energy and exergy analysis of a country sectors - advanced thermodynamics
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Energy and Exergy Analysis of a country sectorsTRANSCRIPT
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Sectoral Energy and Exergy Analysis
Mostafa Ghadamyari
Advanced Thermodynamics Course
Mechanical Engineering Department – Energy Conversion
Tarbiat Modares University
Spring 2014
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”German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics
Thermodynamics definition
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Energy, Entropy and Exergy concepts stem from thermodynamics and are applicable to all fields of science and engineering.
Introduction
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Energy, Exergy & Entropy
o Entropy and Exergy are also used in other fields (such as statisticsand information theory), and Therefore they’re not subsets of energy.
o Some forms of Energy (such as shaft work) are entropy-free, and thus entropy subtends only part of energy.
o Likewise, Exergy subtends only part of the energy field since some systems (such as air at atmospheric conditions) possess energy but no exergy.
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Energy, Exergy & Entropy
o Most thermodynamic systems (such as steam in a power plant) possess energy, entropy and exergy, and thus appear at the intersection of these three fields.
o So we can have Energy Analysis, Exergy Analysis & Entropy Analysis according to system
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Applying Exergy Analysis to MacroSystems
• Exergy is the ‘fuel’ of dissipative systems, i.e., systems that are sustained by converting energy and materials.• Examples include a living cell, an organism, an
ecosystem, and the earth’s surface with its material cycles.
• Societies are also dissipative systems, and can therefore be assessed with exergy analysis.
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Exergy Analysis helps us to:
• Improving the efficiency of energy resource utilization.
• Assessing the locations, types and true magnitudes of wastes and losses.
• Distinguishing between high- and low-quality energy resources and services, and better matching the quality of energy required for a service with the quality of the energy supplied.
• High Temperature Resource -> High Temperature application
• Determining whether or not and by how much it is possible to design more efficient energy systems by reducing inefficiencies.
• Reducing the impact of energy resource utilization on the environment.
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Energy Loss
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Energy flow model for a country
• First introduced in a landmark paper by Reistad (1975), who applied it to the U.S.
• Since then, several other countriesbeen examined using modifiedversions of this approach:
• Canada (Rosen,1992)
• Japan, Finland and Sweden (Wall, 1990, 1991)Italy (Wall et al., 1994)
• Turkey (Ozdogan and Arikol, 1995; Rosen and Dincer, 1997b)
• …
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Backgrounds
• Relations:
• 𝜼 =𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
• 𝚿 =𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
• Heating:
• Electrical:
• 𝜼𝒉,𝒆 = 𝑸𝒑/𝑾𝒆
• 𝝍𝒉,𝒆 = 𝟏 −𝑻𝟎
𝑻𝒑
𝑸𝒑
𝑾𝒆= 𝟏 −
𝑻𝟎
𝑻𝒑𝜼𝒉,𝒆
• Fuel:• 𝜼𝒉,𝒇 = 𝑸𝒑/𝒎𝒇𝑯𝒇
• 𝝍𝒉,𝒇 ≅ 𝟏 −𝑻𝟎
𝑻𝒑𝜼𝒉,𝒇
• Work production:
• Electrical:
• 𝜼𝒎,𝒆 = 𝑾/𝑾𝒆
• 𝝍𝒎,𝒆 = 𝜼𝒎,𝒆
• 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑣 = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
• 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑣 = 25𝐶
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Analysis of the residential/commercialsector
Case study: Turkey (Utlu 2005)
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Energy usage in Iran vs Turkey
Turkey Iran
Population 76M 77M
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Energy usage in Turkey
Industrial42%
Residental31%
Transportation19%
Agricultural5%
Non-energy3%
TURKEY 2003 ENERGY USE
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Residential/Commercial sector model
Residential Commercial
space heating 45% 42%
water heating 27% 30%
cooking 9% 11%
electrical
appliances
19% 17%
Share of Primary Energy Usage:
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Utilization of Energy in Turkish Residential Sector
• Turkey Residential energy consumption:• 41.5% Renewable
• 38.7% Fuel
• 19.8% Electricity
• Wood: Sustainable & Renewable Energy Source
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Wood - Multi-Fuel & Boiler Stoves
• Output to room: 2.8 kW
• Output to water: 9 kW
• No. of radiators in average installation: 3-4• Based on Double Panel Radiators
1m*0.6m
• Dimensions: 0.5m 0.5m 0.5m
• Weight: 95kg
• Price: ~1700$ (Include VAT, DELIVERY
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Energy utilization values of TRCS
• We need fraction of energy use in each application• Source:
• Utlu Z. Analysis of Turkey’s Sectoral Energy and Exergy Utilization Efficiency by 2023. Ph.D. thesis in Solar Energy Institute (Advisor: A.Hepbasli ), Graduate School of Natural andApplied Sciences, EgeUniversity, Izmir, Turkey; 2003 [in Turkish].
