endocrine system 2009. hormones (products of the endocrine glands) are released in the blood or...
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Endocrine systemEndocrine system
20092009
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Endocrine systemEndocrine system
HormonesHormones (products of the (products of the endocrine glands) are released endocrine glands) are released
in the blood or tissue fluid); in the blood or tissue fluid); they have influence on organs they have influence on organs and tissues that are far from and tissues that are far from
the site of productionthe site of production
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Hypothalamo-hypophyseal Hypothalamo-hypophyseal systemsystem
Nc. supraopticus Nc. supraopticus and and paraventricularis in paraventricularis in hypothalamus –hypothalamus –oxytocin and oxytocin and vasopresin (ADH)vasopresin (ADH)
They are They are released in released in neurohypophysisneurohypophysis
Hypothalamus: Hypothalamus: Liberines :Liberines :
TRH,GnRH,GRH,CRTRH,GnRH,GRH,CRH,PRFH,PRF
Statines:Statines: somatostatin,dopasomatostatin,dopaminmin
Influence on Influence on hormone production hormone production in adenohypophysisin adenohypophysis
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NeurohypophysisNeurohypophysis
Unmyelinized nerve Unmyelinized nerve fibres – Herring fibres – Herring bodies - granules bodies - granules contain vasopressin contain vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin; (ADH) and oxytocin; neurophysinneurophysin
Pituicytes = glial Pituicytes = glial cells (lipofuscin) – cells (lipofuscin) – glial fibrillary acidic glial fibrillary acidic proteinprotein
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NeurohypophysisNeurohypophysis
Oxytocin –increases tonus and causes Oxytocin –increases tonus and causes contraction of the uterine smooth muscle contraction of the uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells in the ducts of and myoepithelial cells in the ducts of mammary glandmammary gland
Vasopressin – ADH –increases resorption of Vasopressin – ADH –increases resorption of water in collecting ducts of kidney and water in collecting ducts of kidney and causes contraction of smooth muscles in causes contraction of smooth muscles in small arteries – increases the blood small arteries – increases the blood pressurepressure
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NeurohypophysisNeurohypophysis
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AdenohypophysisAdenohypophysis
Blood supply:Blood supply: Superior hypophysial artery – Superior hypophysial artery –
hypothalamus and pituitary gland– hypothalamus and pituitary gland– portal systemportal system
Inferior hypophysial artery - Inferior hypophysial artery - neurohypophysisneurohypophysis
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Anterior pituitary glandAnterior pituitary gland
Chromofobes:Chromofobes: undifferentiated – stem undifferentiated – stem cells, folicullar cells (supportive system)cells, folicullar cells (supportive system)
Chromophils:Chromophils: Acidophilic:Acidophilic: prolactin, growth hormone (GH) prolactin, growth hormone (GH) Bazophilic:Bazophilic: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic ACTH (adrenocorticotropic
hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), gonadotropic: FSH (follicle-hormone), gonadotropic: FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone)hormone)
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Anterior pituitary glandAnterior pituitary gland
Growth hormoneGrowth hormone – acts by IGF 1 – acts by IGF 1 (somatomedin) producedin liver and (somatomedin) producedin liver and tissue.tissue.
Function growth – bone, anabolic hormoneFunction growth – bone, anabolic hormone ProlaktinProlaktin – growth of mammary gland, – growth of mammary gland,
secretion of milksecretion of milk Hyperprelactinemie – infertilita, Hyperprelactinemie – infertilita,
amenorhea and galactorhea.amenorhea and galactorhea.
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Pituitary Pituitary gland-gland-pars pars intermediaintermedia
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Pineal glandPineal gland
Pinealocytes- production of melatoninPinealocytes- production of melatonin Astrocytes – supportive cellsAstrocytes – supportive cells
Function: reaction on light – rythmic Function: reaction on light – rythmic secretory activity (melatonin is produced in secretory activity (melatonin is produced in darkness)darkness)
Biological clock – regulation of circadian Biological clock – regulation of circadian rythmsrythms
It modifies function of endocrine glandsIt modifies function of endocrine glands
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Pineal glandPineal gland
PinealocytesPinealocytes
AstrocytesAstrocytes
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Thyroid glandThyroid gland
Follicles – colloid (thyroglobulin) – cFollicles – colloid (thyroglobulin) – cubic ubic cells -follicularcells -follicular – thyroxine (T4) and tri- – thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodotyrosine (T3)iodotyrosine (T3)
Function: stimulation of oxidative Function: stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria phosphorylation in mitochondria (resorption in intestine, regulation of lipid (resorption in intestine, regulation of lipid metabolism, growth, development of CNS)metabolism, growth, development of CNS)
Parafollicular cellsParafollicular cells– calcitonin –decrease – calcitonin –decrease of Ca level in blood –storage into bone and of Ca level in blood –storage into bone and release into urine.release into urine.
