endocrine system
DESCRIPTION
For a Pathology classTRANSCRIPT
Endocrine System
By: Andrea Bonde
HyperpituitarismRARE
An overactive pituitary gland that leads to high levels
of one of the pituitary hormones in the bloodstream. The most common
cause of hyperpituitarism is a
non-cancerous tumor of the
pituitary gland. 41% of hospital consultant episodes for hyperfunction of pituitary gland were for men in England 2002-0359% of hospital consultant episodes for hyperfunction of pituitary gland were for women in England 2002-03
Hypopituitarism54% of hospital
consultant episodes for hypofunction and
other disorders of pituitary gland were for men in England
2002-03 46% of hospital
consultant episodes for hypofunction and
other disorders of pituitary gland were
for women in England 2002-03
is a clinical syndrome of deficiency in pituitary hormone production. This may
result from disorders involving the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, or surrounding
structures.
Pituitary Adenomas
1 out every 1000 adults
Pituitary adenomas are relatively common
Typically slow growingSome pituitary adenomas can
invade adjacent structures even if thy are benign
Can be 1cm in diameter to 1 cm in size
Most adenomas occur spontaneously, and are not inherited.Inherited pituitary adenomas are
very rare
Prolactinoma
• Benign noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland that produces a hormone called prolactin. • Most common type of pituitary tumor.
• Some symptoms include; irregular menstrual periods, milk production in the breasts, loss of sex drive, in men
enlargement of the breasts, vision loss, headaches, and double vision.
Posterior PituitarySyndromes
Diabetes insipidus
ADH deficiency Excessive urination
sometimes up to 12 gallons a
dayExcessive thirst
Polydipsia
High ADH Levels
Cerebral edema
HyponatremiaNeurologic dysfunction
Hypothalamic Suprasellar Tumor
Hypothalamic tumors may extend into the pituitary fossa leading to
endocrine, visual, and neurological symptoms that are similar to pituitary
tumor symptoms.Symptoms; disturbance in thirst
control, massive obesity by abnormal control of satiety, and dysegulartion of
body temperature.May lead to blockage of the foramen
of Monroe, internal hydrocephalus, and at the end, coma.
Multinodular Goiter
Effects a persons quality of life
•Cardiovascular changes
•Nervous system changes
•Palpable changes•Weight changes•Sleep Changes
CretinismAKA Congenital Hypthyroidism
1 in 4000 babies impacted
Signs and SymptomsThick, Protruding tongue
Chocking episodesProlonged Jaundice
Short statureDry, brittle hair
Short, thick neckBroad hands with short fingers
Horse sounding voiceHypotoniaMyxedema
MyxedemaMyxedema- a condition marked by thickening and swelling of the skin caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Can be caused by an accumulation of tissue products in the skin.
SymptomsThickening of SkinHypothyroidism
FatigueWeight gainDepression
Dry SkinBrittle Hair
ThyroiditisAn inflammation of the thyroid gland. It may be painful and tender when caused by an infection or trauma, or painless when caused by an autoimmune condition or medications.
TypesHashimoto’s disease
Subacute granlumatous thyroiditisPostpartum thyroiditis
Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditisDrug induced thyroiditis
Three phases:Overactive thyroid
Underactive thyroidReturn to normal
Granulomatous Thyroiditis
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis is a self-limited thyroid disorder that presents with localized neck pain and/or low-grade fever. The
basic clinical and laboratory data are needed for making the diagnosis, and a biopsy is rarely required. The number of diagnoses
made by using biopsies is not high. However, with the broad application of thyroid ultrasonography, the frequency of performing
cytopathological diagnosis is increasing.
Painless ThyroiditisPainless (silent) thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland characterized by passing hyperthyroidism, followed by
hypothyroidism and recovery.Signs and Symptoms
Weight lossIncreased appetite
Nervousness, RestlessnessHeat intolerance
Increased sweatingFatigue
Muscle crampsFrequent bowel movements
Menstrual irregularitiesWeakness
Diffused Goiter
• A nontoxic goiter that does not result from an inflammatory or neoplastic process and it is not
associated with abnormal thyroid function.
• Nodes appear 2-4 times more likely in women than men.
Colloid Goiter• Enlargement of an otherwise
normal thyroid gland.• Compensation for not making enough thyroid
hormone• Environmental Factors• Happens in areas with
iodine-depleted soils• Risk factors: female, older than 40, inadequate intake of iodine, living in endemic area,
and genetics
Parathyroid Glands
We have 4 parathyroid glands. They regulate
calcium within the body by creating
parathyroid hormone (PTH). When too high
less PTH is made, when too low more
PTH is made.
Hyperparathyroidism
InformationWomen are more
likelyOver the age of 60
Kidney FailureBone pain or tendernessDepression
Tired, ill, weakFragile bones and
limbs
InformationIncreased urine
productionKidney stones
NauseaLoss of appetite
Treatment includes:Exercise
Drink plenty of fluids
Pseudohyperparathyroidism
CharacterizedHypocalcemia
HyperphosphatemiaIncreased serum
concentration of PTHInsensitivity to
biological activity of PTH
Information1942 Albright, F.Short statureRounded FaceShortened 4th
metatarsalObesityDental
Hypoplasia
In 1998, a nationwide epidemiologic survey of PHP was conducted in Japan based on hospital visits in 1997; the period
prevalence was 3.4 cases per 1 million people. No information is available regarding the prevalence of PHP in the rest of the world.
PinealomasThe pineal gland is known as the seat of the soulUncommon type of tumor associated with pineocytes, astrocytes, and germ cells.Can be characterized as a pineoblastoma or a pineocytoma.Worldwide 1%, Japan Korea and China 3-8%, and of all brain tumors about 10% of all pediatric.
Symptoms: Insomnia, Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Obstructive hydrocephalus.Account for 15%-32% of all tumors in the pineal region.Occurs more frequently in late childhood or early adulthood.
Vestigial Remnant
Vestigal Remnant – Describes an organ that we as humans still
have in our bodies that isn’t used anymore.
ExamplesCoccyx (No tail)
AppendixWisdom Teeth
Outer EarMale Nipples
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
In mammals, the controlling clock component that generates a 24-hour rhythm is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), located in a
part of the brain called the hypothalamus. The SCN produces a signal that can keep the rest of the body on an approximately 24-hour schedule. This animation illustrates the location of the SCN
in the human brain.
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