Endocrinology

EndocrinologyBY REVATHY.RKIntroductionEndocrine system is composed of glands located in different regions releases chemical substance into the body.These are the hormones and regulate many function of an organismProduce their effect by binding to the receptors.Each hormone will have its own receptorEndocrine glands secrete their hormones directly into their blood stream than into ductsExocrine glands sends their chemical subs into the ducts sweat,lacrimal,salivary.Thyroid glandParathyroid glandAdrenal gland - Adrenal cortex,Adrenal medullaPancreasPituitary Ovaries in femaleTestes in malePineal gland- located in Central portion of brain secretes melatonin responsible for skin pigmentationThymus glands- located behind the sternum in the mediastinum secretes thymosin important for development of immune response in new borns.Some hormones other than endo crine glandsKidney secretes erythropoeitinGIT- gastrin , secretin, cholecystokininThyroid gland: located on either side of neckSecretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine Parathyroid Gland: four oval small bodies located in the dorsal aspect of thyroid gland.Parathormone is secreted by parathyroid glands mobilizes calcium from bones into blood stream where calcium is needed for muscles.Adrenal glands: situated one on top of each kidneyAdrenal cortex secretes Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoidsMineralocorticoid aldosteroneGlucocorticoid- cortisol,Androgens,estrogens and progestinsAdrenal medulla: secretesEphinephrine(adrenaline)- increases heart rate dilates bronchial tubules . Stimulates production of glycogen when glucose is needed.Norepinephrine(noradrenaline) Constricts vessels and raises blood pressure.Pancreas: located behind the stomach secretes Insulin and glucagonPituitary Gland: Pea shaped gland located at the base of brainHypothalamus is a region that is close proximity to the pitutary gland.signals transmitted from the hypothalamus controls the secretion by pituitary gland

PathologyThyroid Gland:Enlargement of TG is goitre defiency of iodine in the dietHyperthyroidism: Graves disease(Protusion of eye balls)- exophthalmiaHypothyrodism: Myxedema: - skin becomes dry and puffybecause of collection of mucus like material under the skin.Cretinism: lack of physical and mental growth. Obese short and stocky child.Thyroid CarcinomaParathyroid glands:Hyperparathyroidism excessive secretion of parathormone.(Bones are decalcified and fracturedHypoparathyroidism Tetany. Calcium remains in bones unable to enter the blood stream .weakness and spasm of muscles occurAdrenal cortex:Hypersecretion: Cushing syndrome Moon like faceHyposecretion: Addisons disease- weight loss,weakness,darker pigmentationAdrenal Medulla:Hypersecretion- Phechromocytoma- TumourPancreasHypersecretionHyperinsulinism hypoglycemia. Insulin draws sugar out of the blood stream.Fainting,loss of consciousness occurs.Hyposecretion:Diabetes mellitusDiabetus insipidusPituitary Gland: Hypersecretion: Acromegaly- enlargement of the extremities.Gigantism- Abnormal overgrowth of the bodyHyposecretion:DwarfismLab TestSerum and urine testGlucose Tolerance TestRadioimmunoassay- Hormone levels in plasmaThyroid function test T4,T3,TSH,Thyroxine is T4 and TriiodothyronineT3CT scans Thyroid scansRadioactive iodine uptake - administered orally and its uptake into the thyroid gland is measured as evidence of thyroid functionSkull XrayMRIThank You