energy and its type

8/12/2019 ENERGY and its type

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ENERGY

The capacity of physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs; energy can

take a variety of forms

Energy is a fundamental quantity that every physical system possesses; it allows us topredict how much work a system could be made to do, or how much heat it can produce or

absorb. In the past, energy was discussed in terms of easily observable effects it has no properties

of objects or changes in state of various systems. Basically, if something changes, some sort of

energy was involved in that change.

The capacity for doing work forms of energy included thermal, mechanical, electrical and

chemical. energy may be transformed from one form to another. the capacity for doing work as

measured by capability of doing work(potential energy). Energy has several forms some of

which are easily convertible and can be changed to another form useful for work. Most of the

worlds convertible energy comes from fossil fuels that are burned to produce heat that is thenused as transfer medium to mechanical or other means in order to accomplish tasks, is properly

something as that enable it to do work. The unit of energy is joules (j). the basic forms of energy

are kinetic energy, potential energy and rest energy. The law of conservation of energy states that

energy can be neither created nor destroyed, although it may change from one form to another

(including mass).

Different sources of energy.

Energy

Depletable

Fossilcell

Oil Gas Coal Wood

Nuclear

Nondepleteable

Hydro Solar WindBio-mass

Bio-oil

Bio-deseil

Etanol

Bio-gas

Fuel


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Deplete able energy

Coal ,oil and gas are called fossil fuels:coal oil and gas are called fossil fuelsbecause they have been formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals. Till

1990s they provided around 66% of the worlds electrical power, and 95% of worlds totalenergy demands (including heating, transport, electricity generation and other uses)

Advantages

Very large amount of electricity can be generated in one place using coal, fairly cheaply.

Transporting oil and gas to power stations is easy

Gasfired power stations are very efficient.

A fossil fuels power station can be build almost anywhere, so long as you can gat large quantities

of fuel to it. Did cot power station, in oxford shire, has a dedicated rail link to supply the coal.

Disadvantages

Basically, the main drawback of fossil fuels is pollution. Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon

dioxide, which contributes to the green house effect, warming the earth.

Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than burning oil or gas. It also produces

sulphurdioxide, a gas that contributes to acid rain. We can reduce this before releasing the waist

gases into the atmosphere.

Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous. Strip mining destroys large areas of the landscape.

Coal-fired power station need huge amount of fuel which means train-loads of coal almost

constantly. In order to cope with changing demands for power, the station needs reserves. This

means covering a large area of country side next to the power station which piles of coal.

Nuclear power energy from spli tting of uranium atoms:

Nuclear power is generated using uranium, which is metal mined in various parts of the world.The first large scale nuclear power station opened at Calder hall in Cambria, England, in 1956.

Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines. Nuclear power

produces around 11% of the worlds total energy needs, and produces huge amount of energy

from small amounts of fuels, without the pollution that you will get from burning fossil fuels.


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Advantages

Nuclear energy costs about the same as coal, so it is not expensive to make. Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to greenhouse

effect.

Produces huge amount of energy from small amounts of fuels Produces small amount of waste. Nuclear energy is reliable.

Disadvantages

Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed upand berried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away

Nuclear energy is reliable, but a lat of money has to be spent on safetyif it does gowrong, a nuclear reaction may be a major disaster. People are increasingly concerned

about thisin 1990s nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in much of

the world. In 2005 it was the second slowest-growing

Renewable Energy

Tidal power energy from the sea:The tide moves a huge amount of water eachday, and harnessing it could provide a great deal of energyaround 20% of Britains need.

Although the energy supply is reliable and plentiful, converting it to useful electrical power is

not easy. There are eight main sites around Britain where tidal power stations could usefully be

built, including the Severn, Dee, Solway and Humber estuaries. Only around 20 sites in the

world have been identified as possible tidal power stations

Advantages

Once you have built it tidal power is free. It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste. It needs no fuel. It produces electricity reliably. Not expensive to maintain. Tides are totally predictable.

Offshore turbines and vertical-axis turbines are not ruinously expensive to build and donot have a large environmental impact.

Disadvantages

A barrage across an estuary is not very expensive to build, and effects a very wide areathe environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstream. Many birds rely


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on the tide uncovering the mud flats so that they can feed. There are few suitable sites for

tidal barrages. Only provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is actually moving in

or outWave power-energy from the wind on the sea:

Ocean waves are caused by the wind as it blows across the sea. Waves are a powerful source of

energy. The problem is not it is not easy to harness this energy and convert it into electricity in

large amounts. Thus wave power stations are rare.

Advantages

The energy is free no fuel needed, no waste produced. Not expensive to operate and maintain. Can produce deal of energy.

Disadvantages

Depends on the waves-sometimes youll get loads of energy, sometime nothing Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently strong. Some designs are noisy Must be able to withstand very rough weather.

