energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystem · expected life time 10 years it t t 5% 4 e...

General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.

Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.

You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain

You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 08, 2020

Energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystem

Hendriksen, Peter Vang

Publication date:2012

Link back to DTU Orbit

Citation (APA):Hendriksen, P. V. (Forfatter). (2012). Energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystem. Lyd og/eller billedproduktion (digital)

https://orbit.dtu.dk/da/publications/63860ca2-96ec-4652-9077-61e73bf73785

Energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystem

Peter V. Hendriksen, DTU Energikonvertering

Ændringer i Energisystemet, drivende faktorer

•Hensyn til klima, minimering af emissioner.

• Forsyningssikkerhed

•Økonomi, Pris på konventionelle fossile brændsler

•Erhvervspolitik

•Accept/manglende accept af atomkraft

•Geopolitiske, strategiske hensyn

•Forøget forbrug, befolkningstilvækst

• ..

•Ressourceknaphed• store fossile ressourcer• store vind/sol ressourcer

DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark2

• store vind/sol ressourcer

Dansk Målsætning•2020: 50 % El forbrug dækket af VE •2035: 0 % Fossil energi i el og varme -produktion•2050: 100 % VE2050: 100 % VE

Udfordringer

Ø d l f fl k d d k1. Øget andel af fluktuerende produktion2. Biomasse er en begrænset ressource !3. Flydende brændstoffer (Fly, tung transport) hvorfra ?

3000

3500

4000

4500

3000

3500

4000

4500

”Breaking the Biomass bottleneck of the fossil freesociety”. H. Wenzel, CONCITO 22/9 2010.

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

• 4 times more crops needed to replace fossil fuelsAt maximum we can double croplandOnly a 30 % increase would be sustainable

DK West January 2008 Demand and Wind power January 2008 + 3,000 MW

0

500

Wind power Demand

0

500

Wind power Demand

Source: Energinet.dk

Only a 30 % increase would be sustainable

• Biomass residues < 20% of energy consumption

“The role of fuel cells and electrolysers in future efficient energy systems”Peter Vang Hendriksen, DTU Energy Conversion, Brian Vad Mathiesen, Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Allan S. Pedersen and Søren Linderoth, DTU Energy Conversion; Ch13 DTU Energy Report. Enabling technologies

Brændselsceller og Elektrolyse kan bidrage til løsning !

Ch13 DTU Energy Report. Enabling technologies

0.8 V 1.4 V

Chemical energy Electricity + Heat

Brug af brændselsceller i fremtidens energisystem

•Hvorfor ? •Høj el-virkningsgrad•God del-last karakteristik (virkningsgrad)•God del-last karakteristik (virkningsgrad)• Fleksible

åL k l CHP h b d l ll ~6 % i DK på el-siden (Ref 1)

~20% på fjernvarme (Ref 2)

• Lokal CHP vha. brændselsceller• Minimerer transmissionstab

Større indpasning af varmepumper mulig (=brændselsbesparelse) , Ref 3:

•Systemstudier viser at decentral FC-CHP er mere fordelagtigt

• Transport; FC-vehicles

DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark

Ref.3 B. V. Mathiesen, “Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems”, Ph.D. Thesis, Aalborg University, 2008Ref. 2 http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/denmark/electric-power-transmission-and-distribution-losses Ref. 1 http://www.skfj.dk/showpage.php?pageid=847

Typer af Brændselsceller/(Elektrolyseceller)

AFC PEMFC SOFC

ElectrolytePotassium h d id

Polymer b

Solid oxide yhydroxide membrane

Catalyst Nickel Platinum Perovskites/Ni

Operating temp. 40–100°C 60–200°C 600 – 900 °C

Fuel(s) H2 H2 or CH3OHH2, CO, NH3,Hydrocarbons

I t l t t CO CO CO S NH SIntolerant to CO, CO2 CO, S, NH3 S

Electric efficiency ~ 45 % 40 – 55 % 50 – 60 %

Mobile units Mobile units CHP from micro-Applications

Mobile units, space, military

Mobile units, micro-CHP

CHP from microto large-scale

• R&D fokus: PEMFC, HT-PEM og SOFC F d l l f ll


• Fordele og ulemper for alle• Forskning og udvikling på alle spor på DTU (AEC elektrolyse)

