2010

3 GLOSSARY OF TERMSAfRSG African Rhino Specialist Group

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

Critically Endangered (in terms of IUCN Red List)

A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered, and it is therefore consid-ered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild

Critically Endangered (in terms of Section 56 of NEMBA)

Indigenous species facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the im-mediate future

DEA Department of Environmental Affairs (National)

Endangered (in terms of Section 56 of NEMBA)

Indigenous species facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, although they are not a Critically Endangered species

EWT Endangered Wildlife Trust

Green hunt The practice whereby a paying client darts a rhino with anaesthetics instead of live ammunition, thus immobilising the rhino instead of killing it

Issuing authority The Minister or an organ of state in the national, provincial or local sphere of gov-ernment designated by regulation in terms of section 97 as an issuing authority for permits of the kind in question.

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

IUCN Red List status The conservation status of the species based on the IUCN Red List categories and criteria

Moratorium National Moratorium on the domestic trade in rhino horn – Gazette No 31899, Notice No. 148. In terms of the moratorium, trade of individual rhinoceros horns and any derivatives and products of the horns within South Africa is prohibited from 13 February 2009 until further notice

NEMBA National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, Act No 10 of 2004, as amended

NEMLA National Environmental Laws Amendment Act, Act No 14 of 2003

NEMPA National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, Act 57 of 2003, as amended

NEMPPA National Environmental Management Protected Areas Amendment Act, Act No 15 of 2009

Near Threatened (in terms of IUCN Red List)

A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future

Norms and Standards Norms and Standards for the marking of rhino horn and hunting of White Rhino for trophy hunting purposes – Government Notice R 756 published on 23 February in Government Gazette No 32426

Ordinary Permit A permit issued in terms of NEMBA, of which the maximum period of validity is specified in the ToPS Regulations, and which authorises carrying out a restricted activity in the short-term

Protected (in terms of Section 56 of NEMBA)

Indigenous species of high conservation value or national importance that require national protection

Rhino Both Black and White Rhinoceros. Where a specific species is mentioned in the text, the associated text is then only applicable to that species and excludes any other

Restricted activity In relation to a specimen of a listed threatened or protected species, means -

(i) hunting, catching, capturing or killing any living specimen of a listed threatened or protected species by any means, method or device whatsoever, including searching, pursuing, driving, lying in wait, luring, alluring, discharging a missile or injuring with intent to hunt, catch, capture or kill any such specimen;

(ii) gathering, collecting or plucking any specimen of a listed threatened or protected species;

(iii) picking parts of, or cutting, chopping off, uprooting, damaging or destroying, any specimen of a listed threatened or protected species;

(iv) importing into the Republic, including introducing from the sea, any specimen of a listed threatened or protected species;

(v) exporting from the Republic, including re-exporting from the Republic, any spec-imen of a listed threatened or protected species;

(vi) having in possession or exercising physical control over any specimen of a listed threatened or protected species;

(vii) growing, breeding or in any other way propagating any specimen of a listed threatened or protected species, or causing it to multiply;

(viii) conveying, moving or otherwise translocating any specimen of a listed threatened or protected species;

(ix) selling or otherwise trading in, buying, receiving, giving, donating or accepting as a gift, or in any way acquiring or disposing of any specimen of a listed threatened or protected species; or

(x) any other prescribed activity which involves a specimen of a listed threatened or protected species

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

SARPCO Southern African Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation

SAPS South African Police Services

Standing permit A permit issued in terms of NEMBA, of which the maximum period of validity is specified in the ToPS Regulations, and which authorises carrying out a restricted activity in the long-term

The Constitution The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996

ToPS Regulations Threatened or Protected Species Regulations, 2007, promulgated in terms of section 97 of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, Act 10 of 2004

4 INTRODUCTIONRhino poaching in South Africa has escalated significantly since 2008 and has spread from historically targeted protected areas to privately owned rhino populations. It can probably be said that the successes of the South African rhino conservation efforts, which ensured substantial growth in

populations of White and Black Rhino over the last 30 years, have now drawn the illicit wildlife traders to our doorstep. In addition, rhino numbers in the rest of Africa have declined to such an extent that South Africa holds about 93% of the African populations of White Rhino, and an estimated 36% of all Black Rhino, making it a potentially attractive target for rhino poachers. This places a high responsibility on South Africa to ensure that the species is adequately protected.

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996 (the Constitution) places custodianship of our natural resources squarely onto the shoulders of the state. Custodianship means “to have charge of something” and therefore the state also has the mandate to legislate on matters pertaining to the conservation and protection of our country’s wildlife. Further, the state is tasked with providing an enforcement and prosecution framework which is adequate to effectively enforce the legislation. On the other hand, every rhino owner has the responsibility to secure his/her own assets against theft or abuse by employing security measures adequate to effectively minimise or stop theft or abuse. The commercialisation of wildlife thus added a new dimension to wildlife protection in the sense that wildlife has a defined monetary value to the landowner and any loss of a wild animal is a direct financial loss to that landowner. Therefore protection of wild animals, for example rhino, has become a far more pressing issue in recent years. In addition, the ownership of wildlife places an obligation on every landowner to also conserve the species as heritage for our children and children to come. The state and private rhino owners thus share a responsibility to protect rhino in this country and must work together to ensure that strategies are effective.

It has been determined from knowledge gained through investigating rhino poaching and horn smuggling that the current threat facing our rhino population comes directly from organised criminal syndicates. Organised crime is defined by Southern African Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation (SARPCO) as follows: “Organised crime means the illegal activities carried out by an organised criminal group or groups of persons, however loosely or tightly organised, operating over a period of time and having the aim of committing serious crimes through concerted action by using intimidation, violence, corruption or other means in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit.” Because poaching and horn smuggling happens over international borders it is also called Transnational Organised Crime. On a global scale this type of crime is challenging to keep under control and it will take a huge effort to root out the criminal elements within South Africa’s borders.

The Endangered Wildlife Trust began actively addressing the poaching threat facing South Africa’s rhino population in 2010 through efforts to support private landowners to improve security measures on their properties; to improve communication between landowners and law enforcers, to support law enforcement and investigation operations; and to enhance existing knowledge on the illegal trade of rhino horn, as well as the demographics of rhino populations in the country.

5 A SHORT HISTORY OF RHINO ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENTThere are five rhinoceros species in the world of which the White Rhino Ceratotherium simum and the Black Rhino Diceros bicornis occur on the African continent. Three of the four Black Rhino subspecies are listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN’s Red Data List and they are slowly recovering from a 90% decline in the 1970s, while the Southern White Rhino Ceratotherium simum simum is listed as Near Threatened.1

1

1 Eastern Black Rhino Diceros bicornis michaeli, Southern Central Black Rhino Diceros bicornis minor and Western Black Rhino Diceros bicornis longipes

5.1 THE BLACK RHINOThere are four recognised subspecies of Black Rhino:• EasternBlackRhino Diceros bicornis michaeli: Distribution range is Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and an

out of range population in South Africa’s Addo Elephant National Park.• SouthWesternBlackRhino Diceros bicornis bicornis: Distribution range is Namibia, South Africa,

Kenya and Tanzania.• SouthernCentralBlackRhino Diceros bicornis minor: Distribution range is South Africa, Zimbabwe,

Mozambique, and Tanzania; and• WesternBlackRhino Diceros bicornis longipes: Distribution range is Cameroon but believed to be

extinct as of 2006, due to poaching.

Black Rhino mother with calf

The subspecies indigenous to South Africa is the Southern Central Black Rhino although there are also some Eastern Black Rhino populations present in South Africa.

During the 19th century, as European influence over land use and trade strengthened, the Black Rhino was hunted relentlessly across most of central-west and eastern Africa. In southern Africa only two breeding populations of about 110 animals had survived by 1933. Poaching pressure escalated during the 1970s and 1980s as a result of the rising demand for rhino horn in Asia and the Middle East. These years were also marked by economic and political instability in a number of range states, which presented commercial poachers with a virtually free hand to hunt rhinos with little likelihood of apprehension. Between 1970 and 1992, the Black Rhino suffered a 96% reduction in numbers. The only two countries to show a net increase in Black Rhino numbers over the period 1980-1997 were South Africa and Namibia, where investments in conservation strategies, including monitoring and law enforcement, had been high. Today, due to successful conservation strategies and efforts especially by

the then Natal Parks Board (now Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife), South Africa now holds an estimated 36% of all Black Rhino left on the African continent.

Distinguishing characteristicsBlack Rhino are smaller than White Rhino and weigh between 800 and 1 400 kg. They stand between 1.35 to 1.65 metres high at the shoulder and can reach between 3 and 3.65 meters in length. Black Rhino are not black in colour, but derive this name as a distinction from the White Rhino. They can be any shade of grey to brown, depending on the local soil colour, in which they wallow.

What differentiates the Black Rhino from the White Rhino is primarily its mouth shape and feeding behaviour. The Black Rhino has a prehensile upper lip which enables it to grasp twigs and feed from trees and shrubs. It can easily reach a top speed of 35 km/h over short distances. Black Rhinos can live to 45 years in captivity and between 30 to 35 years in the wild.

1440 - 3600 KgThe color of the body ranges from yellowish brown to slate grey. Its

only hair is the ear fringes and tail bristles

1.5 - 1.8 m

WHITERHINOBLACKRHINO

1.35 - 1.65 m

800 - 1400 kgAlthough the rhinoceros is referred

to as black, its colors vary from brown to gray.

5.2 THE WHITE RHINO

There are two recognised subspecies of White Rhino:• SouthernWhiteRhino Ceratotherium simum simum: Distribution range is South Africa, Namibia,

Zimbabwe, Swaziland, and out of range Kenya, Zambia and Ivory Coast; and• NorthernWhiteRhinoCeratotherium simum cottoni: Distribution range is the Democratic Republic

of the Congo.

The Southern White Rhino was once widespread in the bushveld of South Africa. This subspecies was reduced to a mere 20 animals which survived in a small area in the then Natal Province of South Africa. Thanks to years of conservation protection and translocations the species now numbers around 20,150, of which 93.2% occur in South Africa. Its recovery from near extinction has been recognised as one of the major conservation success stories in history. Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe also hold smaller reintroduced populations of the subspecies.

The recovery of the Southern White Rhino population is a result of dedicated efforts by conservation authorities who have seen the benefit of spreading the population to other protected areas like the Kruger National Park, and eventually private properties, to maximise the growth potential of the population. These efforts were so successful that private landowners in South Africa currently hold 25% of the population in game farms across the country. Due to these conservation efforts, the Southern White Rhino is now classified as Near Threatened on the IUCN’s Red List.

The Northern White Rhino is now almost extinct in the wild with only four animals recorded in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

White Rhino

DistinguishingcharacteristicsThe White Rhino does not have a white skin col-our but can be any shade of grey and can even appear brown depending on where it has wallowed. The term “white” was derived from the Afrikaans word wyd (meaning wide) and actually refers to the shape of the mouth, which is the distinguishing feature between White and Black Rhino. The White Rhino is identified by its square lip and thus often also called the “square-lipped rhino”. It uses these square lips to feed on grass and is able to trim grass shorter than a horse.

The White Rhino is the second largest land mammal in Africa after the African Elephant. It can weigh between 1 800 and 2 700 kg, almost double the weight of a Black Rhino, and stands 1.5 to 1.8 meters high at the shoulder. End-to-end the White Rhino can reach 3.75 to 4.5 meters in length. It can easily reach a top speed of 30 km/hour over short distances. White Rhinos can live up to 50 years in the wild.

6 LEGAL ASPECTS PERTAINING TO RHINOS IN SOUTH AFRICA

6.1 OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT LEGISLATIONIn this section, a brief outline of existing legislation and its relevance to rhinos and rhino management in South Africa is given. Please note that the content of this section, accurate at time of print, is subject to amendments in the legislation and might therefore change in future.