Biomassenergy from organic material:

Wood was once our main fuel. We burned it to heat our homes and cook our food. Wood still

provides a small percentage of energy we use, but its importance as an energy source is

dwinkling. Sugar cane is grown in some areas and can be fermented to make alcohol, which can

be burned to generate power in the same way. Bioconversion uses plant and animal wastes to

produce fuels such as methanol, corn and other wastes.

Advantages

It makes sense stop use waste material where we can. The fuels tend to be cheap Less demand on the earth resources.

Disadvantages

Collecting the wastes in sufficient quantities can be difficult. We burn the fuel, so it makes greenhouse gases.


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Some waste materials are not available all year round. Geothermal Energy is energy from heat inside the earth;

The Centre of the earth is around 6000 degree Celsius. In volcanic area, molten rocks can bevery close to surface. The name geothermal comes from the Greek word goemeans earth and

thermal means heat.

Advantages

Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution and does not contribute to effect. The power station does not take up much room .so there is much impact on the

environment.

No fuel is needed Once you have built a geothermal power station, the energy is almost free. It may need a

little energy to run a pump.

Disadvantages

The big problem is that there are not many places where you can build geothermal powerstation

You need hot rocks of a suitable type, a depth where we can drill down to them. The type of rock above is important, it must be a type that we can warily drill through.

Hydro-Electric power is generated fr om fal li ng water :

We have used running water as an energy source for thousands of years, mainly to grind corn.

The first use of water to generate electricity was in 1882 on the Fox River, in the USA, which

produced enough power to light two paper mills and a house. Nowadays there are many hydro-

electric power stations, providing around 20% of the worlds electricity. The name comes from

hydro, the Greek word for water.

ADVANTAGES

Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.

No waste or pollution produce Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power. Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand. Hydro-electric power station can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power

stations.

Electricity can be generated constantly.


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DISADVANTAGES

The dams are very expensive to build however, many dams are also used or flood controlor irrigation, so building costs can be shared.

Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animalthat used to live there.

Finding a suitable site can be difficultthe impact on residents and the environment maybe unacceptable.

Water quality quantity downstream can be affected, which can have impact on plant.

Pumped Storage Reservoirsstoring energy to cope with big demand:

Pumped storage reservoirs arent really a means of generating electrical power. Theyrea way of

1 energy so that we can realize it quickly when we need it. Demand for electric power changes

throughout the day, for example, when a popular TV program finishes a huge number of people

go out to the kitchen to put the kettle on causing a sudden peak in demand. If power stations

don`t generate more power immediately, there`ll be power cuts around the country-traffic lights

will go out, causing accidents, and all sorts of other trouble will occur.

The problem is that most of our power is generated by fossil fuel power stations, which take half

an hour or so to crank themselves up to full power. Nuclear power stations take much longer.

We need something that can go from nothing to full power immediately, and keep us supplied

for around half an hour until the other power stations catch up. Pumped storage reservoirs are the

answer we`ve chosen.

ADVANTAGES

Without some means of storing energy for quick release, we`d be in trouble. Little effect on the landscape No pollution or waste

DISADVANTAGES

Expensive to build. Once it`s used, you can`t use it again until you`ve pumped the water back up. Good planning can get around this problem.

SOLAR POWER IS ENERGY FROM THE SUN:we`ve used the sun for drying clothes and food for thousands of years, but only recently have we

been able to use for generating power. The sun is 150 million kilometers away, and is amazingly


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powerful. just the tiny fraction of the suns energy that hit the earth(around a hundredth of a

millionth of a percent ) is enough to meet all power needs many times over.

In fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the earth to meet our demands for a whole year-if

only we could harness it properly.

ADVANTAGES

Solar energy is freeit needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity

to remote place.

Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers

DISADVANTAGES

Does not work at night. Very expensive to build solar power stations. Solar cell cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity theyll produce in their

life time.

Can be unreliable unless you are in a very summer climate in the united kingdom, solarpower is not much use except for low power applications, as you need a very large area

of solar penal to get a descent amount of power.

WIND POWER ENERGY FROM THE AI R:We have used wind as energy

source for a long time. The Babylonians and Chinese were using wind power to pump water

from irrigating crops 4000 years ago and sailing boats were around long before that.

Wind power was used in the middle ages in Europe to grind corn, which is where the term

windmill comes from.

ADVANTAGES

Wind is free wind farm needs no fuel. Produces no waste or greenhouse gases The land beneath can usually still be used for farming. Wind farm can be tourist attractions. A good method of supplying energy to remote areas.


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DISADVANTAGES

The wind is not always predictable-some day have no wind. Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive. Some people feel that covering the landscape with these towers is unsightly. Can kill birds-migrating flocks tend to like strong winds. Can effect television reception if you have live nearby Can be noisy wind generators have a reputation for making a constant, low swooshing

noisy day and night. This can drive you nuts an entire wind farm makes quite a racket.