SOFC Ni-YSZ supporteret celle

Ni/YSZ support

Ni/YSZ electrode

LSM-YSZ electrode

• Skalerbare fremstillingsmetoder

DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark7 5 March 2012

Samarbejde; DTU - Haldor Topsøe indenfor SOFC siden1989

HTASDTU, RISØ

Datterselskab af Haldor Topsøe A/S Dannet 2004Dannet 2004

75

100

15000

20000x1

2 (%

) -lin

e

d -

TOFC

0

25

50

0

5000

10000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Succ

ess

rate

for 1

2x

m2

cells

pro

duce

d


2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Year

# 1

2x12

cm

Teknologioverførsel fra DTU til TOFC

Stack test status

II

2004

Stack with 2.5G cellsDegradation:

< 8 mV/ 1000 hr

2011

2 5

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

olt

I II III

ife

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

tage

[V]

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Vo

end

of l

Fuel: H2 + H2O

0 2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Ave

rage

cel

l vol

t

Fuel: Pre-reformed NG, O/C = 2725 oC

Hours

0

0.1

0.2

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000Time (hr)

0.220 A/cm2

3% H2O in airTest status:14.000 hours20 thermal cycles ( )20 thermal cyclesDegradation steady/leveling off

Source: Niels Christiansen, TOFC, Presented at 10 SOFC Forum 2012, Lucerne

μ-CHP PowerCore

Pre-reformer PowerCorePowerCore Gen 2 Gen 3DC power 1.4 kW 1.5kWDC eff. (LHV) 52%

(80V, 18A)61%

(59V, 25A)

Water evaporator

internal external

HEX Burner Stack module

evaporatorStart-up burner

internal external

Volumen 148 L 40L

62

63

64

[A] 20

25

30 Weight 90 kg 30 kg

60

61

Volta

ge [V

] or C

urre

nt

10

15

58

59

19:12:00 00:00:00 04:48:00 09:36:00 14:24:00 19:12:00 00:00:00 04:48:00StartTime : 05-03-2012 23:59:00 EndTime : 06-03-2012 23:59:00

0

5

PowerCore load cyclesPowerCore®

Source: Niels Christiansen, TOFC, Presented at 10 SOFC Forum 2012, Lucerne

Keramiske brændselsceller på markedet

• Japan: Kyocera, Osaka Gas, Toyota, mfl.– system til mikrokraftvarme introduceret april 2012– 700 W el, 42% virkningsgrad– pris ¥ 2.751.000 (ca. 200.000 kr.);

offentligt tilskud ¥ 1.000.000

• USA: Bloom Energy– decentral kraftproduktion til fx datacentre– 100 kW eller 200 kW el, ca. 50% virkningsgrad– alternative forretningsmodeller: købe strømmen,

men ikke anlægget

DTU Energikonvertering, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet11

Brug af elektrolyse i fremtidens energisystem, SNG

CH4

2050; (100 % VE)

Metanisering

CH4

Energi 2050, Vindsporet, Energinet.dk

2050; (100 % VE)+17GW Vind, +5 GW sol/bølge, BM; 200 PJ/år

Lagring; • Gas: 11TWh, behov; 3.5 TWh

å• EV. : 50 GWh, 1.5 mill EV, få timer

round_trip = electrolyse brændselscelle = 95 * 55 ~ 50 % (Via metan ~ 40-45 %)

Brug af elektrolyse i fremtidens energisystemSyntetiske brændstof til transporty p

Syntetiske brændstof til transportBrug af elektrolyse i fremtidens energisystem

y pOpgradering af biomasse

El+Varme

Økonomisk analyse

SOEC t t 0 3 €/ 210

Andre antagelserElektricitetspris100$/kW*

SOEC system cost 0.3 €/cm2

Heat 0.23 ¢/kWh Cell voltage (H2O) 1.3 V (Vtn)C ll lt (CO ) 1 5 V (Vt )6

8

(¢/k

Wh)

Cell voltage (CO2) 1.5 V (Vtn)Current density 1.5 A/cm2

Expected life time 10 yearsI t t t 5%

4

6

Ele

ctric

itypr

ice DK Electricity Price in 2010

Average PriceInterest rate 5% Expected CO2 cost 23€/tonExpected H2O cost 2.3 €/ton0

2

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

E

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

Hours

Source; S. H. Jensen, S. Ebbesen, K. V. Hansen, A. H. Pedersen#

and M. Mogensen, ”Cost Estimation of H2 and CO Produced by

Steam and CO2 Electrolysis”, 2011, (Unpublished).

