energies marines renouvelables: géotechnique & … · 2 ground model - making the development...
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ENERGIES MARINES RENOUVELABLES: Géotechnique & FondationsHong DOAN & Denys BORELRencontre des partenaires WeAMEC du 7 avril 2017
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Ground model - Making the Development Site Transparent
Desk top study Geophysical Surveys Insitu Testing (CPT)
Boreholes sampling & testing Lab Testing and Analysis Interpretation and IntegrationEngineering Ground Model
Engineering Analysis and Design Optimised design
Starting Point
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Ground model - Multi-Disciplinary Integration
Ground Model
Public Domain
Analogous Sites/Previous ExperienceGeotechnical Data
Documents understanding of site geological evolution
GIS Database
Metocean
Geophysical Data
Engineering Analysis
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Ground model approach
Seabed Features
Sand/gravel bedforms Boulders
at seabed
Uneven seabed
Exposed bedrock
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Variablesoil conditionse.g. channels
Variable bedrockprofileCoarse
materialincludingboulders Competent
stratae.g. evaporites
Subsurface Features
Weatheredzone
Ground model approach
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Ground model approach
Mobileseabed /
scour
Obstruction to caisson
Variablepenetrationfor different
piles
Shallow refusal
Bucklingof pile
Foundation Constraints
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Foundation Constraints Register
� Documents potential constraints to foundation installation / behaviour
� Ground Model is used in order to identify, map, characterise and predict ground conditions
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How?
1. Geophysical survey2. Soil investigation
• drilling & sampling / coring• in-situ testing
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How? Examples – UXO survey
ROV video footage confirms the geophysical interpretation
Seabed Features
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How? Soil investigation: Basic Principle
High quality sampling & in situ testingrequire a fixed reference / seabed
From a jack-up rig(self elevating platform)
From a floating support
Boreholefrom a vessel / barge
with heavecompensated
drillstring +
seabed frame
wireline seabed
modules & equipmentsfor
In situ testing or
sampling
~ conventional borehole
with casing betweenplatform deck
and seabed
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How? Soil investigation: Operations modes
Seabed based
Downhole in drill pipe
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How? Soil investigation: New seabed systems drilling & testing
Seafloor Drilling Technology
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How? Soil investigation: Laboratory for Advanced Testing
� Fugro laboratory for advanced soil testing located in UK + France
� Advanced equipment for cyclic and dynamic testing� 32 automated stress-path systems� 10 cyclic simple shear systems (DSS)� 10 cyclic triaxial systems (up to 300mm in sample diameter )� 3 resonant column apparatuses� Bender element capability in triaxial cells and DSS/CSS� Axial and radial small-strain measurement capability� Mid-height pore pressure capability
� Accredited for soil testing by UKAS to ISO 17025
Fugro laboratory for advanced soil testing
Fugro automated stress path triaxial systems
Fugro cyclic simple shear (DSS) sample cell
Fugro sample for triaxial testing with axial and radial strain measurement
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Design of Offshore Foundations for Wind Turbines
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French Marine Energy Market - Fixed Offshore Wind
AO1 Saint Brieuc
AO1 Courseulles
AO1 Fécamp
AO1 Saint Nazaire
AO2 Yeu Noirmoutier
AO2 Dieppe Le Treport
AO3 Dunkerque
AO3 Ile d’Oléron
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French Marine Energy Market - Floating Offshore Wind
Leucate
Gruissan
Faraman
Provence Grand Large
Groix
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TIDAL energy
WAC: Wave Energy Converters :
OTEC: Ocean Thermal Energy Converter
French Marine Energy Market
Other Energies
Image: ©DCNS
Image: ©DCNS
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Site characterisation for offshore Windfarm Development
Feasibility and licence application Consent and FEED studies Detailed design and
procurement Construction and commissioning
2011 Phase 1 geotechnical investigation
Foundationconcept
2011 DTSPreliminary
ground model
2013 Phase 2 geotechnical investigation
De-risking+
Foundationconcept
validation
2015 Phase 3 geotechnicalinvestigation
+ advanced labtesting
Final groundmodel for
Foundationdesign
2013 Export cable
investigation
Burialassessment
Andcable landing
2013 Inter array cable
investigation
Burialassessment
+Cable
Micro routing
2016Onshore large scale
pile tests & engineering study
to confirm:
Driveability in rock
Behaviour of monopile in
rock
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General Considerations
� Must be cost-efficient
� Strict guidelines for certification (e.g. DNV-GL, LR) and approval authority BSH (for German projects)
� Natural frequency fn should not be close to excitation frequencies to avoid resonance (Natural Frequency Analysis NFA and Fatigue Limit State FLS)
� Safety against failure in the Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
Consideration of extreme loads (50-year wave and wind forces – BSH storm load)
� Meet Serviceability Limit State (SLS) requirements
Must consider the effects of long-term cyclic loading (from wind and wave loads)
� Installation and de-installation
Offshore WTG Design – Geotechnical Requirements
Typical WTG Cost Distribution (Kuehn et al., 1998)