Figure 1 provides an overview of South African national and provincial legislation relevant to rhino management. According to the Constitution legislating on environmental matters is a concurrent function between the National Government and the nine Provincial Governments. The National Environmental Management Act, 107 of 1998 (NEMA) was passed in November 1998 and came into force in January 1999. It is a framework Act covering natural resource use and conservation, pollution control and waste management, and land-use planning and development. NEMA also provides for environmental management principles and Section 2 (4)(a)(vi) specifically states ‘that the development, use and exploitation of renewable resources and the ecosystems of which they are part do not exceed the level beyond which their integrity is jeopardised.’

The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 (NEMBA) regulates the management and conservation of South Africa’s biodiversity and its components and affords protection to species and ecosystems that are in need of national protection. Chapter 4 of NEMBA as well as the accompanying Threatened or Protected Species Regulations (ToPS) specifically deals with the protection and conservation of listed threatened or protected species as well the trade in threatened species. Section 56 of NEMBA provides for the listing of species that are threatened or in need of national protection; both the White and Black Rhino

Constitution

National

National Environmental Management Act 107

of 1998 (NEMA)

Provincial

National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004

Provincial Acts and Ordinances

National Environmental Management Protected Areas Act 57 of 2003

National Environmental Management Laws Amendment Act 14 of 2003

National Environmental Management Protected Areas Amendment Act 15 of 2009

are listed. Activities involving these listed species are either restricted or in some cases prohibited. Restricted activities carried out within the national parks, or by officials of South African National Parks (SANParks), are also subject to the provisions of NEMBA and the ToPS Regulations. On a provincial level, all nine provinces have their own provincial Act or Ordinance regulating conservation issues in their area of jurisdiction.

Internationally, provisions of the International Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), to which South Africa is a signatory, aim to ensure that international trade in specimens of animals and plants species is not detrimental for their survival in the wild. These provisions have to be effected in terms of national legislation, hence the development of the CITES Regulations in terms of NEMBA.

6.2 PROVINCIAL

Prior to the promulgation of the National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 (NEMBA) and its Threatened or Protected Species Regulations of 2007 (ToPS) rhino conservation was regulated by the various provincial Ordinances and Acts. Many discrepancies exist in the various sets of provincial legislation regarding the conservation and management of our indigenous species. For example, in Limpopo the hunting of White Rhino prior to the ToPS Regulations was allowed with the written permission of the landowner, whereas in another province, the species could only be hunted with a permit issued by the conservation authority. This created a fragmented, uncoordinated and sometimes conflicting2 approach to wildlife protection. The need therefore existed to move towards a more coordinated national approach. The ToPS Regulations do not replace or repeal provincial legislation, but apply in addition to provincial legislation. The ToPS regulations however only apply to those species that are listed as threatened or protected in terms of the NEMBA, whereas provincial legislation still applies to all species, including those not listed as threatened or protected . Section 7.4.3 on integrated permits details the integration of permitting needs in terms of national and provincial legislation.

6.3 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT (NEMBA) AND THE THREATENED OR PROTECTED SPECIES REGULATIONS (TOPS) – STIPULATIONS PERTAINING TO RHINOSBoth South African rhino species are included in the list of threatened or protected species in national legislation1 . • Black Rhino (Diceros bicornis) – Endangered species: and • White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum) – Protected species

These species may have a different classification in the provincial legislation, but this does not affect the national classification. Where provincial legislation provides for less stringent measures with re-gards to rhino than stipulated in the national legislation, the national legislation will apply. For a com-parison between the classifications between the national and provincial legislation see Appendix A.

1 Government Notice No R 151 in Government Gazette No. 29657 of 23 February 2007

2 DEA ToPS Guidelines Government Notice No R 151 in Government Gazette No. 29657 of 23 February 2007

NEMBA has declared a number of activities related to rhino as restricted and anyone wanting to conduct any of these activities must have a permit to do so unless the Minister has granted exemption for a specific restricted activity (NEMBA Chapter 1 Section 1 “restricted activity”). According to this section no person may undertake any of the following activities with rhino unless he/she is in possession of a permit to do so:

• hunting, catching, capturing or killing by any means, method or device whatsoever including searching, pursuing, driving, lying in wait, luring, alluring, discharging a missile or injuring with intent to hunt, capture or kill any such specimen;

• importing into the Republic, including importation from the sea;• exporting from the Republic, including re-exporting from the Republic;• having in possession or exercising physical control over;• conveying, moving or otherwise translocating;• selling or otherwise trading in, buying, receiving, giving donating or accepting as a gift, or in any way

acquiring or disposing of; or• any other prescribed activity which may involve rhinos.

Tradinginrhinohorns:In 2009 the Minister published a moratorium on the National trading in Rhino horns – Government Gazette 31899 No 148 13 February 2009.

Norms and standards for the marking of Rhinoceros and Rhinoceros horn, and for the hunting of Rhinoceros for trophy hunting purposes.In 2012 the Minister published the latest set of Norms and Standards relevant to Rhinos – Government Gazette 35248 No. 301 10 April 2012.

Ofimportance:• The inclusion of requirements for the collection of samples for DNA profiling;• Regarding the marking of rhino horns:

• the insertion of a micro-chip in any horn acquired through legal dehorning;• information required in respect of applications for detached rhino horn possession permits; and• marking rhino horns or parts thereof more than 5 cm in length, with indelible ink or punch dye

in addition to micro-chipping;• Trophy hunting:

• proof of membership of a hunting association in the country of usual residence of the hunting client;

• a curriculum vitae indicating his/her hunting experience in his/her country of usual residence; or

• proof of previous experience in the hunting of African species; and• a copy of the hunting client’s passport.

The ToPS Regulations also list a number of activities as prohibited activities (Regulations 24 and 26 of ToPS) which may not be undertaken by any person and no permits can be issued for these activities. These prohibited activities include but are not limited to the following:• hunting a captive-bred rhino that is a put and take animal ; • hunting a rhino by making use of a trap (including a gin trap);• hunting a rhino in a controlled environment ;• hunting a rhino which is under the influence of any tranquilising, narcotic, immobilising or similar

agent. In other words it is not in full possession of its senses because of these substances and therefore stands no chance of escaping the hunter on the fare chase principle;

• hunting rhino by means of bow and arrow; and• hunting a rhino which was born in captivity and which was released on the property unless the

landowner provides an affidavit or other written proof indicating the period for which the rhino has been on that property and that the rhino is not a put and take animal.

Although both species may be hunted for trophy purposes, Black Rhino hunts are restricted by more stringent measures which emanate from the CITES allocation of five Black Rhino males per annum for South Africa.

6.4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PERMITS REQUIRED BY THE THREATENED OR PROTECTED SPECIES REGULATIONS

6.4.1 Standing permitsStanding permits are related to facilities for which registration is compulsory in terms of Regulation 27 of the ToPS Regulations, or to the registration of game farms in terms of Regulation 28 (this registration is voluntary). Standing permits are longer-term permits that allow restricted activities to be carried out on a continuous basis. Standing permits effectively replace the provincial exemption permits or certificate of adequate enclosures with regards to the ToPS species. Landowners who had provincial exemption permits or certificates of adequate enclosure have the option to apply for the registration of their game farms.

“put and take animal” means a live specimen of a captive bred listed large predator, or a live specimen of Ceratotherium simum (White rhinoceros) or Diceros bicornis (Black rhinoceros) that is released on a property irrespective of the size of the property for the purpose of hunting the animal within a period of twenty four months “controlled environment” means an enclosure designed to hold specimens of a listed threatened or protected species in a way that –(a) prevents them from escaping; (b) facilitates intensive human intervention or manipulation in the form of the provision of – (i) food or water; (ii) artificial housing; or (iii) health care; and (c) facilitates the intensive breeding or propagation of a listed threatened or protected species, but excludes fenced land on which self-sustaining wildlife populations of that species are managed in an extensive wildlife system;

All ToPS species had to be removed from the provincial exemption permits by the provinces. Please note that rhinos are excluded from standing permits for game farms. All rhino related activities will require ordinary permits applied for prior to the planned activity.

6.4.2 Ordinary PermitsOrdinary Permits are permits issued to authorise restricted activities related to rhino being carried out. • Hunting - In terms of the Norms and Standards for marking rhinoceros horn and hunting White

Rhino for trophy hunting purposes, rhino species may no longer be listed on “standing permits”, which means that an Ordinary Permit issued by the Issuing Authority is always needed to hunt a rhino.

• Conveyance – Any movement of a rhino from one location to another may only be done if the person who does the conveying is a registered wildlife trader and a holder of a standing permit, or any other person who is the holder of an Ordinary Permit.

• Importing into the Republic or exporting from – If a person wants to import a rhino from anywhere outside the Republic of South Africa that person needs an Ordinary Permit to do so. This includes any part of a rhino carcass as defined in NEMBA as a specimen.

• Dehorning (picking parts of or cutting or chopping off any specimen) –Dehorning is cutting off a specimen from the live animal (horn) as per the definition of “specimen” and an Ordinary Permit is therefore needed to dehorn a rhino unless the activity is included on the standing permit for that registered owner of the game farm. All horns which are cut off from the rhino must be registered with the conservation authority and a permit to posses it must be applied for.

• Having in possession or exercising physical control over - This applies to a free roaming rhino on any property as well as to the parts of a rhino. For example a trophy, piece of skin, horn or any other derivative of the rhino. For any of these items a person must be authorised by an Ordinary Permit to possess such item. In relation to rhino horn the Norms and Standards stipulate that all rhino horn detached from a rhino and in possession of a person must be microchipped in accordance with Regulation 70 of the ToPS Regulations.

• Selling or otherwise trading in, buying, receiving, giving, donating, or accepting a donation as a gift, or in any way whatsoever acquiring or disposing of any specimen of a ToPS species - A person needs authorisation by means of an Ordinary Permit to do any of these activities. A practical example is to destroy a rhino horn, which is seen as “disposing of” and is therefore a restricted activity which can only be done with an Ordinary Permit to do so. The Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs also placed a moratorium on the internal sale of rhino horn between South African citizens, and no issuing authority may issue a permit for the selling of rhino horn.

• Green hunting - Green hunting is a practice whereby a client pays for the opportunity to dart a rhino. This constitutes a restricted activity, as darting has been defined in the ToPS Regulations and there-fore a permit is needed. Green hunts are allowed but only when animals need to be immobilised for management or veterinary purposes, and when a valid permit has been issued. The South African Veterinary Council has raised concerns around the ethical aspects of green hunting, and has placed a prohibition on veterinarians participating in green hunts, effective from 1 July 2010.

“specimen” means-(a) any living or dead animal, plant or other organism;(b) a seed, egg, gamete or propagule or part of an animal, plant or other organism capable of propagation or reproduction or in any way transferring genetic traits;(c) any derivative of any animal, plant or other organism; or(d) any goods which-(i) contain a derivative of an animal, plant or other organism; or(ii) from an accompanying document, from the packaging or mark or label, or from any other indications, appear to be or to contain a derivative of an animal, plant or other organism. Norms and Standards for the marking of rhino horn and hunting of white rhino for trophy hunting purposes – Government Notice R 756 published on 23 February in Government Gazette No 32426. National Moratorium on the domestic trade in rhino horn – Government gazette No 21301, Notice No. 835

6.4.3 Integrated permits (Section 92 of NEMBA)An integrated permit may be issued in the case where carrying out a restricted activity requires a permit issued in terms of both the ToPS Regulations and provincial legislation. The issuing authority may issue such an integrated permit in either the provincial or the ToPS permit formats as long as it is in accordance with the stipulations of Section 92 (3) of NEMBA which determines the following:An integrated permit may be issued only if—(a) the relevant provisions of this Act and that other law have been complied with; and(b) the permit specifies the—(i) provisions in terms of which it has been issued; and(ii) authority or authorities that have issued it.It is important to note that there are no exemptions from any of the provision in the ToPS Regulations and a ToPS permit is therefore always required for a restricted activity.

