ENDOCRINE SYSTEMHormonal production and control

Message carrying system

Fast and slow messages

◻ Your endocrine (hormonal) system is the slow message system of your body. Its messages consist of chemicals released by glands into the bloodstream. Your nervous system, on the other hand, is the fast message system of the body. Its messages consist of electrical signals that travel along the membranes of nerve cells.

◻ 1. Describe a situation in which the body could use the endocrine system to deliver a “slow” message.

◻ 2. Describe a situation in which the body could use the nervous system to deliver a “fast” message.

◻ Endocrine glands = organs that make and secrete hormones (chemical messengers) directly to the bloodstream.

Hormones

◻ Ductless glands

◻ Deposited into the circulatory system and transported via blood

◻ Can last minutes to hours

◻ Removed by breaking down in liver and excreted via kidney

regulates

Concept MapSection 39-2

by meansof the

by meansof the

by meansof the

by meansof the

by meansof the

by meansof the

GrowthWater

balanceReproducti

onMetabolism

Calciumand

glucoselevels

Responseto stress

The Endocrine System

Pituitary

Ovaries

Testes Thyroid Pancreas Adrenals

Parathyroids

Endocrine System

● Endocrine glands

● Hormones

Endocrine System

HypothalamusThe hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland.

Pituitary glandThe pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands.

Parathyroid glandsThese four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood.

ThymusDuring childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development.

Adrenal glandsThe adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.

Pineal gland

The pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles.

ThyroidThe thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.

PancreasThe pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.

OvaryThe ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.

Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Section 39-1

Figure 39–2 The Endocrine Glands

Endocrine Glands

● Endocrine glands = organs that make and secrete hormones (chemical messengers) directly to the bloodstream.

Hormones

● Ductless glands

● Deposited into the circulatory system and transported via blood

● Can last minutes to hours

● Removed by breaking down in liver and excreted via kidney

● Prolactin or PRL - PRL stimulates milk production from a woman's breasts after childbirth and can affect sex hormone levels from the ovaries in women and the testes in men.

● Growth hormone or GH - GH stimulates growth in childhood and is important for maintaining a healthy body composition. In adults it is also important for maintaining muscle mass and bone mass. It can affect fat distribution in the body.

● Adrenocorticotropin or ACTH - ACTH stimulates production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Cortisol, a so-called "stress hormone". It helps maintain blood pressure and blood glucose levels and is vital to survival.

● Thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH - TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones, which, in turn, control (regulate) the body's metabolism, energy, growth and development, and nervous system activity.

● Luteinizing hormone or LH - LH regulates testosterone in men and estrogen in women. (gonadotropin)

● Follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH - FSH promotes sperm production in men and stimulates the ovaries to release eggs (ovulate) in women. LH and FSH work together to allow normal function of the ovaries or testes. (gonadotropin)

● Posterior Pituitary Hormones● Oxytocin - Oxytocin causes milk letdown in nursing mothers and contractions during childbirth.● ● Antidiuretic hormone or ADH - ADH, also called vasopressin, is stored in the back part of the

pituitary gland and regulates water balance. If this hormone is not secreted properly, this can lead to problems of sodium (salt) and water balance, and could also affect the kidneys *Diuretics – increase urine production

Pituitary Gland

◻ Secretes nine hormones, some of which regulate many bodily functions

◻ Master gland secretion affects other glands

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus(1) controls the release of 8 major hormones and is involved in (2) temperature regulation, (3) control of food and water intake, (4) sexual behavior and reproduction, (5) control of daily cycles in physiological state and behavior, and (6) mediation of emotional responses.

Pineal Gland

Pituitary Gland

●Secretes nine hormones, some of which regulate many bodily functions-the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes.

●Master gland secretion affects other glands

Thyroid Gland

●Regulates the bodies metabolism●Found in throat

Thyroid Gland

●The thyroid is a vitally important hormonal gland that plays a major role in the metabolism, growth and maturation of the human body.