*J. Thijssen, U.S. DOE/NETL 2007

Økonomisk analyse

2

(€/k

g) 0.3 €/cm2

0 15 €/cm2

18

¢/N

m3 )

barre

l)

86

1

duct

ion

cost

( 0.15 €/cm2

9

uctio

nco

st(¢

1%

12%2%

Heat

I t tWater

43

crud

e oi

l(€/

b

00 2000 4000 6000 8000

H2

prod

H2

prod

u

0

85%

12%

Electricity

Investment

Equi

v.

0

Electrolysis activity (hours) Source; S. H. Jensen, S. Ebbesen, K. V. Hansen, A. H. Pedersen#

and M. Mogensen, ”Cost Estimation of H2 and CO Produced by

Steam and CO2 Electrolysis”, 2011, (Unpublished).

• Dagens oliepris ~ 85 $/barrel

• 1.5 A/cm2

• 10 års levetid, kræver fortsat udvikling !• 0.3 €/cm2

Økonomisk analyse, Metanol fra træ“G S F l ” Fi l P j t R t EUDP 64010 0011• “Green SynFuels”, Final Project Report, EUDP 64010-0011.

CO + 2H2 = CH3OH + 91 kJ/mol CO2 + 3H2 = CH3OH+H2O + 41 kJ/molCO2 + 3H2 CH3OH+H2O + 41 kJ/mol


Direkte fra BM SOEC assisteret (hydrogenering)

Økonomisk analyse, Metanol fra træ

Direkte + SOECTræ 207 MW 207 MWEl 141 MW

Synergi• Justering af C/H-forhold• Termisk integration

Metanol 121 MW 243 MWEffektivitet 59,2 % 70,8 %

• Termisk integration, Eksoterm+Endoterm proces

Kap. 6 John Bøgild Hansen, Haldor Topsøe A/SKap. 6 John Bøgild Hansen, Haldor Topsøe A/S

Økonomisk vurdering• Break even:

120 US$/barrel

Kap 3 Anders Korsgaard Serenergy A/S

Source: Green SynFuels”, Final Project Report, EUDP 64010-0011John Bøgild Hansen, Mogens Mogensen, Allan Schrøder Petersen, Aksel Hauge Pedersen, Ivan Loncarevic, Martin Wittrup Hansen, Claus Torbensen, Jacob Bonde, Per Sune Koustrup, Anders Korsgaard, Jesper Lebæk, Svend Lykkemark Christensen, Project manager: Hans Over Hansen, Danish Technological Institute

Kap. 3. Anders Korsgaard, Serenergy A/S

Biomasse opgradering, Hydrogenering, CCR

• Biomasse er en begrænset ressource (~20% of behov)

• 100 PJ Biomass 20 PJ Solid fuel + 50 PJ Liquid fuel,

• 100 PJ Biomass100 PJ Solid fuel + 130 PJ Liquid fuel

Fermentering

CCR

Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske UniversitetRisø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet20

+ 150 PJ Hydrogen 100 PJ Solid fuel + 130 PJ Liquid fuel CCR

Source; H. Wenzel; “Breaking the biomass Bottleneck of the fossil free society”, CONCITO, 2010

Olah G.A. “Beyond Oil and Gas: The methanol Economy”, Angw. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2636

SOEC, Teknologistatus!World record ! S. H. Jensen et al. , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,

Volume 32, Issue 15, 2007, P. 3253

Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske UniversitetRisø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet

Status på stak niveau

13.0 0 50 A/cm2 0 75 A/cm2

12.5

ge (V

)

-0.50 A/cm2 -0.75 A/cm

11.5

12.0

Stac

k vo

ltag

11.00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Electrolysis time (h)

• Ydelsen er stabil ved moderat strømtæthed (I ~ -0.75 A/cm2 at 850 ºC)

• Standard TOFC stack , H2O og co-electrolyse

• Reversible moduler (?), Produktionskapacitet eksisterer i DK,

The Danish National Advanced Technology Foundation’s advanced technology platform“Development of 2nd generation bioethanol process and technology”,S. Ebbesen et al. Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy 36, 2011

Elektrolyse, AEC, PEMEC, SOEC

Type Largestsystem

Commercialsuppliers Danish companies

Norsk Hydro Green HydrogenAEC 3.5 MW HydrogenicsIht,….