6.4.4 Applying for permitsAny person may apply for an Ordinary or Standing Permit by lodging an application with the local conservation authority. Appendix C included at the back of the booklet provides a table setting out the various permits required for activities relating to rhino. In addition, Appendix D at the back of the booklet provides contact details for the various permit and district offices.The following diagram illustrates the procedures to be followed when a permit is needed for any of the restricted activities as mentioned in the paragraphs above:

ISSUING AUTHORITYMINISTER - DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS For activities related to • Protected areas• Marine species• Provincial or national departments• Organs of state

ISSUING AUTHORITY

MEC - PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENTFor activities related to

All activities involving non-marine species and to be carried out by persons not specified in adjacent list

APPLICATION FORM

• Ordinary permits• Standing permits• Possession permits• These forms are available and obtainable from

your local conservation authority.

APPLICATION MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY:

• Written consent from landowner if the species concerned is a listed threatened species (critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable)

• Processing fee (Annexure 5) and species fee (determined by issuing authority) if the activity applied for is hunting

• Risk assessment (if required by issuing authority)• If person applying is disabled and relies on that condition – written confirmation from National Council for

Persons with Physical Disabilities in South Africa• Any other information as requested by issuing authority

CONSIDERATION OF APPLICATION

Issuing authority must consider and decide application within 20 working days after receiving the application and will either issue the permit or request additional information if needed or furnish the applicant with written reasons as to why the permit application was unsuccessful.

Figure 2: Permit application flow diagram

(Source: Carrol , T and Boshoff M (2007), Guidelines for the implementation and interpretation of Threatened or Protected Species (ToPS) Regulations, and the issuance of ToPS permits, in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of 2004) (NEMBA).

PERMIT APPLICATION APPEALS FLOW DIAGRAM

LODGING AN APPEAL

An applicant who feels aggrieved by the decision of an issuing authority or a permit holder, whose permit has been cancelled, may lodge with the Minister an appeal against the decision within 30 days after being notified of such decision. The appeal must be submitted to the Director-General of Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism and must:• Set out the grounds for the appeal; and• Attach supporting documentation and the processing fee.

MINISTER MUST

• Consider and decide the appeal; or• Redirect the appeal to the MEC for Environmental Affairs in the relevant province to consider and

decide the appeal; or• Designate a panel of persons to consider and decide the appeal.

PROCESSING OF APPEALS

• The Director-General must acknowledge receipt of the appeal within 14 working days.• If an appeal panel was designated, the panel must consider and decide the appeal within 30 days of

the panel’s designation and inform the Director-General of its decision together with written reasons.

DECISIONS OF APPEALS

• The appeal can be upheld or refused.• Make orders as may be appropriate based on the decision.• If the appeal is upheld against - o A refusal to issue a permit or registration certificate, the Minister or appeal panel may issue the permit or registration certificate unconditionally or subject to conditions; o A condition subject to which the permit or registration certificate was issued, the Minister or appeal panel may amend the condition; o The cancellation or refusal to renew or amend a permit or registration certificate, restore the permit or registration, renew the permit or registration certificate or amend the permit or registration certificate.• When an appeal has been decided, the appellant must be notified, in writing, of the decision within

14 working days of the date the decision was taken.

Figure 3: Permit application appeal flow diagram

(Source: Carrol , T and Boshoff M (2007), Guidelines for the implementation and interpretation of Threatened or Protected Species (ToPS) Regulations, and the issuance of ToPS permits, in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of 2004) (NEMBA).

6.5 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES) AND RHINOSouth Africa is a signatory to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and therefore agrees to comply with the regulations laid down by the CITES Secretariat. CITES is an international agreement to which States (countries) adhere voluntarily. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. States that have agreed to be bound by the Convention are known as Parties. Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties – in other words they are required to implement the Convention – it does not take the place of national laws. Rather it provides a framework to be respected by each Party, which must adopt domestic legislation to ensure that CITES is implemented at the national level. To give effect to this the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs published Regulations9 in terms of NEMBA whereby CITES regulations were formally incorporated into South African legislation.

Widespread information about the endangered status of many prominent species, such as tigers and elephants, might make the need for such a convention seem obvious. But in the 1960s, when the idea for CITES originated, international discussion on the regulation of wildlife trade for conservation purposes was something relatively new. Annually, international wildlife trade is estimated to be worth billions of dollars and includes hundreds of millions of plant and animal specimens. The trade is diverse, ranging from live animals and plants to a vast array of wildlife products derived from them, including food products, exotic leather goods, wooden musical instruments, timber, tourist curios and medicines. The levels of exploitation of some animal and plant species are high and the trade in them, together with other factors, such as habitat loss, is capable of heavily depleting their populations and even bringing some species close to extinction. Many wildlife species being traded are not threatened, but the existence of an agreement to ensure the sustainability of the trade is important in order to safeguard these resources for the future.

9 Government Gazette No 33002- Notice No 173 of March 5 2010. – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES Regulations.

The trade in wild animals and plants crosses international borders, and therefore the effort to regulate it requires international cooperation to safeguard certain species from over-exploitation. CITES was conceived in the spirit of such cooperation. Today, it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 30 000 animal and plant species, whether they are traded as live specimens, fur coats or dried herbs. CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The text of the Convention was finally agreed at a meeting of representatives from 80 countries, in Washington D.C., United States of America, on 3 March 1973, and on 1 July 1975 CITES entered into force.

6.5.1 CITES APPENDICESThe species covered by CITES are listed in three Appendices, according to the degree of protection they need.

• Appendices I and IIAppendix I includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. The Black Rhino is listed under this appendix and may therefore not be traded internationally. However, during the 13th Conference of the Parties (CoP) held in March 2005, a resolution was passed through which South Africa obtained the permission to hunt five Black Rhino bulls per annum for trophies, and that these hunting trophies are to be exported to the hunters’ countries of residence.

• Appendix III This Appendix contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling the trade and is not applicable to South African rhino populations.

6.5.2 PERMITS RELATED TO CITES LISTED ANIMALSA prerequisite for the export of rhino trophies is that the hunt must be proven to have been carried out legally. No illegally acquired trophy shall be exported. It is therefore very important for rhino owners to ensure that foreign nationals hunting rhino on their properties do it in accordance with the law to avoid prosecution of their hunting clients.

A permit is needed to legally export a rhino trophy and in terms of the Norms and Standards, only horns that form part of a hunting trophy may be exported. Rhino horns may not be exported in hand luggage. They must be given to a taxidermist for processing and exported by an export company. All horns must also be microchipped before they leave the property where they were hunted and may never be separat-ed from the rest of the trophy10.

7 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF RHINO HORN STOCKPILES AND RHINO POACHING CRIME SCENES

7.1 RHINO HORN STOCKPILE MANAGEMENTThis section of the booklet is based on the document Rhino horn stockpile management, published in May 2005 by Traffic East/Southern Africa, and the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004.

10 Norms and Standards for the marking of rhino horn and hunting of white rhino for trophy hunting purposes – Government Notice R 756 published on 23 February in Government Gazette No 32426.

7.1.1 Introduction The management of South Africa’s rhino populations by government and private landowners over the past 30 years is globally regarded as very successful and sustainable. During the past few years however, legal hunting of rhino, dehorning, illegal trade of rhino horn and poaching increased drastically and are threatening the sustainable utilisation of this resource. Regulation 70 of the Threatened and Protected Species Regulations (ToPS) drafted in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, Act No 10 of 2004 (NEMBA) provides for the marking and registration of rhino horn. This has been dealt with in more detail in chapter 7 above.

Rhino horn stockpiles in private possession are normally derived from the following sources:• Trophy hunting including sport hunted trophies;• Natural causes such as natural mortalities; or• Management actions such as dehorning.Any person who comes into possession of a rhino horn through any of the above methods must apply immediately in writing to their local provincial environmental authority to have the horns registered, microchipped and permitted. Application forms can be obtained from local provincial environmental offices. In this regard a list of contact details for each province and the DEA is included as Appendix D at the back of this booklet. Also see Figures 2 and 3 above for permit application and appeal procedures.

The environmental official will then obtain the following additional information during an inspection of the horn(s) before microchipping:

• The circumference of the horn at its base;• The inner and outer length of each horn;• The weight of each horn; and• A clear photo of each horn.

The landowner will be provided with a copy of the microchip certificate as proof that the horns have been marked. After completion of microchipping, the inspection officer shall submit a comprehensive report to the relevant permits office indicating, inter alia, the following:

• Particulars of the game farmer;• Game farm name and registration number;• The reason for restricted activity of rhino horns;• Total rhino horns removed and microchipped;• Microchip numbers and description;• Description of safe storage facilities;and / or the• Number of rhino horns destroyed;• Method of destruction;• Old Micro-chip number if applicable.All this information will be registered in a central database at the provincial permits office. After approval by the permits office a permit will be issued and furnished to the rhino horn owner to possess or destroy the horns as applied for. In the event of destruction of horns, the process will be monitored by the environmental authorities.

7.1.2 Storage and security of rhino hornRhino horn stored in private facilities must be stored in secure storage facilities like safes or strong-rooms to prevent theft. To ensure the longevity of the horns they should be stored in a cool dry environment off the floor to prevent infestation by insects and dampness. Insect control can be achieved by using an appropriate registered chemical product. Regular inspections shall be done by the provincial

environmental authority to ascertain whether the horns are still in the permit holder’s possession. The access key to the safe or strong-room should be controlled by the landowner or dedicated manager or permit holder.

If a rhino horn owner wants to destroy such rhino horn(s), he/she must apply for a ToPS Ordinary Permit for the destruction of the horns (see chapter 6 figures 2 and 3 for application guidelines). In cases where a rhino horn owner has decided to dehorn his/her rhino for security purposes, a ToPS Ordinary Permit needs to be obtained from the provincial authorities. A member of the provincial conservation authority must be present during destruction of the rhino horns and the rhino owner is responsible for making arrangements to this effect. All pieces of rhino horn must be microchipped and permits must be obtained in accordance with Chapter 6 above.

7.1.3 Stockpile register held by the rhino ownerThe implementation of a rhino horn register by rhino horn owners is recommended, to ensure accurate auditable information. This, and the permits for the horns in possession of the owner, should be kept safely together. This is especially recommended for larger horn stockpiles. The permits and registry should preferably not be kept in the same location as the horns themselves, but must be kept in such a manner that an unauthorised person cannot gain access to them. The register should as a minimum contain the following columns and fields:• Farm name and registration number;• Name of the landowner;• Entry number;

• Date of entry;• Locality;• Method - Dehorning/Pick up/Natural mortality/ Other;• Permit details – Permit No/Microchip No/Other marking;• Horn description - Front ,back or unknown;• Weight;• Outside length;• Basal circumference; and• Date and particulars of official marking and or inspecting the stockpile.

7.2 RHINO CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT

7.2.1 IntroductionRhino poaching is no longer only prevalent in provincial or national parks, but is taking place anywhere rhinos are found. Any person in the field could discover a crime scene involving rhino (or other wildlife) in the field at any time, and all field personnel should be familiar with a few basic rules about what to do in such an eventuality. In the interest of justice it is imperative that rhino owners give basic training to all personnel on the property to ensure that crime scenes involving rhino (or other wildlife) are handled in accordance with Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). This will help the investigating authorities to maximise their ability to get the perpetrators of the crime to court and prosecuted successfully.What the SOPs are intended to achieve:The following actions are generic to every suspected rhino crime scene. The implementation of these actions will:• provide for the best possible protection of the crime scene (and thus more likely detection of

possible clues for investigators); and • enable the provision of all the necessary initial information required by the officials who will attend

to the scene in detail.

What the SOP is not:The list of actions is not intended to be exhaustive or to turn the person carrying out these actions into an instant crime scene expert. However, a suspected crime scene should be approached in a systematic way, whether by a novice or an expert, so as not to destroy evidence and preserve its integrity.

Why the crime scene needs to be approached with care:The basic purpose of crime scene investigation is to collect evidence to prove the participation of an accused in a crime. The collection of such evidence involves a systematic search for and appropriate identification of information, objects or people as:

• clues;• exhibits; or • witnesses or suspects associated with the crime.

Clues or evidence which is damaged or destroyed can never be replaced. A court can only base its findings on proof beyond a reasonable doubt, and cannot reconstruct a true picture of events as they occurred from defective evidence. It is therefore essential for the first person who arrives at the scene of the crime to secure the area to prevent the loss of clues or exhibits.