• Usually published by Institute of statistics
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Step 1: Estimate end-use energy efficiency
• Step 1: Energy efficiencies (First law efficiencies) are estimated.• Source:
• Utlu Z. Analysis of Turkey’s Sectoral Energy and Exergy Utilization Efficiency by 2023. Ph.D. thesis in Solar Energy Institute (Advisor: A.Hepbasli ), Graduate School of Natural andApplied Sciences, EgeUniversity, Izmir, Turkey; 2003 [in Turkish].
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Step 2: Calculate Exergy Efficiency
Example: Cooking
Energy efficiency:
𝜀1,𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 50%
Cooking temperature: 120C
Ambient temperature: 20C
𝜀2,𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 50% × 1 −273+20
273+120= 12.7%
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Exergy efficiencies
• Exergy efficiencies are
calculated as shown in
the table.
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Step 3 : Overall Application efficiency
• Overall energy efficiency:• 𝜀1𝑜 = (𝑎1𝜀1𝑐+ 𝑎2𝜀2𝑐+…+𝑎2𝜀2𝑐)/100
• Overall exergy efficiency:• 𝜀2𝑜 = (𝑎1𝜀2𝑐+ 𝑎2𝜀2𝑐+…+𝑎3𝜀2𝑐)/100
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Step 3 : Overall Application efficiency
• Cooking:
• 𝜀1𝑜 =91.7∗50+7.5∗50+0.3∗80+0.3∗22
100= 49.9
• 𝜀2𝑜 =91.7∗10.7+7.5∗10.8+0.3∗17.2+0.3∗4.5
100= 10.68
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Overall Energy and Exergy efficiency
• Overall application Energy & Exergy efficiencies are calculated as shown in the table.
• Overall Sector Energy & Exergy efficiencies:• 𝜀1𝑜 = (𝜀1𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑐 + 𝜀1𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑐 + 𝜀1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑐)/(𝑒𝑟𝑐 + 𝑓𝑟𝑐 + 𝑟𝑟𝑐)
• 𝜀2𝑜 = (𝜀2𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑐 + 𝜀2𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑐 + 𝜀2𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑐)/(𝑒𝑟𝑐 + 𝑓𝑟𝑐 + 𝑟𝑟𝑐)
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Step 4 : Overall sector efficiency
• Residential-Commercial Efficiency:• Space Heating: 45%
• Water Heating: 27%
• Cooking: 9%
• Electrical: 18%
• 𝜀1𝑜 =50.32∗45+60.43∗27+40.32∗9+80.98∗18
100= 57.16
• 𝜀2𝑜 =2.65∗45+3.95∗27+10.30∗9+22.17∗18
100= 7.17
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Overall Sector Efficiency
• Summary:• 1- Estimate Energy Efficiency
• 2- Estimate Product temperature
• 3- Calculate Exergy Efficiency
• 4- Calculate Overall Energy & Exergy Efficiency by using:
• Energy consumption of each application
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Conclusion
• The residential/commercial sector have great potential for energy savings, because large disparities exist between the overall energy and exergyefficiencies
• Space heating & Water heating have more inefficiencies rather than cooking.
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Analysis of the Industrial sector
Case study: Turkey (Utlu 2005)
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Introduction
• Exergy analysis provides more realistic picture considering the irreversibilities and potential optimization of the process• A review on exergy analysis of industrial sector [2013 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]
• Energy consumption in industrial sectors varies between 30% to 70%• Slovenia: 30%, Jordan: 31%, Turkey: 35%, South Africa: 44%, China: 70%• Iran:
• 25% of total energy in 2011• 34.6% electrical energy in 2011
• Exergy analysis of industrial sector divides to:• 1. Exergy analysis of industrial sector of different countries• 2. Exergy analysis of different industries• 3. Exergy analysis of industrial devices
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Energy Flow in Turkish industrial sector
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Exergy analysis of Industrial sector
• First, The most energy consuming units are chosen (e.g. for Turkey: iron–steel, chemical–petrochemical, petrochemical–feedstock, cement, fertilizer, sugar, non-metal industry, Covers ~95% of energy usage)
• Energy usage in industrial sector can be devided into four different categories:
• 1.Process Heating : 66%
• 2.Mechanical Process : 15%
• 3.Lightning
• 4.Air Condioning
• Characteristic of some fuels are shown :
5% - 18%
82% - 95%
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Exergy analysis of Industrial sector
• Heating processes for each industry are grouped into low, medium, and high temperature categories
• H.L. Brown, B.B. Hamel, B.A. Hedman, Energy Analysis of 108 Industrial Processes. Fairmount press, Lilburn, GA, 1996
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Energy Analysis of 108 Industrial Processes
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Example process
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Exergy analysis of Industrial sector
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Energy Annual Report
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Hidrocarburi Annual Report
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Summary
• Energy, Exergy & Entropy analysis are applicable to systems which contain them
• Energy & Exergy analysis procedure of Residential/Commercial sector was introduced
• Energy & Exergy analysis procedure of Industrial sector was introduced
• Some Iranian data source were introduced: Hidrocarburi, Energy
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Thank you!