BIO FEULS:

Natural, renewable recourses such as vegetable oils and recycled restaurant greases can be

chemically transformed into clean burning bio diesel fuels. its also safe for the environment

,biodegrade , and produces significantly less air pollution than diesel fuel. It even smells better

than diesel fuel it smells like French fries, donut, or barbecue.

FEUL ETHANOL:ethanol is a liquid derived from sugar grains other agriculture

products and wastes. This liquid can be used as high octane fuel in vehicles. Ethanol is consumed

as fuel in us as gasohol a blend containing 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume. An other

blend of ethanol called e85 (85% ethanol & 15 % gasoline) is also being used, and number of

vehicles using ethanol is increasing in USA.

ADVANTAGES

They are good renewable resources, each crop can replenish the stock of the fuel Adds the lubricity back into the fuel :low sulfur and ultra low sulfur diesel require

lubricity while bio diesel is a totally renewable additive for this role and complements

Bio phase is easy to phase in and out, so you can maintain flexibility in technologydeployment. it can be blended in with existing fuel to create various mixtures

Bio fuel solvency, higher cetane/octane number and increased lubricity means longerengine life and excellent engine performance

Bio fuel cuts air toxic exhaust emissions and particulates by more than 50% and sulfur upto 100% depending on the blend at the same time, it minimizes black smoke and odor

lowering greenhouse gas emission and acid rain.

Easier to handle and does not require mechanics to use barrier cream on their hands toprotect the skin from cracking or redness.


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Degrades about 4 times faster than petroleum after spillage with most of a spill brokendown after just 28 days

Disadvantages

Ethanol can also be used for drinking purposes. Cold starting problem with use of bio diesel. Bio fuels cannot be stored for more than six months. Scaling, injector chocking, moisture problem with use of bio fuels.

Global Energy Cri sis:

In the near future, a reduced availability of primary resources as well as environmental,

ecological, social and political issues will have major effects on rural development. Escalatingcosts of fossil fuel will precipitate a cascade of environmental, economical, political and cultural

changes for which society is unprepared. The energy supply demand deficit has the potential to

eclipse climate changes as the driving force for sustainable development. Planet Earth is under a

number of interacting stresses brought about by human activity. If humans are to continue to

developor merely exist a major adjustment of peoples activities will be needed. Major stresses

include.

Pollution and climate change with potentially abrupt environmental warming;

Scarcity of fuel or renewable energy that can be harnessed to replace fossil fuels: oilproduction will peak(or has peaked )and world supplies will start to decline with massive

effects on human activity

Scarcity of water;60% of worlds people are likely tohave in sufficient water by 2025 Water for irrigation will limit food production Loss of biodiversity and extinction of large number of organism A continuing population increase, mainly in the resources poor countries

Over the past 20 years, global warming has become increasingly recognized as potentially the

greatest threat to the well being of human. However, the phenomena known as peak oil barely

recognized or struck in the too hard basket by politician, scientist and world leads is nowcreating shock waves through economy. In the short term, the outcome from peak oil may reduce

the commitment by governments to green house gas abatement policies. It appeals that the

potentially high cost of energy will become a major driving force for sustainable development.

As many aspects of human life are dependent on liquid fuel sources, the out coming oil crisis

will affect all segments of a countries economy and in particular on agriculture and animal


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forming. The decline in available fuel and the subsequent rise in price will appreciate a cascade

of environmental, economic, political and cultural change for which we are unprepared.

Fossil fuel reserve s were deposited from the residues of algae growing in warm shallow seas

followed by burial as the sea floor sank and the debris was hitted by earths seat flow over

hundred of thousands of years. World oil deposits occur in only a few of the potentially oil-bearing geological provinces. Most of these areas

Have been mapped and there is reliable information on state of world reserve before exploitation

and at the present time. World total oil resources other then those in inaccessible deep-sea areas

or in time sand are estimated to be close to 2000 billion barrels. These calculations are based on

oil that already been extracted plus estimated reserves in known fields and a prediction of field s

yet to discovered. The yet to be discovered oil will be in the most difficult sites to mine and

therefore this oil is recognized as a high priced resources. There are potentially 300 billion

barrels of oil in tar sands and shale deposits, mainly in the USA and Canada. exploitation of this

non-conventional oils difficult and hazardous, as it requires a lot amount of water is energyexpensive to extract an is highly polluting. It would appear that two barrels of oil are required to

extract three barrels of oil from shale deposits effectively. These deposits will certainly be mined

in the future but with a long lead time. Optimistic estimates suggested that shale oil will be a

two billion oil per day industry

Energy Cri sis in Pakistan:

Pakistans energy consumption has nearly tripled in the last 20 years, From 0.6 quadrillion Btu to