7.2.2 How to preserve a suspected crime scene The following principles should at all times be adhered to when a possible crime scene has been detected no matter how old it seems to be:

• The person who arrives at the scene must take control through orderly, objective and rational conduct.

• All unauthorised persons/inquisitive onlookers/bystanders/family members must be kept away from the scene. They can destroy valuable evidence and prevent successful prosecution of the criminal.

• The area should be secured and nothing should be handled, moved or removed until the appropriate official has arrived at the scene to begin the investigation.

• The scene should be preserved in its original state for further investigation thereof.

In essence this means that the person is trying to establish:• if the animal died of unnatural causes; and/or • if the horns have been taken.

The answer to these two questions will indicate if a crime has been committed and what further drills to implement.

7.2.3 How to approach a rhino carcass• A maximum of two people should approach the scene in single file.• Tread carefully so as not to destroy possible evidence.• Approach the scene only as close as is necessary to determine the situation.• Try and establish whether the rhino was shot and if the horns remain on the carcass.• Mark your approach route and leave by the same route.• Do not touch anything which you may find at or near the scene.

• Leave two persons to guard the scene from a distance.• Contact your supervisor as soon as possible and get further instructions from him.• On instruction from the supervisor, the person or patrol who finds the crime scene can walk in a

circle, at a distance of at least 50 m around the crime scene in order to establish the approach and departure routes of the perpetrators.

Exhibits found along the way should not be touched

• The perpetrators’ point of entry and exit to the property and their approach and departure routes are considered part of the crime scene and clear footprints of the perpetrators should be covered with suitable “spoor boxes” or similar items which can cover and protect them from being destroyed by people or the weather.

• Be sure not to step onto any visible footprints.• Make notes on all observations immediately and take photos of the scene from a distance only. • Do not begin your own inspection of the scene.

Observations to include in the initial report to the supervisor

• Are there still perpetrators at the scene?• Has an animal been killed?• Have the horns been removed?• How old is the carcass?• In which direction did the perpetrators leave the scene? • Where is the crime scene?• When did you find the scene?

7.2.4 What to do when a crime is in progressIf the patrol happens to stumble upon a crime in progress, it is very important to pause for long enough to make accurate observations about the activities of the individuals at the scene. These observations may only take seconds, but will be of critical importance should an arrest be made. Keep your safety and that of your patrol in mind at all times while you make observations and in making your decision as to what to do next.

Every attempt should then be made to arrest the perpetrators with minimum force at the scene, or give chase should they flee the scene. If there is any danger for the patrol, especially if the perpetrators are armed and the patrol is unarmed and not trained, patrol members should not attempt to affect an arrest but should rather retract from the scene and notify the supervisor of the situation so that he can get the SAPS and the conservation authority to assist in follow-up and arrest.

Should an exhibit be noticed along the way in the pursuit of the perpetrators and this item cannot be guarded or reasonably safely left to be collected later, for example a firearm, then the position must be marked, the firearm made safe and removed by one of the patrol members. This will result in a reduction of the evidential value of the item. The best practice is not to touch anything at the scene, not even a firearm.

7.2.5 What to do when a staff member has shot a suspectIn the event that a staff member has shot a suspect, the following steps should be followed immediately:• The SAPS should immediately be notified of the incident and called to the scene as soon as possible.• The scene should not be tampered with in any way. This provides vital evidence of the events and

may be crucial to the staff member’s defence.

• In the event of a staff member being arrested, the farm owner or manager should accompany the staff member to the police station and arrange for release on bail or warning.

• Seek legal advice immediately.• Provide spiritual and/or psychological support to the person who shot the poacher to alleviate

trauma.

It is essential that your legal representative be advised of the incident immediately in order to:

• Assist with making a statement to the SAPS.• Notify insurers in anticipation of a possible claim.• Arrange for representation for the staff member at a formal bail hearing or formal inquest should

this be necessary.

If injuries have been sustained in a possible fire-fight for example, first aid should be given to the injured persons on site and assistance called as soon as possible. In the case of serious injury where the person has to be moved from where he was injured, mark the place by drawing around the person with a stick on the ground.

7.2.6 What to do if an arrest is made at or near the scene• In the event of an arrest being made, remove the alleged perpetrator from the scene immediately,

leaving two people behind to guard the scene. • If the person is arrested away from the scene, do not bring him back to the scene. • If more than one person is arrested, keep them apart from each other and do not allow

communication between them. • It is also important that the people guarding the arrested perpetrators do not discuss the crime

scene with or near, any of the arrested persons. • Call law enforcement officials as soon as possible.

Please see Appendix B at the back of the booklet for an easy to use breakdown of the recommended steps to be taken when a crime scene is detected. Appendix B can be duplicated and a copy to all relevant staff for ease of reference/use.

7.2.7 Official investigation at the crime sceneThis can only be done by a police official or an Environmental Management Inspector (EMI) and in accordance with standard operating procedures as set out by the authorities. It is critically important that landowners, managers and or any employees on the property where the crime was committed do not attempt to do their own investigations on the crime scene other than the preliminary observations described above. Investigating a crime scene is about collecting all the available evidence in such a manner that the integrity of the exhibit is not compromised so that it can be presented to a court of law with the aim of convicting suspects linked to the crime scene. Any contamination of evidence can result in an unsuccessful outcome in subsequent criminal proceedings.

Any tampering with the evidence for whatever reason can be construed as obstruction of justice and can lead to criminal prosecution of the person found tampering.

It is in the interest of the landowner that this process is adhered to in the strictest manner. Uncontaminated evidence can lead to the successful conviction of the perpetrators and might also afford the landowner an opportunity to take civil action against those who were convicted to recover the cost of his losses.

8 STRENGTHENING THE SECURITY OF RHINO THROUGH PROACTIVE PREVENTION METHODS

8.1 INTRODUCTION

“Security” can be defined as:• Freedom from risk or danger; safety.• Freedom from doubt, anxiety, or fear; confidence.• The condition of being protected against danger or loss.• Measures adopted, as by a business, landowner or homeowner, to prevent a crime such as

burglary “poaching” or assault.

Every rhino owner, whether state or private, has to take responsibility for the security and protection of their rhino. The state also has a further responsibility to enforce the laws of the land including environmental laws.

One of the security principles in nature itself is “security in numbers” and we should learn from that. Previous investigations have shown that where landowners consolidated their efforts, there was less crime/poaching, etc. This supports an approach of collaboration and good communication between neighbours as a way to safeguard each individual’s assets. You need support from others close to you and also not so close to you. Through good communication, intelligence can be gathered which will afford you the power of decision and to be proactive against any onslaught towards you or your assets. Good

examples of such successful security communities can be found in neighbourhood watches in major cities, towns and rural areas of our country.

8.2 PRINCIPLES OF SECURITY

Strengthening security of rhino populations should be based on two things namely:• Maximising the risk to poachers; and• Minimising their potential rewards.

For the rhino owner, the emphasis is on maximising the risk to the poacher in attempting to approach his/her animals. Make your farm as difficult a target as possible.

Maximising the risk is simply to stop incidents from happening on your property by employing any number of activities necessary to detect incursions and to stop poachers before they do the damage. The measure of success would be the absence or reduction in the number of poaching incidents.

Minimising the potential rewards includes activities like rhino dehorning, moving rhino to more controllable and safer areas, higher penalties for criminal activities relating to rhino, disruptive tactics and raising awareness amongst local communities to eventually deplore rhino poaching. Some of these activities, such as dehorning, are costly and are also no guarantee for success on their own. It is recommended that conventional security is employed in conjunction with these methods. Some of the methods mentioned may not be relevant for each individual’s circumstances.

8.3 THREAT ANALYSIS

BusinessDictionary.com11 defines threat analysis as “systematic detection, identification, and evaluation of areas or spots of vulnerability of a facility, operation, or system.” Doing a threat analysis for your game farm is a proactive way of approaching the rhino poaching problem which can also illuminate threats against you and your family, staff and other assets.

In the field of security, reducing risk is the key goal. Risk is defined by the BusinessDirectory.com as “probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss, or other negative occurrence, caused by external or internal vulnerabilities, and which may be neutralised through pre-mediated action.“ The secret of success lies in the word pre-meditated action which is nothing other than a threat analysis in practice.

Three elements need to be present to constitute a risk. There needs to be an asset, vulnerability, and a threat. If all three are present you are at risk to experience a crime. Crime can happen when you have a suitable target (asset) = your rhino or rhino horn stockpile, Absence of a capable guardian (Vulnerability) = Anti poaching team or rhino monitors and a likely offender (Threat) = poacher entering your property. The diagram below illustrates the similarity between the risk scenario and the crime scenario. The only way to minimise or eliminate possible crime lies in eliminating your vulnerabilities.

11 http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/threat-analysis.html

Figure 4: Source: Vellani, Karim H. (2010) Crime Analysis for Problem Solving Security Professionals in 25 Small Steps.

The execution of a poaching operation consists of three phases, (i) intelligence gathering, (ii) reconnaissance, and (iii) execution of the plan. If the threat can be detected during the first two phases of the operation, proactive measures can be deployed to foil the threat or to arrest poachers before they do damage. The poachers will therefore look for opportunities in the first two phases of their operation planning to target your farm. The most important aspect for landowners is to do a thorough threat analysis of their properties in order to determine the real-time and perceived threats against their assets but also themselves, their family members and their personnel.

It is beyond the scope of this booklet to provide a comprehensive guideline for a threat analysis, but in the section below, we outline some of the criteria to consider. The best practice would be to contract a specialist to do such analysis. This is a very important step towards effective security and will lay the foundation of every counter measure you will need to employ in order to mitigate the threats effectively. Any effort or money spared here may be very costly in the longer term. a. Size of the propertyThe size of your property will determine how effective you can be in your patrolling and observation of activities on your farm. The bigger the farm the more difficult and costly it will be for you to patrol or monitor all activities on your property. The ideal situation is to dominate the terrain by adequate patrolling but also to know your farm very well so that you know where possible hideouts may be, or where inaccessible terrain is which may aid poaching gangs. Gangs often stay on properties overnight while poaching.

b. Farm borders along public roadsAny road bordering your farm should be seen as an opportunity for poaching gangs to gain quick access to the farm. This also provides an opportunity for a quick getaway by vehicle. The gangs use technology extensively and will therefore have good communication enabling them to get assistance from outside the farm when needed. These borders should be priority focus areas for anti-poaching on any farm.

c. Difficult terrainDifficult terrain will make it difficult for management of security on properties and will serve as hideouts for poachers. These areas should be known by landowners or managers and should be included in their anti-poaching strategies. These areas should be monitored regularly for suspicious activities.

d. Water points and feeding spotsThese are the places where many rhinos have been shot on private properties. When rhinos and other game congregate to be fed during droughts and winter times they are particularly vulnerable.

Asset

Threat Vulnerability

RiskLikely

OffenderAbsence of a Capable Guardian

Suitable Target

Crime

Owners and managers must be aware of the dangers around this, especially with the current use of helicopters in poaching. It is easy to see well and far from the air and to take a GPS reading to later guide poachers to these vulnerable areas. Water points and feeding spots should therefore be positioned with due consideration of terrain and access from the perimeter fences and roads. They should be thoroughly monitored for suspicious activities on a daily basis.

e. StaffStaff members are often used by poachers to get first hand intelligence on rhino populations, and may even be offered sums of money in excess of their monthly salaries as payment for assistance. Debriefings of arrested poachers revealed this as their modus operandi and this threat should therefore be taken very seriously. Owners and managers should do everything in their power to keep their staff loyal to them rather than the poachers. This can include reward systems for proven information. A good rule of thumb is to never accommodate your anti poaching staff together with your general work force.

f. Location of the propertyThe location of your property will determine the threat against your property. If you are in a remote area and not readily accessible from public roads the threat will be less, but never should it be regarded as non-existent. Your anti-poaching activities should be on par with the threats against you at all times and will differ from place to place.

g. Lack of or inadequate communication systemsCommunication between landowners or managers and other staff is of critical importance. When there is cellphone coverage it will aid your operation but also that of the poaching gang. Good communication between key people or components on a farm is crucial in successful early detection and proactive anti-poaching measures. Know where your cellphone reception coverage is on your property and where not. This will help you when there is any crisis on the property which depends on communication to solve. The best communication however is radio communication, which should cover you whole farm to ensure that the patrollers are in contact with management all the time.

