1. The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of _____________.a. parasympathetic innervationb. sympathetic stimulationc. vagus nerve activityd. neurosecretory substances

2. The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by peripheral ganglia usually near the __________________.

a. organs and by short postganglionic fibersb. organs and by long postganglionic fibersc. spinal cord and by short postganglionic fibersd. spinal cord and by long postganglionic fibers

3. A drug that might be used specifically to reduce heart rate in cardiac patients could be ________.a. anticholinesteraseb. epinephrinec. norepinephrined. a beta-blocker

4. Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?a. smooth muscleb. cardiac musclec. skeletal muscled. most glands

5. Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation?a. salivationb. dilation of the pupilsc. increased peristalsis of the digestive viscerad. elimination of urine

6. The site of the origin of the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system is thea. thoracolumbar region of the spinal cordb. higher brain centersc. sympathetic chaind. brain stem and the sacral region of the spinal cord

7. Sympathetic division stimulation causesa. decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressureb. increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressurec. increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood

pressured. decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood

pressure

8. All preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system release _________________.

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a. dopamineb. serotoninc. the same neurotransmitter as the one released by the sympathetic postganglionic axonsd. the same neurotransmitter as the one released by the parasympathetic postganglionic

axons

9. Preparing the body for the “fight or flight” response is the role of the _____________.a. sympathetic nervous systemb. cerebrumc. parasympathetic nervous systemd. somatic nervous systeme. None of the above

10. Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellulara. ionsb. deactivatorsc. nucleotidesd. second messengers

11. Growth hormone _____________________.a. is also called somatostatinb. is regulated by humoral mechanismsc. secretion results in a decrease in muscle massd. promotes long bone growth during puberty

12. ADH __________________.a. increases urine productionb. promotes dehydrationc. is produced in the adenohypophysisd. is inhibited by alcohol

13. Insulin is a protein hormone that is releaseda. in excessive amounts in obese peopleb. in response to severe physical stressc. when the body’s glucose levels risesd. when the body’s glucose level drops

14. The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ____________________.

a. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory pathb. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organc. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organd. Nothing – All hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because

hormones are powerful and nonspecific.

15. Steroid hormones exert their action bya. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a geneb. finding appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activityc. stimulating the synthesis of glycogend. increasing blood pressure

16. In order for cells to respond to peptide hormones, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because _____________________.

a. peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance

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from other messengersb. hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of gene directlyc. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengersd. the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

17. The major targets of growth hormone area. the blood vesselsb. the adrenal glandsc. the liverd. bones and skeletal muscles

18. The “resting and digesting” division of the autonomic nervous system is the ____________.a. parasympathetic divisionb. sympathetic divisionc. somatic divisiond. peripheral nervous systeme. None of the above is correct

19. Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ___________________.

a. hepatic portal systemb. general circulatory systemc. hypophyseal portal systemd. feedback loop

20. The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished througha. blocking the action of growth hormoneb. targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be releasedc. activating the synthesis of calcitonind. slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity

21. The neurohypophysis is not a true endocrine gland because __________________.a. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal releaseb. embryonically it was an endocrine system, but in adult human it is no longer functionalc. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system

due to its locationd. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for

release

22. Would a patient who had suffered loss of the anterior pituitary due to surgery be likely to show reduced levels of secretion by the thyroid?

a. Yes, because loss of the anterior pituitary gland inhibits the parathyroid gland.b. Yes, because thyroid secretion is normally regulated by the anterior pituitary.c. No, because the thyroid and anterior pituitary do not share a common blood supply.d. No, because when the anterior pituitary is removed or dysfunctional the posterior pituitary

normally assumes its functions.23. Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroid hormones on cells?

a. Extracellular receptors with a specificity for steroid hormoneb. An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMPc. Second-messenger systemsd. A hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell’s DNA

24. Which of the following is not a class of hormones?a. steroidsb. aminesc. alcohols

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d. peptides and proteins

Use the following choices to answer questions 25-28.1. Aldosterone2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)3. Growth hormone (GH)4. Oxytocin5. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)6. Luteinizing hormone (LH)7. Melatonin

25. If a woman has been walking through the desert all day without food or water, what hormones will most likely be found in elevated levels in her blood?

a. 1 onlyb. 2 onlyc. 1 and 2 aldosterone and ADHd. 2 and 4e. 1, 2, 3

26. The hormone that promotes milk ejection after delivery is:a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4 oxytocine. 5

27. The hormone that induces ovulation in women is:a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5e. 6 LH luteinizing hormone

28. The hormone synthesized by the pineal gland is:a. 2b. 4c. 5d. 6e. 7 Melatonin

29. Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the a. craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norephinephrineb. thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholinec. craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholined. thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norephinephrine

30. Aldosterone _____________________.a. is secreted by the neurohypophysisb. functions to increase sodium reabsorptionc. presence increases potassium concentration in the bloodd. production is greatly influenced by ACTH

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31. The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ____________________.a. synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually neededb. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organc. not responding to a feedback mechanismd. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

32. The somatic nervous system issues somatic motor commands that direct the:a. contractions of smooth and cardiac musclesb. contractions of skeletal musclesc. activities of the autonomic nervous systemd. activities of glands and fat cells

33. In circumstances where the body requires increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the target organs. This is known as ________________.

a. the cell’s sensitivity reactionb. cellular affinityc. up-regulationd. a reaction to a stressor

34. Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus a. enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to

the pituitaryb. enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitaryc. travel by arteries to the pituitaryd. first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Matching – Bubble your choices on the scantron sheet. Choices can be used more than once.

35. Active after you have eaten a meal. (A)

36. Increases blood pressure (B).37. Decreases heart rate. (A)

38. The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction. ©

39. Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body. (D)

40. Produces the body’s major metabolic hormones. (E)

A. Parasympathetic

B. Sympathetic

C. Adrenal medulla

D. Pancreas

E. Thyroid

TRUE OR FALSE - The following questions can be answered either true or false. Write your answer on the scantron as follows: TRUE = A FALSE = B

41. Norephinephrine-releasing fibers are called cholinergic fibers. F

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42. The parasympathetic division is a branch of the somatic nervous system. F

43. LH is often referred to as a gonadotropin. T

44. Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions. T

45. The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin. T

46. The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid. F

47. The two cholinergic receptor types are nicotinic and muscarinic. T

48. β2 receptor type when activated increases heart rate. F

49. Juvenile diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin production. T

50. Autocrines are chemicals that exert effects on the neighboring cells. F

BONUS – 3 POINTS – Please write your response in the green shaded area on the back of the scantron!

How could you distinguish between a neural response and endocrine response on the basis of response time and response duration?

Neural responses occur within fractions of a second and do not last long (short duration). Endocrine responses may be slow to appear but last for minutes to days (long duration).

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