1.9 quads in 2001.Still Pakistan account for less than 0.5% on the total world energy

consumption. In term of per capita energy consumption Pakistanslevel of 12.9 million in 2001

was higher than Bangladeshs(3.7millionBtu),but virtually on par with India(12.6million).In

comparison chinas per capita energy consumption in 2001 was 30.9 million Btu, Iranswas 80.3

million Btu, and Russia was 195.3 million Btu, while US per capita consumption was 341.8

million Btu. As industries have expanded, factories have excreted more and more toxic effluence

in to the air .Also as in other developing countries, the numbers of vehicles in Pakistan has

swelled in recent years..from 680,000 in 1980 to 5 million in 2003.The 1992 Pakistan

conservation strategy report claims that Pakistani vehicle emits 25 times as carbon dioxide as the

average US vehicle ,as well as 20 times as many hydrocarbons as and more than 3.5 times asmany nitrous oxide in gram per kilometer. Cars are the leading source of air pollution and

adversely affect Pakistan economy and population. Economic damages from urban air pollution

are estimated about $370 million with 6.4 million people get hospitalized annually for air

pollution related illnesses. A recent advertisement placed by the government in a newspaper

warned, Takecare of your tune ups before the poison in the air takes care of you.Many

Pakistani environmentalists say that poor fuel quality is also to blame for the countries serious air


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pollution problem. Fuel consumption rose by 188%in Pakistan form 1980 to 1998,and gasoline

continues to contain high level of lead and sulphurs. Unleaded gasoline introduced in 2001, but

many vehicles in Pakistansmajor cities use leaded fuel gasoline. Various grades of gasoline

sold contain about350mg/liter of lead --in comparison, unleaded gasoline contains about

150mg/liter of lead. Energy generation and combustion activities in Pakistan are the most

significant contributor to Pakistans green houseeffect emissions, accounting for about 70,000

Gg or approximately 60%of totals estimated emissions in the country. Emissions form the fossil

fuels comprises the vast majority of these emissions, while releases of carbon dioxide from the

fossil fuel combustion account for 66.298 Gg. The production, transmissions, storage and

distribution of fossil fuels also emit green house gases (primarily methane )and are termed as

fugitive emission from natural gas system, oil productions/refining and local mining. These gases

represent a much smaller portion of the total energy emissions than CO but are, nonetheless,

important. More than 85% energy in Pakistan is produced using the fossil fuels, primarily natural

gas and petroleum. The remaining 15% consists of renewable or other energy sources like

hydropower, biomass and nuclear energy.

Energy source Emission level %

Oil 39.2

Gas 38.0

Coal 7.7

Nuclear/renewable/other 15.1

Total 100

The energy related emissions can be significantly reduced through the

implementation of programs that reduce energy consumptions and there by reduce the resultingemissions proportionality; as well as improve the efficiency of compulsion and as a RESULT

reduce emission by a factor much possibly much larger than the percentage reduction in energy

use. The impact of both of these effects airs increased profits or lowers the cost. In addition to

the direct reduction in emissions energy efficiency programs also promotes environmental

protection by greatly enhancing awareness of the concept of conservation; by training and


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education of engineers and technicians regarding more efficient management practices and by

developing policies which promote rational pricing of energy.

Pakistan obtain its energy requirements from a variety of traditional and

commercial sources.oil supply from indigenous sources has as been the weakest link in the

energy supply system of Pakistan. Until early 1980, production of crude oil was a nominal of13000 barrels per day, which rose to 64349 barrels in 1990-1991.Since then the production is

continually declining. The remaining oil barrels are estimated to be about 221 million barrels

which , on the average production rate of 57,000 barrels per day will be exhausted in next 10

years. Consequently it seems as if Pakistan will remain the importer of the crude oil and refined

oil products unless a major discovery of oil crude oil is made. The total primary consumption in

Pakistan is estimated about 60 billion tons of oil equivalent (MTOE).Of this ,two third are met

by commercial energy sources with about one third being based on non-commercial energy

sources like the fire wood, charcoal and cow dung. The primary commercial consumption of

41.7 (MTOE) is largely based on the use of hydrocarbons.

Source of commercial energy Primary energy supplies (%)

Gas 38.61

Oil 42.8

Coal 5.2

Hydro 13.0

Nuclear and other 0.2

Table: Primary energy supplies by source

Oil and gas account for more than three-quarters of the commercial energy consumption in the

country .Gas has emerged over the years as the leading domestic source of the energy. Pakistan

has appreciable coal reserves of 1.7 billion tones of oil equivalent (TOE). Oil is by and large an

imported source of energy. The imports of oil account for 85% of oil consumption in the country

and 42.8% of commercial energy consumption. The product of indigenous oil 9is around 15% of

total imports of oil products, which is likely to remain the case. Pakistani oil sector performance,

unlike of that natural gas sector, has not been satisfactory, both by the way of exploration,

exploitation and development of oil fields , and by way of refining of crude oil into various

products, with that result 70% of total demand of crude oil is being through products. I cost

about US$ 2.5 billion every year to import about 18 million tons of oil as both crude and refined


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products, resulting a great burden on foreign exchange resources. No significant new discovery

of oil has been reported in the recent past. Of course efforts are underway both by national and

international exploration and development companies to make new oil discoveries. Transport,

power and industry are the major oil consuming sectors of the economy.