8.4 SECURITY PLAN

Every landowner or manager should develop a security plan based on the unique circumstances of his or her property and the results of the threat analysis. The objectives of such security plan are:• To provide guidelines to assist landowners to address the security threats to their properties.• To identify law-enforcement staff training and equipment needs.• Provide for intelligence gathering and sharing for private landowners.• To ensure quick and efficient responses to poaching incidents, and• To pre-plan for successful prevention, detection, investigation and prosecutions of priority wildlife

(and other) species crimes.

8.4.1 Operations roomAn operational room is simply a room or corner in your office or house from where you can coordinate your security plan. When a crisis happens one needs to know where to get all relevant information to execute the security plan. An incident may even happen while you are on vacation or away from your office and therefore the operational (“Ops”) room should be equipped to provide ready access to all the information an individual unfamiliar with your property will need to respond efficiently “in the heat of the moment”.

The Ops room should:• Be secure. The sensitivity and confidentially of the information within the Ops room requires secrecy.• While secure, it should be easily locatable so that support services can find you – consider signage

and/or staff designated to guide people to you in an emergency.• Have functional communication equipment such as radios, telephones and cellphone signals.• Have an Ops map. • Have your security plan clearly displayed.• Have a writing surface, pens and suitable paper for recording vital information as it becomes

available.

8.4.2 Operations map Rhino owners should have a map in their Ops room containing spatial and topographic information for quick reference in times of need. The following should as a minimum be indicated on the map and GPS coordinates should be included for each item where applicable.• Access and possible escape routes onto and off the property.• Helicopter landing pads and all suitable open spots where a helicopter can land. • Water points, habitat, home ranges, grazing and other areas where priority species congregate.• Vantage points, “cover” and areas from which poachers may undertake surveillance of your

property/priority species.Location of farm and staff housing.Roads, paths and managing the movement of staff, friends and visitors.Social and congregation areas (shops, recreational areas, bus/taxi stops and routes etc. on and/or close to your property).Neighboring properties, contact details of owners, managers and occupants.Sensitive information provided by informers regarding personalities who may become suspects in your vicinity.Positions (GPS if possible) of old, recent and fresh carcasses.All cellphone contact points on the farm.

This information should be accumulated on the map to provide an overall picture of the state of threat and planned response.

8.4.3 Guard training and patrolsPrevention and the early detection of poaching and all other crime on the property should be the function of a well trained and motivated team of guards. Sufficient emphasis cannot be placed on this point. A single herd of White Rhino has a financial value of many hundreds of thousands of rand while they also represent significant revenue potential alive. In light of this, some expenditure on a guard force to protect your investment is justified. If these costs are prohibitive, landowners should consider forming a conservancy with neighbouring property owners to share these costs. All guards must be security vetted before employment.

For patrolling to be an effective deterrent against rhino poaching a ratio of one well-trained and adequately equipped person per 10 km² should serve as a minimum guideline. This is especially prescribed for smaller properties where a high threat is experienced and where poaching is often carried out in a hit and run fashion. These individuals should at least be on patrol or undertake other rhino protection duties in the field per month and should preferably not associate with the rest of the farms labour force. It is also preferable that they do not share accommodation with other staff so as to illuminate chances that their strategy becomes known to other staff that may be approached and paid by poachers for info.

It is imperative that the patrol strategy remains a secret at all times and it should be the responsibility of the patrol manager to determine the patrolling strategy in such a way that it is never predictable. The element of surprise can be maintained by varying days, times and methods of patrolling the peripher-al fences as well as the whole of the farm on a regular basis. Every patrol or other activity carried out

by the anti-poaching team should end in a comprehensive debrief on the results of the activities and must be documented as part of intelligence gathering. Tactics should also include manning overt and covert observation posts from strategic positions on the farm. This would be determined by the lay of the land and should be informed by the results of the threat analysis. It is also very important to ensure diligence in patrolling. The movements and effectiveness of these individuals can be monitored by widely available GPS technology. Effective communication between the guards and management is also an absolute necessity to ensure rapid response to threats as they happen. To allow all of the above to function properly managers should develop a contingency plan for their farms based on the results of the threat analysis.

A second and less expensive method of deterring poaching on small properties with small populations of rhino is to have a vetted employee or two trained as a rhino monitor. These monitors are trained to follow rhino without disturbing them and also to look out for sign of any incursions by unauthorised persons. These monitors can also play an important role in gathering data on the movements of rhinos and their habits on a daily basis, which can inform management decisions from time to time. The chance that these monitors will pick up incursions before a rhino is killed is high and there are many examples of such successes in areas of the country already.

8.4.4 EquipmentProperly equipped and clothed guards are in themselves a very real deterrent to poachers who will often move on to “softer targets”. Equipment, include items such as:• First aid. • Torches. • Basic tools like pliers and spare pieces of wire.• Firearms required to effectively respond to an incident.• Radios and cellphones to ensure that guards are able to report incidents immediately when they are

detected, call for support and obtain direction on how to deal with incidents. • GPS’s are very affordable these days and can precisely locate the position of the incident for police,

emergency and support persons and aircraft that are not familiar with your property. • At least one pair of binoculars per patrol.• Night sight equipment for observation during the night time (optional due to cost). • At least 200 meters of plastic barrier tape.• Cold and wet weather gear.• Water bottles.• Small day ration pack.

These should be acquired and appropriate training in their use should be provided to staff.

8.4.5 Information and intelligence gatheringIt is important to remember that a poaching operation consists of three phases, (i) information and intelligence gathering, (ii) reconnaissance, and (iii) execution of the plan. If the threat can be detected during the first two phases of the operation proactive measures can be deployed to foil the threat or to arrest the poacher before they do damage. This can only be achieved if landowners initiate their own intelligence gathering networks in and around their properties. Some activities which a landowner can use to get intelligence are:

• Field ranger or guard patrols. These patrols gather vital field information and intelligence which a manager needs to plan patrol activities. This includes rhino activities, midden activity, waterhole status, mud wallows, suspect spoor, anti tracking conditions, scavenger activities, cellphone contact points, fences, suspicious vehicle movements, and many other activities.

• Ensuring that the whole rhino population is DNA-profiled in order to assist enforcement agencies to link suspects after poaching incidents have happened.

• Collecting field data regarding rhino distribution, behaviour and population dynamics from surveillance by scouts, researchers, owners, tourism and hunting operators into a database.

• Collecting data on any and all security breaches, and recording the date, time, lunar phase, number of suspects, method used, location of entry and exit points by taking GPS coordinates, take photos of tracks and other evidence and complete an incident register.

• Developing and maintaining good labour relations with staff, as they are often the best access to reliable information.

• Maintaining a comprehensive database of all personnel and contractors currently and previously employed on the farm. Red tag all dismissals and suspicious individuals.

• Security vetting of all staff before appointments are made.• Acquiring a database which includes photographs of all known criminals in your area, especially

those using firearms in the immediate area.• Identifying potential drop-off and pick-up points on access roads that can be monitored.• Exercising access control at all entrance gates.• Introducing personnel card systems.• Developing your own informer reward system, being careful to only pay for proven information.• Identifying potential drop-off and pick-up points and cellphone contact points. These are in most

cases the same place. The cellphones need to operate for a pick up. The cellphone contact points have in many cases proven to also be observation posts where poachers sit and observe rhino, report to the backup and then shoot. Even in areas where cellphones operate everywhere, there is a tendency to wait for pick-up at a vantage point to observe security activity. This point might even be outside the rhino owner’s property on a neighbouring property. Good neighbour relations are therefore very important.

8.4.6 CommunicationsCommunications is where many security plans either succeed or fail. It is therefore very handy to have all relevant telephone numbers at hand and available in the event of a crisis situation to enable you to set your security plan into motion. A good practice is to keep a copy of this booklet in your vehicle or briefcase wherever you go and fill in the section at the back of the booklet with your own emergency numbers.

10 REFERENCESCarrol, T and Boshoff, M (2007). Guidelines for the implementation and interpretation of Threatened or Protected Species (ToPS) Regulations, and the issuance of ToPS permits, in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of 2004) (NEMBA).

CITES Secretariat, http://www.cites.org/.

du Toit, R. (ed.), Guidelines for Implementing SADC Rhino Conservation Strategies. SADC Regional Programme for Rhino Conservation, Harare (Zimbabwe), 2006.

Emslie, R. and Brooks, M. (1999) African Rhino. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 92 pp.

IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group 2008. Diceros bicornis ssp. bicornis. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. www.iucnredlist.org.

IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group 2008. Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. www.iucnredlist.org.

IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group 2008. Diceros bicornis ssp. michaeli. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. www.iucnredlist.org.

IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group 2008. Diceros bicornis ssp. minor. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. www.iucnredlist.org.

IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group 2008. Ceratotherium simum ssp. cottoni. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. www.iucnredlist.org.

IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group 2008. Ceratotherium simum ssp. simum. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. www.iucnredlist.org.

Milledge, S. (2005). Rhino Horn Stockpile Management: Minimum standards and best practices from east and southern Africa. TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa.

Vellani, Karim H. (2010) “Crime Analysis for Problem Solving Security Professionals in 25 Small Steps.” Karim H. Vellani. [Center for Problem Oriented Policing www.popcenter.org].

Scene of Crime - Investigation techniques and procedures for the successful investigation of rhino related crimes” Potter RB and Evans WW, unpublished SADC Rhino Program training course notes 2011.

Conway, T. Rhino Security and Management for Private Land-Owners. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife.

Reyneke, C and Jones, P. Security techniques and procedures for private nature reserves with specific reference to rhino protection.

White and Black Rhino fact sheets and other relevant information. www.savingrhinos.org.

11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSDr Ian Player for writing the foreword

Faan Coetzee for pulling together all the information contained in this booklet

Jack Greeff for reviewing the security section of the booklet

The Department of Environmental Affairs for the use of their NEMBA Implementation guidelines for the Threatened or Protected Species (ToPS) Regulations

Pelham Jones for his support and comments on the booklet in general and the security section in particular

Rod Potter for supplying the Standard Operating Procedures on crime scene management and drafting the section on crime scene management

Raoul du Toit for contributions on rhino dehorning as a deterrent to rhino poaching

Rynette Coetzee for providing the contact details for the various permit and district offices contained in Appendix D as well as updating the information in the booklet

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12 APPENDICES12.1 APPENDIX A National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 - Comparative list of ToPS listing compared to the various provincial listings of rhino

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ust b

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gist

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and

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licati

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ade

for

poss

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le p

roof

of t

he

lega

l acq

uisiti

on o

f the

hor

ns

(pos

sess

ion

perm

its, m

icro

chi

p nu

m-

bers

)

ToPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit.

Activ

ity: D

estr

oyin

g En

viro

nmen

tal o

ffice

r be

pres

ent w

hen

dest

royi

ng h

orns

6

Mov

emen

t of h

orns

Moti

vatio

n / m

anag

emen

t pro

posa

l fo

r the

m

ovem

ent m

ust a

ccom

pany

ToPS

app

licati

onAp

plic

ation

(ToP

S) to

Env

ironm

enta

l au

thor

ity w

ith a

pplic

able

pro

of o

f the

le

gal a

cqui

sition

of t

he h

orns

( p

osse

ssio

n pe

rmits

)

ToPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit.

Rest

ricte

d Ac

tivity

: Tra

nspo

rt /

Conv

ey

12.2 APPENDIX B

ACTI

ON

STEP

S BY

LAN

DOW

NER

/MAN

AGER

PERM

IT A

PPLI

CATI

ON

AN

D DO

CUM

ENTA

TIO

NPE

RMIT

S RE

QU

IRED

7Sa

le o

f hor

ns

Nati

onal

Mor

ator

ium

in p

lace

N

ation

al M

orat

oriu

m in

pla

ce

Will

not

be

cons

ider

ed

8

Hunti

ng o

f a w

hite

rhin

o.