● It helps to regulate many body functions by constantly releasing a steady amount of hormones into the bloodstream.

Parathyroid Gland

●The parathyroid glands are four tiny glands, located in the neck, that control the body's calcium levels.

Parathyroid Gland

●Regulates the levels of calcium in the blood

●Found in thyroid●Bone growth, muscle

tone, nerve activity

Thymus Gland

●The thymus gland is very active in childhood. It plays a crucial role in developing and improving a child's immune system.

Thymus

●Stimulates T cell development and proper immune response

●Found in neckSpleen: an abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells and forming part of the immune system.

Pancreas●The exocrine pancreas produces enzymes

that help to digest food, particularly protein. The endocrine pancreas makes the hormone insulin, which helps to control blood sugar levels.

Pancreas

● ENDOCRINE - Helps keep the level of glucose in the blood stable

● EXOCRINE - Helps to digest food (secretes digestive enzymes)

● Near junction of stomach and small intestine

● Insulin = liver storage of glycogen. Ability of cells to take in sugar.

Insulin

● The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon which regulate glucose levels in the blood

● low blood sugar triggers the release of glucagon which converts glycogen (animal starch) to glucose in the muscles and liver, increasing blood glucose levels

● high blood glucose triggers the release of insulin which enhances the uptake of glucose by muscle and liver cells, removing glucose from the blood.

Diabetes

● Pancreas fails to produce or properly use insulin.

● Glucose levels in blood rise, causing kidneys to excrete glucose in urine.

● Type I : develops before age 15, little or no insulin secreted -- require daily injections

● Type II: develops after age 40, low to normal amounts of insulin produced, can be controlled with diet and exercise

Problems

● blood glucose levels remain elevated leading to circulatory disorders and vision problems

● kidneys are unable to reabsorb all the glucose, increased glucose in the collecting ducts, less water is removed and returned to the blood - both glucose in the urine and thirst are symptoms of insulin deficiency

Problems cont’d

● without insulin glucose does not enter body cells which then metabolize fats and proteins instead

● pH of blood is lowered, interfering with many body functions

● at high levels these products can cause coma and death

Hypoglycemia

● a result of low blood sugar.

● caused by an absence of glucagon

● person may lose consciousness as brain cells are deprived of glucose

Diabetes

● If insulin is not available, cells can not utilize the glucose and will begin to use fats then proteins. By-products of this breakdown may cause problems of lower pH or toxicity

● Insulin allows cells to use glucose, as the glucose is used the level drops, the amount of insulin produced will also drop.

● Low sugar causes production of glucagon (allows glycogen to be changed to sugar). As sugar levels increase, glucagon levels decrease.

Insulin Pumps

DIABETES WON'T STOP CHICKSunday, November 18, 2007Wears insulin pump on belt

By Lowell Ullrich,Vancouver Province

REGINA -- The game of football is a lifeline to everyone on the field in the West Division final at B.C. Place Stadium, but only one player can say his existence is directly related to an attachment that is worn on the belt of his pants.

Saskatchewan Roughriders defensive end John Chick decided a long time ago that he wasn't going to let something like diabetes get in the way of a career. Chick wears a pump which is used to provide and regulate the amount of insulin he needs on an hourly basis.

It may be a tolerable existence for those who must monitor their blood-sugar content. It does, however, provide additional challenges if you are in constant contact with large individuals who think nothing of trying to gain any possible advantage on the line of scrimmage.

"I've had a few [opposing] players ask me about [the pump], but it's so compact there's nothing they can do to it that would effect me anyway," the 24-year-old Chick said.

If the Lions didn't know about the apparatus, it was certainly brought to their attention after the last meeting of the teams Sept. 24 in Regina.

That was the game that featured the infamous melee in which no B.C. offensive linemen were ejected and Rob Murphy of the Lions had Chick pinned on the ground.

Riders general manager Eric Tillman was outraged, pointing out the fact Murphy was dealing with a player who has overcome long odds.