Sect oral consumption%

Transport 47.2

Power 33.2

Industry 12.9

Agriculture 1.5

Domestic 3.0

Other Govt. 2.3

Sect oral consumption

Today, the total energy supplies are not enough to meet even the present demand. So, Pakistan,

like other developing countries of the region, is facing a serious challenge of energy deficit.

Renewable energy sources can play an important role in meeting this challenge.

OIL:Pakistan produce 6,1769 barrels per day (bbl/d) of oil in 2003(of which 60,000 bbl/d

was crude oil) , and consumed 36,000 bbl/d of petroleum products . Net oil imports were

308,000 bbl/d in 2003. While there is no prospect for Pakistan to reach self sufficiency in oil, the

govt. has encouraged private firm to develop domestic production capacity. Pakistani domesticoil production centers on the Potwar Plateau in Punjab and lower Sindh province.

State-owned oil and Gas Development Corporation Limited (OGDCL) is a leading firm in the

industry, producing around 22,334 bbl/d according to company

Information. a 5% stake was sold in public offering in November 2003 for approximately $119

million. ODGCL is Pakistanssecond-largest oil producer after UK based BP. The government

will also offer a stake of up to 15% of Pakistan. Petroleum limited (PPL), the largest exploration

and production firm in Pakistan. Currently the government controls 93% of the company, which

owes to Sui fields in Balochistan , as well as exploration interests in 22 blocks. The governmentalso has a 355 stake in Pakistan Oilfields Limited (POL).

Oil sector reforms in Pakistan are generally on track, but the privatization of several firms,

including Pakistan State Oil (PSO) , continues to be postponed. The governmentsdivestiture of

its 51% stake in PSO holds a 60% domestic market share in diesel fuel and has more than 3750

outlets. Deregulation of prices for petroleum products is being pursuit in parallel with the

privatization of PSO.


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As part of the countrysprivatization process, Pakistan is setting up a Gas Regulatory

Authority (GRA) and the petroleum Regulatory Board (PRB), which will separate out

government functions from state-owned companies to be privatized. Pakistans government

hopes to reap significant revenues from these privatizations over the next several years. The two

most significant foreign oil firms in Pakistan are BP and ENI.BP operates 43 fields in Pakistan

and had reported average production of 25877 bbl/p in 2003. Other firms include BHP Billiton

(Australia), OMV (Austria), PETRONAS (Malaysia) and Premier Oil (UK).

Pakistans net oil imports are projected to rise substantially in coming years as demand growth

outpaces increase in production. Demand for refined petroleum products also greatly exceeds

domestic oil refining capacity, so nearly half of Pakistani imports are refined products.

Pakistans Pak Arab Refinery (PARCO) became operational in late 2000, adding to the

countrys refining capacity and alleviating refined product import dependence. The PARCO Mid

Country Refinery at Mahmoodkot was formally commissioned in 2001 and has capacity of

100,000 bbl/d of throughput (mostly crude oil from Abu Dhabi and Light Arabian Crude from

Saudi Arabia, supplied to the plant by the pipeline from Karachi.

A small, 30,000 bbl/d refinery operated by private Bosicor Pakistan Limited (BPL) near Karachi

began commercial operation in November 2003. The plant is supplied with shipments of crude

oil from Qatar. The Bosicor plant will allow Pakistan to become a new supplier of naphtha to far

eastern markets. Naphtha makes up approximately 9% of the plants output. The plant produces

about 10800 bbl/d of fuel oil, 6980 bbl/d of diesel and 4350 bbl/d of kerosene and among other

products. PSO has a supply contract to purchase a totality of the Bosicor Refineries products for

the next 10 years.

Another major planned project is Iran Pak refinery, which would have a capacity of 130,000bbl/d. The refinery will be located near the border with Iran in Balochistan and would be a 50:50

partnership between Pakistans Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Corporation (PERAC)

and the National Iranian Oil

Company (NIOC). Oil processed at the Iran-Pak refinery would come almost exclusively by sea

from Iran and would be unloaded at a terminal to be built for the refinery. The project has failed

to reach financial closure; however, as NIOCs demand coal guaranteed rate of return is at odds

with Pakistans policy against such guarantees.

Nuclear energy:a small (125 Mwe) PHWR plant was commissioned in 1971. Known asKnupp (Karachi Nuclear Power Plant) , this facility makes a minor contribution ( less than 1% )

to national electricity supply. In addition, a 2ndplant (Chasnupp 1), a300 MWE PWR, has been

constructed at chasma; it was connected to the grid in June 2000.palns are reported for a second

unit at chasma, to be operational in about2009: negotiations with china on its construction were

under way in may 2001.