Appl

y fo

r a p

erm

it to

hun

t in

the

nam

e of

the

hunt

er

to y

our l

ocal

con

serv

ation

aut

horit

y.

Land

owne

r mus

t noti

fy th

e co

nser

vatio

n au

thor

ity

of th

e hu

nt d

ate.

The

hun

t mus

t be

mon

itore

d by

an

offici

al o

f the

con

serv

ation

aut

horit

y.

Supp

ly c

opie

s of t

he h

unte

r’s p

assp

ort

or ID

doc

umen

t as w

ell a

s the

hun

ting

right

s for

the

hunt

.In

tern

ation

al c

lient

s mus

t fur

nish

:•

Proo

f of m

embe

rshi

p of

a h

untin

g as

soci

ation

in th

e co

untr

y of

usu

al

resid

ence

of t

he h

untin

g cl

ient

;•

A cu

rric

ulum

vita

e in

dica

ting

his/

her h

untin

g ex

perie

nce

in h

is/he

r co

untr

y of

usu

al re

siden

ce; o

r•

Proo

f of p

revi

ous e

xper

ienc

e in

th

e hu

nting

of A

fric

an sp

ecie

s; a

nd•

A co

py o

f the

hun

ting

clie

nt’s

pass

port

.

ToPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit.

Rest

ricte

d ac

tivity

: Hun

ting

of a

pro

tect

ed sp

ecie

s.

9

Hunti

ng o

f a b

lack

rhin

o

Prio

r app

licati

on m

ust b

e m

ade

to th

e co

nser

vatio

n au

thor

ity to

obt

ain

a hu

nting

righ

t to

mar

ket a

bla

ck

rhin

o hu

nt.

Land

owne

r mus

t noti

fy th

e co

nser

vatio

n au

thor

ity

of th

e hu

nt d

ate.

The

hun

t mus

t be

mon

itore

d by

an

offici

al o

f the

con

serv

ation

aut

horit

y.

Land

owne

r m

ust s

uppl

y re

leva

nt d

ocum

enta

tion

as

requ

ired

from

tim

e to

tim

e by

the

prov

inci

al

cons

erva

tion

auth

ority

in li

ne w

ith C

ITES

regu

latio

ns

pert

aini

ng to

the

hunti

ng o

f Bla

ck R

hino

in S

outh

Af

rica.

Obt

ain

prio

r writt

en a

ppro

val t

o be

abl

e to

hun

t a b

lack

rhin

o bu

ll.

Inte

rnati

onal

clie

nts m

ust f

urni

sh:

• Pr

oof o

f mem

bers

hip

of a

hun

ting

asso

ciati

on in

the

coun

try

of u

sual

re

siden

ce o

f the

hun

ting

clie

nt;

• A

curr

icul

um v

itae

indi

catin

g hi

s/he

r hun

ting

expe

rienc

e in

his/

her

coun

try

of u

sual

resid

ence

; or

• Pr

oof o

f pre

viou

s exp

erie

nce

in

the

hunti

ng o

f Afr

ican

spec

ies;

and

A co

py o

f the

hun

ting

clie

nt’s

pass

port

.

ToPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit.

Rest

ricte

d ac

tivity

: Hun

ting

of a

Spe

cial

ly P

rote

cted

Sp

ecie

s.

10

Expo

rt o

f spo

rt h

unte

d rh

ino

trop

hies

Appl

y fo

r a p

erm

it to

exp

ort t

he tr

ophy

with

the

prov

inci

al c

onse

rvati

on a

utho

rity.

Supp

ly a

ll do

cum

enta

tion

i.e. H

untin

g pe

rmits

, tra

nsfe

r of h

untin

g rig

hts,

w

ritten

per

miss

ions

from

land

owne

rs,

mic

ro c

hip

certi

ficat

es c

opie

s, a

nd a

co

py o

f the

CIT

ES im

port

per

mit

from

th

e hu

nting

clie

nts c

ount

ry o

f res

iden

ce

CITE

S M

anag

emen

t Aut

horit

y, t

o th

e co

nser

vatio

n au

thor

ity to

geth

er w

ith th

e ap

plic

ation

form

s

ToPS

Ord

inar

y ex

port

per

mit,

as w

ell a

s a C

ITES

ex

port

per

mit

ACTI

ON

STEP

S BY

LAN

DOW

NER

/MAN

AGER

PERM

IT A

PPLI

CATI

ON

AN

D DO

CUM

ENTA

TIO

NPE

RMIT

S RE

QU

IRED

11

Capt

ure

of a

rhin

o

Appl

y fo

r a p

erm

it to

cap

ture

rhin

o fr

om th

e pr

ovin

cial

con

serv

ation

aut

horit

y.Su

pply

the

nam

e of

the

pers

on w

ho

will

cap

ture

the

rhin

o (N

orm

ally

the

Vete

rinar

ian)

ToPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit.

Rest

ricte

d Ac

tivity

: Cat

chin

g of

a th

reat

ened

or

prot

ecte

d sp

ecie

s

12

Conv

eyan

ce o

f rhi

no

Appl

y fo

r a p

erm

it to

con

veya

nce

rhin

o fr

om th

e pr

ovin

cial

con

serv

ation

aut

horit

y. T

his a

ctivi

ty c

an

go h

and

in h

and

with

cap

turin

g an

d a

perm

it ca

n be

ap

plie

d fo

r bot

h ac

tiviti

es in

one

go.

Supp

ly th

e na

me

and

pers

onal

det

ails

of

the

pers

on w

ho w

ill c

aptu

re th

e rh

ino

(nor

mal

ly th

e ve

terin

aria

n)

ToPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit.

Rest

ricte

d Ac

tivity

: Con

veya

nce

of a

thre

aten

ed o

r pr

otec

ted

spec

ies

13

Impo

rt o

f a li

ve rh

ino

Appl

y fo

r a p

erm

it to

impo

rt rh

ino

from

the

prov

inci

al

cons

erva

tion

auth

ority

. (Th

is pe

rmit

will

also

incl

ude

conv

eyan

ce o

f the

ani

mal

)

Supp

ly th

e na

me

of th

e pe

rson

who

w

ill im

port

the

rhin

o (N

orm

ally

the

Vete

rinar

ian)

ToPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit.

Rest

ricte

d Ac

tivity

: Im

porti

ng a

nd c

onve

yanc

e of

a

thre

aten

ed o

r pro

tect

ed sp

ecie

s

14

Expo

rt o

f liv

e rh

ino

Appl

y fo

r a p

erm

it to

exp

ort r

hino

from

the

prov

inci

al

cons

erva

tion

auth

ority

. (Th

is pe

rmit

will

also

incl

ude

conv

eyan

ce o

f the

ani

mal

)

Supp

ly a

ll de

tails

of t

he o

rigin

and

the

desti

natio

n of

the

rhin

o.

For i

nter

natio

nal e

xpor

ts a

CIT

ES im

port

pe

rmit

is al

so re

quire

d fr

om th

e co

untr

y of

des

tinati

on.

TOPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit.

Rest

ricte

d ac

tivity

: Exp

ort o

f liv

e th

reat

ened

or

prot

ecte

d sp

ecie

s to

a fo

reig

n co

untr

y

15Se

lling

or b

uyin

g a

live

rhin

o

Appl

y fo

r a p

erm

it to

buy

/sel

l a li

ve rh

ino

Supp

ly th

e na

me

of th

e pe

rson

selli

ng

the

rhin

o. S

uppl

y th

e na

me

of th

e pe

rson

bu

ying

the

rhin

o

ToPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit.

Rest

ricte

d ac

tivity

: Tra

ding

in a

live

thre

aten

ed o

r pr

otec

ted

spec

ies

16

Keep

ing

in c

aptiv

ity o

f rh

ino.

Appl

y to

the

prov

inci

al c

onse

rvati

on a

utho

rity

for a

pe

rmit

to k

eep

a rh

ino

in c

aptiv

ity.

Furn

ish th

e pr

ovin

cial

con

serv

ation

au

thor

ity w

ith re

ason

s for

kee

ping

the

anim

al in

cap

tivity

.

If, fo

r vet

erin

ary

reas

ons a

repo

rt fr

om

the

vet i

s nee

ded.

ToPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit.

Rest

ricte

d ac

tivity

: Kee

ping

in c

aptiv

ity o

f liv

e th

reat

ened

or p

rote

cted

spec

ies.

17

Mar

king

of l

ive

rhin

o

Appl

y to

the

prov

inci

al c

onse

rvati

on a

utho

rity

to

mic

ro-c

hip

all l

ive

rhin

os n

ot p

revi

ously

mar

ked

or

whe

re th

e m

icro

-chi

p is

no lo

nger

det

ecta

ble

– us

ually

re

quire

d w

hen

selli

ng a

nd tr

ansp

ortin

g rh

inos

.

18

Mar

king

of r

hino

hor

n

Appl

y to

pro

vinc

ial c

onse

rvati

on a

utho

rity

to m

ark

rhin

o ho

rn a

nd fo

r a p

erm

it to

pos

sess

loos

e rh

ino

horn

s

Furn

ish th

e pr

ovin

cial

con

serv

ation

au

thor

ity w

ith in

form

ation

on

orig

in o

f ho

rns

ToPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit

Rest

ricte

d ac

tivity

: Pos

sess

par

t of t

hrea

tene

d or

pr

otec

ted

spec

ies

ACTI

ON

STEP

S BY

LAN

DOW

NER

/MAN

AGER

PERM

IT A

PPLI

CATI

ON

AN

D DO

CUM

ENTA

TIO

NPE

RMIT

S RE

QU

IRED

19

Colle

cting

DN

A fr

om rh

ino

horn

s and

rhin

os

Appl

y to

pro

vinc

ial c

onse

rvati

on a

utho

rity

to c

olle

ct

DNA

from

hor

ns a

nd li

ve rh

ino

durin

g ch

emic

al

capt

ure

of rh

ino

Furn

ish th

e pr

ovin

cial

con

serv

ation

au

thor

ity w

ith in

form

ation

on

the

reas

on

for c

hem

ical

cap

ture

of r

hino

.If

for v

eter

inar

y re

ason

s a re

port

from

th

e ve

t is n

eede

d.

ToPS

Ord

inar

y Pe

rmit

Rest

ricte

d ac

tivity

: Cat

chin

g an

d po

sses

sing

or

havi

ng p

hysic

al c

ontr

ol o

ver o

f a th

reat

ened

or

prot

ecte

d sp

ecie

s

20Gr

een

hunti

ngIm

port

ant n

ote:

The

Ve

terin

ary

Coun

cil h

as

bann

ed th

e ac

tivity

of

gree

n hu

nting

and

ther

e-fo

re it

is p

rohi

bite

d fo

r any

ve

terin

aria

n to

take

par

t in

a gr

een

hunt

.

Appl

y fo

r a p

erm

it to

cap

ture

a rh

ino.

Furn

ish th

e pr

ovin

cial

con

serv

ation

au

thor

ity w

ith a

ll pe

rson

al d

etai

ls of

why

th

e rh

ino

has t

o be

imm

obili

sed

(vet

re

port

nee

ded)

Also

supp

ly th

e de

tails

of t

he h

untin

g cl

ient

who

will

con

duct

the

gree

n hu

nt.

