Cyrus L. Gonzales™

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Reporters:Romel BernardoCyrus Gonzales

Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Gland

Adrenal Gland

Pancreas

Testis

Ovary

Thymus Gland

•Small gland about the size of a pea.

•It is connected to the hypothalamus by a

stalk called Infundibulum.

•It is called the MASTER GLAND because itcontrols the function of so many otherglands (ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, andadrenal cortex)

•It is divided into two parts: AnteriorPituitary and Posterior Pituitary

•Anterior and posterior pituitary containscapillary bed which connects it to thehypothalamus for direct innervations ofhormones.

•The hormones secreted by anteriorpituitary gland are:

•Growth Hormone•Thyroid Stimulating Hormone•Adrenocorticotropic Hormone•Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone•Luteinizing Hormone•Follicle-stimulating Hormone•Prolactin

•The hormones secreted by posteriorpituitary gland are:

•Antidiuretic Hormone (ADHD)•Oxytocin

Anterior PituitaryGrowth Hormone - Most tissues -Increase gene expression breakdown

of lipids, and release of fatty acidsfrom cells; increases blood glucose level.

Thyroid Stimulating - Thyroid Gland - Increase thyroid hormone secretion.Hormone

Adrenocorticotropic - Adrenal cortex - Increase secretion of glucocorticoidHormone hormones, such as cortisol; increases

skin pigmentation at high concentrations.

Melanocyte-stimulating -Melanocytes -Increase melanin production inHormone in the skin melanocytes to make skin darker color.

Luteinizing Hormone - Ovary in female - Promotes ovulation and progesteroneTestis in male production in ovary; promotes

testosterone synthesis and support forsperm cell production in testis

Anterior PituitaryFollicle-stimulating - Follicles in ovary -Promotes follicle maturation and estrogenHormone in female; seminifo- secretion in ovary; promotes sperm cell

rous tubules in male production in testis

Prolactin - ovary and mammary - Stimulates milk production and prolongsgland in female; testis progesterone secretion following

in male ovulation and during pregnancy inwomen; increase sensitivity to LH in males.

Superior PituitaryAntidiuretic -kidney - Conserves water; constricts blood vessel.Hormone

Oxytocin - Uterus, - Increase uterine contractions.mammary gland Increase milk letdown from mammary gland

•Is made up of two lobes connected bya narrow band called ISTHMUS.

•One of the largest endocrine gland. Itappears more red because it is highlyvascular.

•The main function of thyroid gland is tosecrete thyroid hormone- whichregulate the rate of metabolism in thebody.

•The hormone secretion is regulated byhypothalamus and pituitary.

•Thyroid hormones are THYROXINE orTETRAIODOTHYROXINE (T4) andTRIIODOTHYROXINE (T3).

Goiter – enlargement of thyroid gland

Hypothyroidism – lack of thyroid

hormones*in infants hypothyroidism can result in

CRETINISM*in adults lack of thyroid hormones can

result in MYXEDEMA

Hyperthyroidism - increase in

metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, and chronic fatigue.

Thyroid hormones -Most cells of the Body -Increase metabolic rates,

(Thyroxine & Triiodothyroxine) essential for normalprocess of growth andmaturation.

Calcitonin -Primarily bone - Decrease rate of bone

breakdown; prevents largeincrease in blood Calciumlevels following a meal

• Embedded in the posterior wall of the thyroid gland.

• It secrets hormone called PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) – which is essential for regulation of blood calcium levels.

• Hyperparathyroidism- abnormally high rate of PTH secretion.

• Hypoparathyroidism- abnormally low rate of PTH secretion.

Parathyroid hormones

-Bone, Kidney

-Increase rate of bone breakdown by osteoclasts; increasesvitamin D synthesis, essential for maintenance of normal blood

calcium level.

•Two small glands located superior to each kidney.

• Each adrenal gland has an inner part called ADRENAL MEDULLA and an outer part called ADRENAL CORTEX. They function as separate glands

•The principal hormones of adrenal medulla are Epinephrine and Noripinephrine – also known as Fight-or-Flight hormone. They are release in response to stimulation of sympathetic nervous system.

•Adrenal Cortex secretes three classes of steroid hormones:

•Mineralocorticoids

•Glucocorticoids

•Androgens

Adrenal MedullaEpinephrine, some - Heart, Blood vessel - increase cardiac outputmostly noripenephrine liver, fat cells increase blood flow to

skeletal muscles andheart; increase releaseof glucose and fatty acidsinto blood; in generalprepares body for physicalactivity

Adrenal CortexMineralocorticoids - Kidneys; to lesser degree - increase rate of sodium

intestine and sweat glands transport into the bodyincrease rate of potassiumexcretion; secondarilyfavor water retention.

Glucocorticoids -Most tissues (liver, fat, skeletal -Increase fat and proteinmuscle, immune tissues) breakdown; increase

glucose synthesis fromamino acids; increase

blood nutrient level;inhibit inflammation andimmune response.

Adrenal Androgens - Most tissues -Insignificant in males; increasefemale sexual drive, growth ofpubic and axillary hair.

•Endocrine part of the pancreas consists of pancreatic islets. The islets secrete two hormones-insulin and glucagon- which helps regulates blood levels of nutrients specially glucose.

•Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells while insulin is secreted by beta cells.

•The hormone INSULIN is released by beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose levels.

•The hormone GLUCAGON is released from alpha cells when blood glucose levels are too low.

Insulin -Especially liver, skeletal -Increase uptake and use of

muscle, adipose tissue. Glucose and amino acids.

Glucagon - Primarily liver - Increase breakdown of glycogen

and release of glucose into thecirculatory system.

•The testes of males secret sex hormones in addition to sperm cells.

•The main sex hormone in male isTESTOSTERONE.

•The ovary of female secrete sex hormones in addition to egg cells or oocytes.

•Two main classes of sex hormone in female: PROGESTERONE & ESTROGEN.

TESTES

TESTOSTERONE -Most tissues -Aids in sperm cell production,maintenance of functional reproductive

organs, secondary sexual charac-teristics, sexual behavior.

OVARIES

Estrogens & - Most tissues - Aids in uterine and mammary gland

Progesterone development and function , external

genitalia structure, secondary sexualcharacteristics, sexual behavior, menstrual

cycle.

•The thymus lies in the upper part of thoracic cavity.

•It is important in the function of immune system.

•It secretes hormone called THYMOSIN.

THYMOSIN

-Immune tissue

-Promotes immune system development and function.

•The pineal gland is a small, pinecone-shaped structure located superior and posterior to the thalamus.

•It secretes hormone called MELATONIN.

MELATONIN

-Among others, Hypothalamus

-Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone,thereby inhibiting reproduction.

Pituitary Gland –

Thyroid Gland –

Parathyroid Gland –

Pancreas –

Adrenal Gland –

Testes and Ovaries –

Thymus Gland –

Pineal Gland –