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The Karachi facility which was build in 1965 with Canadian assistance, as demonstrated a poor

operating record, which in addition to concerns in the international community about Pakistans

possible use of nuclear material for weapons has contributed to lack of further development of

the countrys nuclear power sector . the Chasma Nuclear Power Plant was built with Chineseassistance and inaugurated in 2001.Pakistan is placing more emphasis on nuclear power to meet

future energy need and has began talks with chin over the development of a second facility at

Chasma.

Natural Gas:

Pakistan has 26.8 trillion feet (Tef) of proven gas reserves, and currently produces around 0.8

Tef of natural gas per year, all of which is consume domestically. Natural gas producers include

Pakistani state-owned companies Pakistan petroleum ltd.(PPL) and Oil and gas development

cooperation(OGDCL),as well as BP , Eni ,OMV and BHP. As part of its energy sector reform

program , the govt. is committed to privatizing a 15% stack of PPL(see above),the largest gas

producer in the country, capable of producing 770 million cubic feet per day(Mmcfd).the largest

currently productive feet are sui, by far the largest at 650Mmcfd ,Adhi and Kand khot

(120Mmcfd), Mari and Kandanwari.

Pakistans demand fornatural gas is expected to rise substantially in the next few years , with an

increase of roughly 50% by 2006, according to Pakistans oil and gas ministry. Pakistan also

plans to make gas the fuel of choice for future electric power generation projects, hoping to

substitute domestic gas supplies for imported foreign oil. This will necessitate a sharp rise in

production of natural gas, and also has generated interest in Pakistan in pipe lines to facilitate

imports from neighboring countries.

Development of new natural gas fields with the help of foreign investors is proceeding, with

Pakistan govt. expecting recently discovered fields to add

About one billion cubic feet per day(Bcfd) to Pakistans natural gas production. Currently , fields

in productions include sawan at about 366 Mmcfd, buit at about 316Mmcfd, and zamzama in

Sindh province producing about 248Mmcfd, but possibly able to produce 380 Mmcfd following

a new gas discovery in January 2004.

Pakistan govt. restated its willingness to permit a natural gas pipeline linking Irans massive

reserves to Indian markets across Pakistani territory. Pakistan would earn transit fees for Iranian


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gas supply to India and also would be able to purchase some gas from pipeline when and if its

own demand was sufficient. While Iran and Pakistan have shown great interest in the project,

India has been reluctant to move forward as long as political and military tensions with Pakistan

over Kashmir persist. The issue was due to be discussed at bilateral talks between India and

Pakistan in June 2004, although negotiations are still expected to be protected and difficult. Iran

is offering India that it will cover 60% of the construction costs of the pipeline, but India remain

vary of Pakistani asses to its energy supply. Indian officials said the plan could be considered if

Pakistan can provide security guarantees for the $3 billion project. Pakistan could earn about

$600 annually in transit fees from the pipeline.

Another natural gas import possibility is an eventual link with dolphin project, a scheme to

supply gas from Qatarsnorth dome gas field to the United Arab Emirates and Oman, via a sub-

sea pipeline from Oman. Even though Pakistan has signed a preliminary agreement to eventually

purchase natural gas from Qatar, it remains to be seen how the initial stages of the pipeline

project go before a route to Pakistan can be conclusively negotiated.

ELECTRIC POWER:

Pakistan has 18 gigawatts(GW) of electrical generating capacity. Thermal plants using oil,

natural gas and coal account for about 70% of this capacity with hydro electricity(hydro) making

up 28% nuclear plants 2.5%. Pakistan total power generating capacity has increased rapidly in

recent years, due largely to foreign investment, leading to a partial alleviation of the power

shortages Pakistan often faces in peak seasons. Rotating blackouts are still necessary in some

areas. Transmition losses are about 30%, due to poor quality infrastructure and significantamount of power theft with much iof the Pakistans rural areas yet to receive electric power and

less than half of the population connected to the national grid, Pakistan has some excess

generation capacity.

The electric power sector is state-owned.the main state-owned and utilities are WAPDA,

KESCO, KEPCO, LESCO together WAPDA and KESCO transmit power half to household and

rest to industries. Rates are determined by national

Electric Power Regulatory Authority (Nepra) and disputes over adjustments to rates are common

within the industry.

For example, Nepra announced in July 2004 that electricity rates would be lowered for domestic

, industrial and agricultural customers in the three distribution areas of Hyderabad , Peshawar

and Quetta. The distribution companies affected complained that due to lower rates , they will be

unable to cover their operating costs. Nepra has advised the federal government to subsidize the


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providers at a cost of around $24 million. WAPDA and KESC too blame low rates on weak

earnings and enormous debts to fuel suppliers. WAPDA is at the centre of a public sector

circular debtproblem, in which state firms and government ministries have failed to pay power

bills, and WAPDA has failed to meet obligations to them and to private sector creditors,

especially state-owed PSO.