Will

no

long

er b

e co

nsid

ered

10.3 APPENDIX CCONTACT DETAILS FOR PERMIT AND DISTRICT OFFICES FOR CONSERVATION RELATED PERMITS(Updated November 2012)

EASTERNCAPEDEPARTMENTOFECONOMICAFFAIRS,ENVIRONMENTANDTOURISM(DEAET)

LOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESSHead Office:King Williams Town

(043) 605 7012 (switchboard)(043) 605 7084 (Linda)

(086) 604 9225 Private Bag X 0054Bisho5605

DISTRICT OFFICES TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESS

Cacadu Region-Port Elizabeth (041) 508-5803 (041) 508-5850 Private Bag X5001Greenacres6057

Cacadu Region-Jeffreys Bay (042) 292-0339 (042) 292-0226 P.O. Box 1733Jeffreys Bay 6330

Cacadu Region - Graaff Reinet ( 049) 892-3755 (086) 541 2959 P.O. Box 386Graaf Reinet 6280

Cacadu Region- Grahamstown (046) 622-7216 (046) 622-7270 Private Bag X1006Grahamstown6140

Amatole Region - East London (043) 707-4068/ 4000 (043) 742-0323 Private Bag X9060East London5200

Chris Hani Region - Queenstown ( 045) 808-4016( 082) 461 4087

(045) 838-3981 P.O. Box 9636Queenstown5320

UKhahlamba Region - Aliwal North (051) 633-2901 (051) 633-3117 Private Bag X1016Aliwal North9750

OR Tambo Region - Mthatha ( 047) 531-1191 (047) 531-2887 Private Bag X5029Mthatha 5059

Alfrend Nzo Region - Kokstad (039) 727-3273 /3257 (039) 727-3282 Private Bag X3513Kokstad4700

Permit forms:Can be obtained from any of the permit offices.

Application route:1. Please contact the permits office prior to applying for a permit. This ensures correct application

forms for specified activities.2. Proof of payment must accompany all applications.3. Applications can be faxed, emailed or hand delivered.4. Some applications are managed at district/regional level, and approved by the Assistant Director/

Manager of that area.5. Some applications are initially managed at regional level; recommendations are made and

forwarded to head office for approval.6. Where and when necessary certain applications are routed to the Scientific Section for inputs.

These applications are sent to the scientific services officials for inputs and recommendations.7. If the permit is approved it will be issued. 8. The applicant will be informed in writing of the denial and the reasons therefore of a permit

application

THEFREESTATEDEPARTMENTOFECONOMICAFFAIRS,TOURISMANDENVIRONMENT(DETEA)

LOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESSBloemfontein 051) 400-9527 (Johannes Mosia)

(051) 4009526 (Cindy Kgoboko)051 4009513 (D. Nel)

(051) 400-9523 Private Bag 20801Bloemfontein9300

Permit forms:1. Can be obtained from the permit offices in Bloemfontein2. Can be downloaded from the website: http://www.detea.fs.gov.za/forms.htm

Application route:1. Please contact the permits office prior to applying for a permit. This ensures correct application

forms for specified activities.2. Proof of payment must accompany all applications after a reference number is received from the

permit office.3. Banking details will be supplied on request.4. Certain applications are initially managed at regional level, and then routed to the Permit

Evaluation Committee (PEC) which convenes once a week.5. If the application is recommended the permit will be issued. 6. The applicant will be informed in writing of the denial and the reasons therefore of a permit

application.7. The applicant may appeal the refusal by submitting a written communiqué to the Head of

Department (HOD).8. The application will be re-examined by the Director/Chief Director and a recommendation sent to

the HOD

GAUTENGDEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTUREANDRURALDEVELOPMENT(GDARD)

LOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESS PHYSICAL ADDRESSHEAD OFFICE:Johannesburg

011 240 3042/3043011 240 2500 (switchboard)

011 240 2700/ 086 420 2203

P.O. Box 8769Johannesburg2000

11 Diagonal street, Diamond Building, Newtown, Johannesburg

REGIONAL OFFICE:Pretoria

012 316 1638/1824

Permit forms:1. Can be obtained from the permit offices in Johannesburg.2. Can be downloaded from the website: http://www.gdard.gpg.gov.za/Applications_NCOP.htm

Application route:1. Please contact the permit offices prior to applying for a permit. This ensures correct application

forms for the restricted activity.2. All applications must be accompanied by proof of payment: Bank: FNB Name: GPG Dacel Cost Recovery Account: 62299351446 Branch: Global Transactional Services Johannesburg Code: 2550053. Applications can be faxed, emailed or hand delivered.4. Gauteng is divided into a Northern and Southern Region.5. The Assistant Directors (AD) of each of these regions will receive the permit applications relevant to

their regions.6. Inspections and/or investigations are carried out by the regional officials, recommendations made

and the applications are then returned to the ADs.7. The Deputy Director (DD) of Resource Protection makes the final decision on issuing or denying a

permit.8. Some applications may be routed to the Scientific Services officials for inputs and recommendations.9. The applicant will be informed in writing should a permit be denied, and the reasons for the denial.10. The applicant may appeal against the denial by sending a written communiqué to the Head of

Department (HOD).11. The application will be re-examined by the Director/Chief Director and recommendations sent to

the HOD.

LOCA

LITY

TELE

PHO

NE

NU

MBE

RS

FAX

NU

MBE

RSPO

STAL

ADD

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Piet

erm

aritz

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-196

8(0

33) 8

45-1

999

(033

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-174

7P.O

. Box

130

53Ca

scad

es32

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for the specific restricted activity requiring a permit.2. Proof of payment must accompany all permit applications.3. Permits can be faxed, emailed or hand delivered to the respective district office.4. The District Official will conduct the necessary inspection or investigation before making a

recommendation.5. In certain instances the permit office manager may issue/deny the permit.6. Certain permit applications may need to be sent to the Scientific Services Officials for inputs and

recommendations.7. The applicant will be informed in writing of the denial of a permit and the reasons therefore.8. The applicant may appeal by sending a written communiqué to the Head of Department (HOD).The Director/Chief Director will re-examine the application and make recommendations to the HOD.

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Permit forms:1. Can be obtained from any permits office.2. Can be obtained from the website: http://www.ledet.gov.za/index.php?page=application_forms

Application route:1. Please contact the Permit Service Centre prior to applying for a permit. This will ensure that the

correct form is completed for the restricted activity requiring a permit.2. EFT payments can be made to the banking details below BUT only after they obtained a

Departmental reference number from the Revenue Management component [see details of Ms Maesela above]. All applications must be accompanied by proof of payment:

Bank: FNB Account holder: DEDET Account: 62259530600 Branch: Polokwane Code: 260-1483. Applications can be emailed or hand delivered.4. The District Biodiversity Officer will do the requisite inspection or investigation prior to making a

recommendation.5. Certain permits may be authorised by the district office Deputy Manager.6. Certain permits, after initial inspection and recommendation, need to be forwarded to head office

for further evaluation.7. Some permit applications may require inputs or recommendations from the Scientific Services

Officials.8. The permit will be issued on final approval.9. The applicant will be informed in writing of the denial and the reasons therefore when a permit is

denied.10. The applicant appeal against the denial by submitting a written communiqué to the MEC.11. The Appeal Panel will re-examine the application and make recommendations to the MEC.12. Payment for permits is made with the submission of the permit application. Hunting permits need

to be paid when the permit application is authorised.

MPUMALANGATOURISMANDPARKSAGENCYPlease note that the Parks and Tourism Agency only deal with permits regarding plants and animals. For other permits contact The Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism (DEDET) on (013) 766 4004

LOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESSNelspruitPermit applications [email protected] [email protected]

(013) 759-5301

Annah(013) 7595390 Narriman (013)759 5348 April Lukhele (Manager) (013) 759 5382

(013) 759-5490 Private Bag X11338Nelspruit1200

DISTRICT OFFICES: TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESSLydenburg (013) 235 2395 (013) 235 2732 Private Bag X 1088

Lydenburg1120

Loskopdam (013) 262 2440 - -

Ermelo (017) 819 2827Johan Coetser 0723616104

(017) 811 4800 Private Bag X 9068Ermelo2350

Middelburg (013) 282 8671 - -


Application route:1. Please contact the permit office prior to applying for a permit. This will ensure that the correct form

is completed for the restricted activity requiring a permit.2. Applications can be faxed, emailed or hand delivered.3. The District Conservation Officer will do the requisite inspection or investigation prior to making a

recommendation.4. Certain permits may be issued by the district office Manager.5. Certain permits, after initial inspection and recommendation, need to be forwarded to head office



denied.9. The applicant appeal against the denial by submitting a written communiqué to the Head of

Department (HOD).10. The Director/Chief Director will re-examine the application and make recommendations to the HOD.11. Payment must accompany all permit applications.

NORTHERNCAPEDEPARTMENTOFENVIRONMENT,TOURISMANDCONSERVATION(DTEC)

LOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS

FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESS

Kimberley - HEAD OFFICE

(053) 807-7430 (086) 515-1769 Private Bag X6010Kimberley8300

DISTRICT OFFICES: TELEPHONE NUMBERS


Upington (054) 331-1138 (054) 321-1155 P.O. Box 231Upington8800

Kuruman (053) 712-0108 (053) 712-0936 P.O. Box 2249Kuruman8460

Calvinia (027) 341-360 (086) 565-3040 P.O. Box 476Calvinia 8190

Karroo (053) 631-0601 (053) 831-1043 Private Bag X1014De Aar7000


Application route:1. Please contact the permit office prior to applying for a permit. This will ensure that the correct form

is completed for the restricted activity requiring a permit.2. Applications can be faxed, emailed or hand delivered.3. The District Conservation Officer will do the requisite inspection or investigation prior to making a

recommendation.4. Certain permits may be issued by the district office Manager.5. Certain permits, after initial inspection and recommendation, need to be forwarded to head office



denied.9. The applicant appeal against the denial by submitting a written communiqué to the Head of

Department (HOD).10. The Director/Chief Director will re-examine the application and make recommendations to the

HOD.11. Payment must accompany all permit applications.

AGRICULTURE,CONSERVATION&ENVIRONMENTANDRURALDEVELOPMENTNORTHWESTPROVINCIALGOVERNMENT(THEDACERD)Please note for landowner permission to conduct research on any of the reserves please contact the North West Parks and Tourism Board (NWPTB) on (086) 111 1866.

LOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS


Mmabatho - HEAD OFFICE

(018) 389-5331/5169

(018) 389-5640 Private Bag X2039Mmabatho2735

DISTRICT OFFICES: OFFICIAL CONTACT NUMBER

E-MAIL ADDRESS FAX NUMBERS

Ngaka Modiri Molema (Mafikeng) District:Mafikeng

Sindisiwe Zwane (018) 389 5169(082) 662 7787

[email protected] (018) 381 7020

Dr. Kenneth Kaunda District:Potchefstroom

Elizabeth Swart (018) 299 6500 299 6527 (lesegodi)(082) 347 8991

[email protected] (018) 294 6008

Bojanala District:Rustenburg

Constant Hoogkamer

(014) 592 7378082 403 1644

[email protected] (014) 592-7249

Dr. Ruth Regomotsi Mompati District:Vryburg

David Manganye (053) 927 0432084 552 6647

[email protected] (053) 927-2904

Permit forms:1. Can be obtained from the permit offices.2. Can be obtained from the website: http://www.nwpg.gov.za/Agriculture/#

Application route:1. ToPS and CITES permit applications - proof of payment to accompany application.2. Provincial permits - payment made on receipt of permit.3. Applications can be faxed, emailed or delivered to the district permit office.4. District conservation officials (DCO) will do the necessary inspections and investigations, prior to

recommending a permit.5. The DCO sends the application with the relevant recommendation to the Manager of the district

office.6. Some permits can be approved by and issued at the district office.7. Where necessary the application may be referred to the Scientific Division for inputs and

recommendations.8. The applicant will be informed in writing should the permit be denied and the reasons therefore.9. The applicant may appeal against the refusal by submitting a written communiqué to the Head of

Department (HOD).The application will be re-examined by the Director/Chief Director and a recommendation sent to the HOD.

WESTERNCAPE(CAPENATURE)Please note that Cape Nature issue all permits regarding plants and animals. For all other permits please contact the Western Cape Department of Environmental Affairs and Development on (021) 483 4790.

LOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESSAthlone (021) 483-0191

/0118/0121/0123/0122/0120086 556 7734 Private Bag X29

Gatesville7766

Permit forms:1. Can be obtained from the permit office in Athlone.2. Can be obtained from the website: http://www.capenature.org.za/permits.htm?sm[p1][catego-

ry]=459&sm[p1][persistent]=1&

Application route:1. Applications can be posted, faxed, emailed or hand delivered.2. Proof of payment must be attached.3. Where necessary the application will be sent to the Conservation Services Manager of the various

districts, for investigation or inspection.4. The application is returned to the permit office in Athlone, with the investigating official’s

recommendations.5. Where necessary the application may be referred to the Scientific Services component for inputs

and recommendations.6. The permit can be issued by any of the five officials in the Athlone Office.7. The applicant will be informed in writing should the permit be denied and the reasons therefore.