Green HydrogenSiemens Corp. Tech. (DK)

LT-PEM 45 kW H-TEC systemsHydro,… IRDHydro,…

SOEC 15 kW Haldor Topsøe A/STOFC

HT-PEM WHT-PEM W

Første fuld skala Power2Gas anlæg (2MW, Hydrogenics) er under opførsel(E.ON.) i Falgkenhagen, Tyskland (Lagring i naturgasnettet, 2013).

Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske UniversitetRisø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet23

Resultater af systemanalyse, CEESA

Hvornår bliver der behov for elektrolyse ?

•25 % Vindenergi kan indpasses uden forandringer•25 % Vindenergi kan indpasses uden forandringer

•> 25 % Varmepumper, varmelagre [1]

• 40 – 45 % El til transport, EV [2]

• >50 – 60 % Syntetisk brændstof (transport) [1]

Referencer[1] B. V. Mathiesen, “Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems”,

Ph.D. Thesis, Aalborg University, 2008.


g y

[2] Henrik Lund, Anders N. Andersen, Poul Alberg Østergaard, Brian Vad Mathiesen, David Connolly, Energy, 42, June 2012, P. 96

Resultater af systemanalyse, CEESAKilde: B.V. Mathiesen et al. “CEESA 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios towards 2050”. Aalborg University, 2011. http://www.ceesa.plan.aau.dk. (to be published 2012).g y, p // p ( p )

• 100 % Fossilfrit 2050 system, eksempel:• 70 PJ Produceres ved elektrolyse

2 l


• ~240 PJ Biomasse ialt• “Lager”: 1 uges brint

Resumé, brændselsceller og elektrolyse i energisystemet

1. Øget andel af fluktuerende produktion2. Biomasse er en begrænset ressource !3 Flydende brændstoffer (Fly tung transport) hvorfra ? 3. Flydende brændstoffer (Fly, tung transport) hvorfra ?

Brændselsceller:

•Høj virkningsgrad (også del-last) mere effektivt system

El kt l S t ti k b d l (Vi d t t) Elektrolyse, Syntetiske brændsler (Vind transport) • Bedre udnyttelse af biomasse syn-fuel syntese, CCR• Infrastruktur eksisterende

• Nærmere økonomisk anlyse

Elektrolyse, (Power2Gas) Syntese gas, SNG


• Lagring af store mængder energi• Infrastruktur eksisterende, flytning af store mængder energi

Acknowledgements

SSponsorsDanish Energy Authority• Energinet dkEnerginet.dk• EU• Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S• Danish Programme Committee for Energy and Environment• Danish Programme Committee for Nano Science

and Technology, Biotechnology and ITand Technology, Biotechnology and IT

Colleagues:M. Mogensen, A. Smith, S. Højgaard Jensen, S. Ebbesen


Thermodynamics

250

300

ol) 1.30

1.55

(Vol

t)

H2O H2 + ½O2

Total energy demand (Hf) Ecell = Etn

150

200

man

d (K

J/m

o

0.78

1.04

rgy

dem

and

(

Liqu

id

Gas

Electrical energy demand (Gf)

50

100

Ener

gy d

em

0.26

0.52

/(2·n

·F) ·

Ene

rL

Heat demand (TSf)

00 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Temperature (ºC)

0.00

1/

Temperature ( C)

Energy (“volt”) = Energy (kJ/mol)/2F

E = H/2F

i Ecell - G/2F

Price 1/i [A/cm2]Etn = H/2F Price 1/i [A/cm2] ,

H/G > 1 , at E = Etn (no heat loss)

energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystem · expected life time 10 years it t t 5% 4 e...

Documents