Chick was diagnosed as a diabetic while attending Grade 8 classes in Gillette, Wy., and converted from injections to using the pump while playing alongside Lions defensive back Jerome Dennis at Utah State University.

"It works like your pancreas," Chick said.

The pump is no bigger than the size of a cell phone and contains a vial of insulin that provides a regulated dose while tucked away inside a kidney pad underneath his uniform. Reactions are combated with a ready supply of Gatorade as needed on the Riders bench during games.

"To actually carry a pump when you're playing is absolutely incredible," Riders coach Kent Austin said.

It's the type of condition that prompted the Houston Texans from giving him a decent look last year. In the NFL, teams routinely spit out any player that does not fit the mould, even if you are 6'3" and 250 pounds and show a relentless drive to get to opposing quarterbacks as Chick has done since Tillman signed him this spring.

Chick had already learned how to deal with his condition while also playing basketball and baseball in high school, and was determined to show others similarly afflicted how obstacles can be overcome.

"There was no way I was going to stop playing," Chick said, and he proves it on every snap.

AdrenalsThe 2 adrenal glands sit on top of your kidneys.●The adrenal cortex—produces hormones that

are vital to life - regulate metabolism and aldosterone (which helps control blood pressure).

●The adrenal medulla—the inner part of the gland—produces nonessential (that is, you don’t need them to live) hormones, such as adrenaline (which helps your body react to stress).

Adrenal Gland

●Helps body prepare for and deal with stress

●Found on kidney●Epinephrine●Corticoid steroids

Adrenals

Ovaries & Testes

◻ Sex hormones: progesterone, estrogen, testosterone

◻ Low estrogen = maleness (some testosterone produced in the adrenal gland)

◻ Low testosterone = femaleness

Ovaries

The ovaries are an endocrine gland because they secrete hormones—primarily estrogen and progesterone—that are vital to normal reproductive development and fertility.

Testes

The testes are twin endocrine glands that release testosterone, a hormone necessary for the normal development of male physical growth.

Testes and Ovaries

◻ Prolactin or PRL - PRL stimulates milk production from a woman's breasts after childbirth and can affect sex hormone levels from the ovaries in women and the testes in men.

◻ Growth hormone or GH - GH stimulates growth in childhood and is important for maintaining a healthy body composition. In adults it is also important for maintaining muscle mass and bone mass. It can affect fat distribution in the body.

◻ Adrenocorticotropin or ACTH - ACTH stimulates production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Cortisol, a so-called "stress hormone," is vital to survival. It helps maintain blood pressure and blood glucose levels.

◻ Thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH - TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones, which, in turn, control (regulate) the body's metabolism, energy, growth and development, and nervous system activity.

◻ Luteinizing hormone or LH - LH regulates testosterone in men and estrogen in women. (gonadotropin)

◻ Follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH - FSH promotes sperm production in men and stimulates the ovaries to release eggs (ovulate) in women. LH and FSH work together to allow normal function of the ovaries or testes. (gonadotropin)

◻ Posterior Pituitary Hormones

◻ Oxytocin - Oxytocin causes milk letdown in nursing mothers and contractions during childbirth.

◻

◻ Antidiuretic hormone or ADH - ADH, also called vasopressin, is stored in the back part of the pituitary gland and regulates water balance. If this hormone is not secreted properly, this can lead to problems of sodium (salt) and water balance, and could also affect the kidneys *Diuretics – increase urine production

Adrenal Gland

◻ Helps body prepare for and deal with stress

◻ Found on kidney

◻ Epinephrine

◻ Corticoid steroids

Milk letdown --- COWS!!!!!!

◻ Transport of milk from the mammary gland to the stomach of the young calf

◻ Calves suckle 6-10 times a day (75 times / minute)

◻ As milk accumulates, pressure in mammary glands increases

◻ Stretching of tissues in teat sends a nerve impulse to the brain

◻ Smooth muscles help express milk from mammary glands

◻ Reflex (unconscious)

◻ Acts under a stimuli (calf noses udder)

◻ Oxytocin travels through blood signaling milk to release