10.4 APPENDIX DNATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL COORDINATORS OF ENDANGERED SPECIES RELATED MATTERS: DIRECTORATE FOR PRIORITY CRIME INVESTIGATIONS (HAWKS)

SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE SERVICES OFFICERS

NAME DESIGNATION CONTACT DETAILS E-MAILColonel Johan Jooste National Commander

Endangered Species Section: Office of Serious Organised Crime: DPCI Head Office

(082) 373 9196 [email protected]

Colonel Hans Smith Operational Commander Endangered Species Section: Office of Serious Organised Crime: DPCI Head Office


W/O Malan Gauteng (011) 373 3300/85, (082) 782 3826

[email protected]

Capt Mabotja Limpopo (082) 451 7161 /(015) 290 6178

[email protected]

Captain Chris du Plessis Stock Theft Unit (082) 738 3283

Colonel Johan Brits Mpumalanga (082) 373 8993 /(013) 759 1372

[email protected]

Warrant Officer Kevin Singh

KZN (082) 551 8047 /(031) 325 4768

[email protected]

Capt Rutters Eastern Cape (043) 706 0639 /(082) 779 7229

[email protected]

Colonel Buks Strydom Western Cape (021) 918 3648 /(082) 463 6823

[email protected] [email protected]

Lt. Colonel Barkie Barkhuizen Northern Cape (053) 839 3728 /(082) 494 9987

[email protected]

Lieutenant Kitty Taljaard Free State (051) 407 3600/3626/(071) 481 2603

[email protected]

Lt Col Makuoane North West (018) 464 5324 /(071) 481 2574

[email protected]

Sergeant Estie von Hagen INTERPOL DESK (079) 514 4276

Lt. Colonel Herman Espach FORENSICS (082) 419 6821 [email protected]

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INSPECTORS – RHINO CRIMES

Jaap Pienaar Chief Enforcement OfficerBiodiversity (Eastern Cape Province)

(040) 609-4717/(082) 853 1844

[email protected]

Werner Boing Control Biodiversity OfficerCompliance monitoring,enforcement and permit office (Free State Province)

(051) 400-9535/(082) 789 4468

[email protected]

Stony Steenkamp Deputy DirectorEnforcement and Compliance (Gauteng Province)


Roderick Potter Senior Enforcement OfficerBiodiversity (KZN-Wildlife)


Riaan de Jager (After hours) ManagerBiodiversity Enforcement (Limpopo Province)


Juan de Beer ManagerBiodiversity Enforcement (Mpumalanga Province)

(013) 759-5320 /(083) 628 1827

[email protected]

Pieter van Niekerk Assistant DirectorBiodiversity Compliance and Enforcement (Northern Cape Province)


Basie Diole Deputy DirectorBiodiversity Permitting and Criminal Investigations (North West Province)


Paul Gildenhuys ManagerBiodiversity Enforcement (Jonkershoek) (Western Cape Province)

(021) 866 8012/(082) 551 8312

[email protected]

10.5 APPENDIX ESTEPS TO BE TAKEN WHEN A CRIME SCENE IS DETECTED (DUPLICATE FOR ALL STAFF ON THE PROPERTY)

Observations to include in the initial report to the supervisor• Are there still perpetrators at the scene?• Has an animal been killed?• Have the horns been removed?• How old is the carcass?• In which direction did the perpetrators leave the scene? • Where is the crime scene?

What to do when you approach a rhino carcass • A maximum of two people to approach the scene in single file.• Tread carefully so as not to destroy possible evidence.• Approach the scene only as close as is necessary to determine the situation.• Try and establish whether the rhino was shot and if the horns remain on the carcass.• Mark your approach route and leave by the same route.• Do not touch anything which you may find at or near the scene.• Leave two persons to guard the scene from a distance.

Limited further actions which may be undertaken at the scene, only on instruction by the supervisor• Establish approach and exit routes of the perpetrators by walking in a circle around the scene.• All objects found should not be touched but their positions must be marked clearly.• All footprints must be protected by suitable containers like boxes to protect them from damage by the

elements.• Make sure not to step onto footprints while you move about.

What to do when a crime is in progress• Pause for long enough to make accurate observations of the activities of the persons at the scene.• While observing and making decisions about what actions to take consider your own and your group’s

safety. • If the perpetrators are armed and you and your patrol are unarmed, retract from the scene in safe way

and report the incident immediately to your supervisor so that he can call on assistance from the police.• Make every attempt to arrest the perpetrators with minimum force.• If a pursuit takes place and any object is detected along the way it should be regarded as possible

What to do if an arrest is made at or near the scene• In the event of an arrest being made, remove the person from the scene immediately, leaving two people

behind to guard the scene. • If the person is arrested away from the scene, do not bring him back to the scene. • If more than one person is arrested, keep them apart from each other and do not allow communication

between them.

What to do when a staff member has shot a suspect• The SAPS should immediately be notified of the incident and called to the scene as soon as possible.• The scene should not be tampered with in any way. This provides vital evidence of the events and may

be crucial to the staff member’s defence.• In the event of a staff member being arrested, the farm owner or manager should accompany the staff

member to the police station and arrange for release on bail or warning.• Seek legal advice immediately and do not make statements before you have legal advice.

It is essential that your legal representative be advised of the incident immediately in order to:• Assist with making a statement to the SAPS

10.6 APPENDIX FProcedure for immediate reporting of rhino crime scenes in KZN.(updated 2013-09-06)

An initiative of the KZN Wildlife Crime Working Group (KZNWCWG) resulted in a provincial meeting to address the unlawful hunting of rhino in the Province of KZN. The KZNWCWG have put into place a Rhino Task Team from South African Police Service (SAPS), Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW) and the KZN Prosecuting Service.

The persons to be immediately contacted when a rhino carcass is discovered:Maj. MJ Mbatha (082 557 1085) Rhino Task Team Leader W/O Kevin Singh (082 551 8047) Co-ordinator Rhino Task TeamClement Ngcobo (082 953 5530) EKZNW Manager Investigations Cedric Coetzee (082 559 2866) EKZNW Rhino Security Co-ordinator

The Rhino Task Team with the assistance of the Crime Scene Investigators (CSI) and Local Crime Record Centre (LCRC) KZN Provincial Office, will be responsible for the collection of evidence from rhino crime scenes. DO NOT touch anything seen at or near the crime scene. The relevance of that item may only become obvious at a later stage.

Please ensure that all persons at the crime scene follow the necessary actions at the crime scene as detailed below.

In order to enable the optimal collection of evidence, the following basic rules regarding the crime scenes must be observed:

1. The group of people finding the carcass should not approach the carcass any closer after having sighted it: if a crime cannot be determined from the point where the carcass was first sighted, then only 2 people to approach close enough to determine that a crime has been committed, and no closer. For example, if it can be seen that the horns have been taken off the carcass from 200 meters away, there is no need to go any closer. Report the matter and stay away from the crime scene! The persons making the first observation must mark the route they take from the point of first sighting to the point where they stopped approaching the carcass and must return along the same route to the place where the carcass was first sighted.

2. If the carcass is fresh and there may be footprints which must be followed immediately, two members to do one single file 360 degrees patrol around the carcass looking for the exit tracks. They must mark the route taken around the carcass and it should be about 50-100 meters away from the carcass in radius, depending on terrain.

3. All other people to wait at the point from where the carcass was first sighted and not to walk around at all.

4. Be very aware that while waiting for the Rhino Task Team to arrive and sheltering under a tree, the place where you are standing could be the same point where the poachers sheltered and therefore withdraw as far as practical from the scene while waiting (the people waiting only have to be close enough to the carcass to prevent scavengers from approaching.)

5. No disrespect intended for any person but NOBODY must approach the carcass until the members of the Rhino Task Team have arrived.

Other persons who may be contacted are the following:

Rod Potter (082 772 8343) National Wildlife Crime Reaction Unit (NWCRU)Tony Conway (083 309 9212) EKZNW Chairman Rhino Management GroupWilfred Mhlongo (082 723 0259 / 084 245 2322) NWCRU representativeSibusiso Kunene (082 950 3041) EKZNW Wildlife InvestigationsW/O Riaan v Rooyen (082 376 2499 / 082 448 5319) (Pietermaritzburg)W/O Gerhard Oosthuizen (082 858 0998) (Pietermaritzburg)W/O JP Roux (079 525 8048 / 083 309 5530) (Durban)W/O Nzama (079 881 1122) (Richards Bay)Cst Mngomezulu (079 881 1153) (Richards Bay)W/O Koos Prinsloo (082 557 1019 / 083 560 0317) (Port Shepstone)Capt Renier van der Sandt (084 359 6881) Forensic Ballistics AmanzimtotiW/O Gumede (078 406 6627) Forensic Ballistics AmanzimtotiCapt S Madhunlall (082 561 3130) CSI Provincial OfficeCapt Ntshangase (079 508 0770) CSI Richards BayW/O Ndlovu (082 378 4844) CSI Richards BaySgt Neil van der Merwe (079 508 1105) CSI Richards Bay

When dealing with the media, please note the following. Private land owners are requested to limit any reporting of the incident to no more that confirming that an incident has occurred and that it is under investigation. Please liaise with the member of the Rhino Task Team who is appointed as the Investigating Officer in your case before releasing any further information about the incident to the media.

Any deviation from the above may destroy evidence or jeopardize the investigation. We need to apply one set of rules for everyone. Please help us to help you!

10.7 APPENDIX G

EMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBERS

MEDICAL SERVICES(Insert appropriate numbers)

SERVICE TELEPHONE CELL NUMBER

AIR SERVICESSERVICE TELEPHONE CELL NUMBER

ENVIRONMENTAL STAFF, SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE AND RELATEDSOUTH AFRICAN POLICE

SERVICE TELEPHONE CELL NUMBER

RED LINE

SAPS ORGANISED CRIME

SAPS DOG UNIT

SAPS (insert local SAPS)

SANDF

Insert additional for your area

Farm Watch

Security Company

ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL

SERVICE NAME TELEPHONE CELL NUMBER

Local DCO

District Conservation Manager

Wildlife Investigations Officer

NEIGHBOURING LANDOWNERS

NAME FARM NAME TELEPHONE CELL NUMBER

NEIGHBOURING COMMUNITY LEADERSNAME POSITION TELEPHONE CELL NUMBER

The Endangered Wildlife TrustAs a leading high-profile player amongst the large number and variety of conservation organisationsin South Africa (governmental and civil society), the EWT fills the key niche of conservationaction, through applied field-work, research and direct engagement with stakeholders. Withspecialist Programmes and a large team of skilled field staff deployed throughout southernAfrica, the EWT’s work supports the conservation of threatened species and ecosystems. Priorityinterventions focus on identifying the key factors threatening biodiversity and developingmitigating measures to reduce risk and reverse the drivers of species extinction and ecosystemdegradation. Through a broad spectrum of partnerships and networks, the EWT responds to thekey threats driving species and ecosystem loss by developing innovative methodologies and bestpractice guidelines which support reduced impact, harmonious co-existence and sustainableliving for all.

Vision A healthy planet and an equitable world that values and sustains the diversity of life

Mission The Endangered Wildlife Trust is dedicated to conserving threatened species and ecosystems insouthern Africa to the benefit of all people.The EWT fulfils its mission by:• Initiating and implementing conservation research and action programmes;• Preventing species extinctions and maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functioning;• Supporting sustainable natural resources use and management;• Communicating the principles of sustainable living and empowering people by capacity building,

education and awareness programmes to the broadest constituency; and• Taking a strong leadership and advocacy role in promoting environmental and social justice.

PrivateBagX11,Modderfontein,Johannesburg,1645Tel:+27113723600Fax:+27116084682

www.ewt.org.za

The Endangered Wildlife Trust was established in 1973 and is registered as a Non-profit Organisation. Registration number 015-502 NPO and PBO number 930 001 777.

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