Power theft is a pressing issue in Pakistan. While it is impossible to precisely measure theft (as

opposed to line loss), it is obvious that it constitutes a sizable proportion of Pakistans over all

30% loss rate. The situation was so severe by early 1999 that the Pakistani government assigned

army units to look for illegal connections to transmission lines and rigged meters. Powers theft is

just one part of the financial problems for WAPDA, however.

Growth in power generation in recent years has come primarily from new independent power

producers (IPPs) , some of which have been funded by foreign investors, and a few WAPDA

hydroelectric dam projects. The two largest private power plant in Pakistan are the hub power

company (HUBCO) and the Kot Addu power company (KAPCO) . HUBCO is owned by aconsortium of international power (UK), Xenal (SAUDIARABIA) and mitsui corporation, and

has a 1300 MW capacity. The Kot Addu plant, with a 1600 MW capacity was privatized in 1996

(From WAPDA), and international power holds a 36% equity stake, while a government holds a

soon-to-be divested 64% stake. Both of these plants, as well as a few other small private

operators, sell power to the national grade currently run by WAPDA. BY may 2004,

international power cut its holding in HUBCO from 26% to 16% after the plant saw a drop in

profit. This is reportedly part of international powers overall global strategy and not a comment

on the Pakistani energy sector.

In April 2003, the ministry of industries and production announced that it was planning to buildcoal-fired power generation plants in export processing zones and in special industrial states to

provide a less expensive source of energy. Officials hope to exploit the large untapped coal

reserves in Tharparkar. At present, coal makes up less than a 5 % share in overall energy

production.

Plans are also underway to expand Pakistans Hydro capacity, the government approved the

construction of 4 new Hydro plants to be built in NWFP by 2005/2006, that would generate

several hundreds MW of additional power. If the $5.5 billion Kalabagh project is approved

currently it is being held of because of environmental impact and downstream economic impact

concernsThe new Hydro plant could supply 2400-3600MW of generation.

Capacity the ghazi barotha hydro pwer plant came online in 2003 at a cost of $2 billion and a

generation capacity of 1,450MW.

Thar coal :coal currently play a relatively minor role in Pakistan energy mix ,but the

discovery of large volumes of low ash ,low _sulphur lignite in the tharparkar desert in Sindh


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province could increase its importance. Thar reserves are being developed under the

jurisdiction of the provincial Sindh coal authority and have enormous economic potential .the

authority is to develop the reserves primarily to fuel large electric power plants to be built in

tandem with coal mines .a feasibility study recently was carried out fopr the construction of coal

fired power plant near the thar coal mines ,and government has stated that coal should make up

more than the current 1% of electricity power generation in Pakistan.

Table 4: primary Energy mix by country, 2004

_________________________world_______pakistan____india_______bangal____ china malaysiasi

Population (million ) 6393 15 1086 141 130 25.6

Per capit GDP US S S 200 2100 2200 1900 5000 9000

1994 (ppp)

Per capit primary 1.55 .30 .32 .11 .91 271

energy supply (toe)

Import dependence n.a 24% 18% 21% 1% -53%

(export)

Primary Energy mix by country ,2004

Pakistan india Malaysia UAE UK USA Canada china

Oil 30.0 35.00 42.0 32.00 35.0 40.0 30. 23.$

Natural gase 30.0 7.0 51.0 6s.0 35 .0 23.0 27.0 2.6

Coal 6.5 55.0 4.0 - 16.0 23 24 67

Others

(hydearal, 13.5 3.0 3.0 - 14.0 14.0 19.0

6.6

Nuclear ,etc)

Envir onmental Hazard:Pakistan attempt to raise the living standard of its citizens has

meant that economic development has largely taken precedence over environmental issues.


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Uncheck use of hazardous chemicals, vehicle emissions and industrial activity has contributed to

a number of environmental and health hazards, chief among them being water pollution. Much of

country suffers from a lack of potable water due to industrial waste and agricultural runoff that

contaminates a drinking water supplies. Poverty and high population growth have aggravated,

and to of certain extent, caused these environmental problems in cities widespread use of low

quality fuel, combined with dramatic expansion in the number of vehicle on Pakistani roads, has

lead to significant air pollution problems. Although Pakistan major air pollutants in urban

centtert such as Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. In addition, stress on already stretched supply of

energy in the country has led to be serious civic responsibility problems. Theft or diversion of

electricity in transmission, as well as s lack of energy efficiency standard, have contributed to

Pakistanshigh energy and carbon dioxide intensities.

Solution to the energy cri sis

Committed Government:Pakistan have an installed electricity generation capacity of19,222MW , which will produce more than 80,000 GWh of electricity this year(of which 30% is

in the private sectors). Currently less than 50% of the country has access to electricity and

therefore, government is committed to further develop this sector in order to promote sustained

industrial growth.