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Thyroid glandThyroid gland
Folicullar cellsFolicullar cells
C – Parafollicular C – Parafollicular cells: production cells: production of calcitonin: of calcitonin: regulation of Ca regulation of Ca level in bloodlevel in blood
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Production of thyroxineProduction of thyroxine
Synthesis of thyroglobulin - Synthesis of thyroglobulin - proteosynthesisproteosynthesis
Uptake of iodide from blood – active Uptake of iodide from blood – active transport – iodine pumptransport – iodine pump
Activation of iodide and its binding to Activation of iodide and its binding to tyrosine in thyreoglobulin (in tyrosine in thyreoglobulin (in follicular colloid) follicular colloid)
Resorption of thyroglobulin and its Resorption of thyroglobulin and its braking by lysosomes – secretion of braking by lysosomes – secretion of T4 and T3T4 and T3
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Parathyroid glandParathyroid gland
Chief cells – production of parathyroid Chief cells – production of parathyroid hormone – regulation of Ca level in hormone – regulation of Ca level in blood – activates osteoclasts in bone blood – activates osteoclasts in bone – antagonist of calcitonin– antagonist of calcitonin
OOxyphilic cellsxyphilic cells (mitochondrias) (mitochondrias)
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Parathyroid glandParathyroid gland
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SuprarenalSuprarenalglandgland
Cortex :Cortex : zona glomerulosazona glomerulosa zona fasciculatazona fasciculata zona reticulariszona reticularis
MedullaMedulla
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Cortex of suprarenal glandCortex of suprarenal gland
Mineralocorticoids – aldosteron –regulates–Mineralocorticoids – aldosteron –regulates–resorption of Na in kidney (stimulation by resorption of Na in kidney (stimulation by angiotensinII)angiotensinII)
Glucocorticoids – cortisol, corticosteron – Glucocorticoids – cortisol, corticosteron – regulation of metabolism, immunity regulation of metabolism, immunity (stimulation by ACTH)(stimulation by ACTH)
Androgens – dehydroepiandrosteronAndrogens – dehydroepiandrosteron – – anabolic activityanabolic activity
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Suprarenal glandSuprarenal gland
Medulla:Medulla:
Epinephrin (80%)Epinephrin (80%) Norepinephrin (20%)Norepinephrin (20%)
Reaction to stress – Reaction to stress – Increase of blood Increase of blood pressure, frequency pressure, frequency of heart of heart
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Suprarenal gland - medullaSuprarenal gland - medulla
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PancreasPancreas
Exocrine gland – enzymesExocrine gland – enzymes
Endocrine gland – islets of Endocrine gland – islets of Langerhans – controls of glucose Langerhans – controls of glucose level in blood and function of GITlevel in blood and function of GIT
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PancreasPancreas
A-cells –A-cells – glucagonglucagon
B-cells –B-cells – insulininsulin
D-cells –D-cells – somatostatinsomatostatin
F-cells –F-cells – pankreatic pankreatic polypeptidepolypeptide
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Islet of Langerhans - insulinIslet of Langerhans - insulin
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Islet of Langerhans – B cellIslet of Langerhans – B cell
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A and D cellsA and D cells
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Islet of Langerhans - glucagonIslet of Langerhans - glucagon
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Islet of Langerhans - Islet of Langerhans - somatostatinsomatostatin
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DNESDNES(diffuse neuroendocrinne (diffuse neuroendocrinne
system)system) Regulation of resorption and motility Regulation of resorption and motility
(gastrin, secretin, GIP, cholecystokinin, (gastrin, secretin, GIP, cholecystokinin, motilin, VIP, serotonin, somatostatin, motilin, VIP, serotonin, somatostatin, glucagon, substance P, ghrelin)glucagon, substance P, ghrelin)
Cell can reach surface or they cannot. Cell can reach surface or they cannot. Granules are located closely to basal Granules are located closely to basal lamina and they are excreted into the lamina and they are excreted into the bloodblood
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Endocrine systemEndocrine system OvaryOvary: estrogens and progesteron: estrogens and progesteron TestisTestis: androgens: androgens Placenta:Placenta: HCG (human chorionic HCG (human chorionic
gonadotropin), placental lactogen, gonadotropin), placental lactogen, estrogens and progesteronestrogens and progesteron
HeartHeart – cardiomyocytes- atrial natriuretic – cardiomyocytes- atrial natriuretic hormonehormone
KidneyKidney– juxtaglomerular apparatus – – juxtaglomerular apparatus – renin – angiotensinrenin – angiotensin
Thymus:Thymus: thymosin alfa, thymopoetin, thymosin alfa, thymopoetin, tymolin, thymic humoral factor (stimulates tymolin, thymic humoral factor (stimulates proliferation and differenciation of T proliferation and differenciation of T lymfocytes)lymfocytes)
Adipose tissue:Adipose tissue: leptin, estrogens leptin, estrogens