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Monopile Design – Geotechnical Requirements
Design Considerations
– Natural frequency (FLS and NFA) decisive for design
• Soil-structure stiffness response for relevant load range (dynamic, low-amplitude)
– DNV-GL, BSH requirement:
• Effects of cyclic loading shall be explicitly considered in ULS and SLS design (as a function of number of cycles and load amplitudes)
– Limitation of pile lateral displacement (SLS)
• Rotation at seabed level for lifetime duration < 0.25°
– ULS verification should consider design 50-year storm load case• BSH 35-hour cyclic storm load case
– Installation through pile driving
• Large-diameter/thin-walled piles more prone to buckling and damage (e.g. installation in very dense sand or glacial till)
www.lorc.e-kvator.com
Monopile Foundation
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Jacket Design – Geotechnical Requirements
Design Considerations
– Axial cyclic tension resistance – driving factor for design of piles
– DNV-GL, BSH, DIN 1054 requirement:Effects of cyclic loading shall be considered in ULS and SLS design
Fugro Procedure
– Automatised software CYCLOPS
– Cycle-by-cycle analysis of axial displacement accumulation
– Provides site-specific cyclic t-z (shaft friction-axial displacement) curves
Dong et al. (2012)
Tripile and Jacket Foundations
Pile resistance forces to tension loading (Achmus & Müller , 2010)
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Gravity Base – Geotechnical Requirements
Information on this slide is confidential and shall not be communicated without Fugro’s permission
Gravity Foundations
Design Considerations
– Combined VHMT loading : torsional forces can reduce bearing capacity
- Effects of consolidation (strength increase) on stability
– Reduction of soil strength and stiffness due to cyclic loading (ULS, SLS)
– Typical requirement δ < 0.25°to 0.5°
– SLS verification needs to consider:• Consolidation and creep• Post-strorm reconsolidation settlement• Shear-induced deformation• Lateral variability
– Scour protection , seabed preparation and/or skirts normally required
Weight
Thornton Bank OWF
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Suction Bucket – Geotechnical Requirements
Design Considerations
Capacity:- Effects of cyclic degradation - Capacity under compressive, tension and prolonged
tension
Displacement:- Effects of cyclic degradation- SLS verification needs to consider
- Consolidation and creep- Lateral variability- Shear-induced deformation
Installation:- Is suction (water pressure) sufficient during
installation? Can the bucket penetrate to required depth? Risk of plug uplift?
Suction Buckets/Multi-Pod Foundations
SPT (2014)
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Fugro Methodology for Cyclic Bearing Capacity Analysis
CLR = 1 (1-way loading)
CLR = >>1 (2-way loading)
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Floating Offshore Wind – Anchor Design Process
Client specifies Client and/or Fugro• Mooring / metocean conditions• Type of mooring system• Type of moored object
Permanent (FPSO, FSO, FPI)Temporary (MODU, barge, etc)
• Mooring line characteristics• Anchor loads (quasi-static / dynamic)
intact / damaged / transient• Specifications and applicable codes
LocationSite conditionsBathymetryGeophysical data / Geohazards /Geological data / Geotechnical data
Suitable anchor
Anchor sizingAnchor performanceInstallation requirementsLong term behaviour (creep, consolidation, cyclic…)
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Floating Offshore Wind – Anchor Types
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ACTIVITY IN R&D
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R&D projects
SOLCYP : French acronym for Piles under Cyclic SOLicitationsLeading by Fugro, Dr Alain PUECH
CITEPH :Gassy soils, Laboratory testing and numerical modelingARSCOP: High pressure pressiometer
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SOLCYP OBJECTIVES
SOLCYP’s Objectives:
� understand the physical phenomena conditioning the response of piles subject to vertical and lateral cyclic loads
� quantify the effect of cyclic loadings on the response and capacity of piles
� define a methodology to assess the behaviour of cyclically loaded piles
� develop design methods sufficiently flexible in use to remain compatible with the nature of the structure and the severity of the cyclic loading
� initiate prenormative actions with a view of introducing the proposed methodology in national (and international) codes or professional guidelines
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SOLCYP - Response of soil-pile system under axial loading (1)
Extensive experimental database gathered from:
� In situ tests in two experimental sites : Merville (stiff to very stiff over-consolidated clay) and Loon-Plage (dense to vey dense fine sand)
� Centrifuge tests in IFSTTAR (formerly LCPC) : model pile tests in Fontainebleau sand
� Calibration chamber in 3S-R laboratory and in collaboration with Imperial College : highly instrumented pile in Fontainebleau sand
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SOLCYP - Response of soil-pile system under lateral loading (2)
Experimental P-y curves :� y(z) : Displacement obtained by double-integration the moment data� P(z) : Soil Reaction obtained through double derivation of the moment data
Typical P- y curve in clay Typical P- y curves in sand
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SOLCYP - Response of soil-pile system under lateral loading (2)
Global analyses Local (beam column) analysesDerive degredation laws dependingon cyclic loading parameters for : - Pile head displacement (yn)- Maximum Bending Moment (Mmax,n)
Derive degraded P-y curves from static “standard” P-y curves
Pile design under lateral cyclic loading
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Thank you