The economy hydro power potential in Pakistan is estimated at 20,000 MW, while the country

existing hydropower generation capacity is 6,46- MW and projects for additional 3,500MW are

currently under development in public and private sectors. The estimated requirement in

Pakistan for building mega dams in the next two decades is USD 900 million .the government of

Pakistan on its part, has also planned on spending similar amount on annual basis for the next 20years. In addition private investors have submitted expressions of interest to gene rate over 9,000

MW of power required in the next 5,6 years through hydel thermal and coal based projects

.similarly under a phase program three entire Thermal gene ration which consume major part of

the imported fuel oil is also being switched over from oil to indengious natural gas.

The government is currently being spending USD 200 million a year to upgrade the

existing generation transmission and distribution system. However the water and power

Development authority (WAPDA) requires funding of USD 5 billion to improve upon the

existing transmission and distribution network of 360,000 kms in the country. Pakistan also

possessed an estimated 185 billion tons of coal reserves which are one of the largest in the world.

Feasibility are also underway for the development of energy of over 1,000MW, through the use

of and solid waste.


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Exploration and utilization of alternate sources of power through use of Solar and Wind energy

has also been initiated in Pakistan. During the last two decades Pakistan has developed it sits

potential in photovoltaic technology which is suitable for small power and remote area

applications.

Clean Fuels Ini tiative;The governments 1995 clean fuel initiative introduce d thepossibility of using alternative fuels for vehicles. As per 2001 200,000 cars were fitted to use

natural gas which pollutes less than gasoline. The government has also set up 150 CNG fueling

stations around the country and are looking as well to convert diesel vehicles in CNG .Pakistan

has investigated converted rickshaws to CNG through a pilot project with the Canadian

international Development agency Preliminary results suggest converting rickshaws in CNG

will bring considerable cost saving s for rickshaw owners and environmental benefits throughout

the country .unfortunately outside funding would be required to expand the program as the

capital investment to convert rickshaws to CNG is beyond the reach of motor rickshaws owners.

Renewable Energy;Renewable energy consumed in Pakistan in 1997 totaled 1,132

trillion Btu a 1% increase from 1996.hydroelectric power is an important domestic energy source

generating 28% of all electricity in the country and a number of new sites are being developed.

Although the mountainous north gives Pakistan much hydroelectric potential difficulty of access

and a high cost of transmission to the populous north make development of this potential a

distant prospect. Nevertheless the Pakistani government has started working on feasibility study

for the construction of more dams with feasibility reports of least five small dams expected to be

completed by the end of 2000.

Indeed, some development of renewable energy sources has been undertaken precisely becauseof the population difficulty of access. In order to provide electricity to rural areas that would

otherwise not have electricity foreseeable future ,Pakistan is turning into solar power .Pakistan

has worked with World Water, American company to install solar powered water pumps that can

help address the water needs of people in rural areas without electricity. The government hopes

that by harnessing solar power for energy in rural areas it would reduce villages reliance on

firewood, dung, bagasse making up for onethird all energy consumed in Pakistan. Although

Pakistan is an ideal physical environment for solar energy, many projects have failed because of

the system needed maintenance after expert personal had left. Studies are underway on how

future solar projects can be sustained at local level by Pakistani villages.

National energy conservation center (ENERCON)to capture the substantial

economic benefits provided by conserving energy the Government of Pakistan established the

ENERCON as a permanent energy to serve as a focal point for all energy conservation activities

, including policy formulation .ENERCON is


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Dedicated to conduct and undertake energy conservation activities in Pakistan. The main

program areas consist of energy conservation in industry and power sector, agriculture, buildings

and road transport sector. Through the implementation of its wide ranging-activities, the

ENERCON has made significant contributions to the development of the energy conservation

technology and has achieved a significant energy saving potential in various sectors of economy

of Pakistan. The impact has been direct and indirect, quantitative and qualitative. ENERCONs

programs provide a comprehensive unified approach to energy conservation. In a short period of

its inception, ENERCON has:

Created awareness regarding the cost-effectiveness and potential for energy savings; Provide that energy conservation is the cheapest and most readily available source of

additional supply of energy in Pakistan and;

Demonstrated that simple measures implemented on a nation-wide scale can achievelarge savings quickly and at the fraction of the cost of new supplies.

Research and Development: Renewable energy systems are expensive in terms of

installation costs. The power from them is also available intermittently- when the renewable

source is available. On the other hand, they are free of any input fuel, and hence their ever rising

costs. They also incur much less operation and maintenance costs and are supposed to have a

longer lifetime. Thus, using renewable power looks uneconomical in the short term, but may turn

out profitable in the long term. Therefore ,the key question is what can make investment in

renewable power generation acceptable ?The creation of Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy

Technology in 1990, and later the creation of Alternate Energy Development Board in 2003 have

kept the potential and hopes of developing renewable energy alive.

In addition, the energy group at SDPI is conducting research to find answers to this

question through a financial analysis ,which looks at the costs involved insetting up renewable

power business in Pakistan and in identifying factors that can help attracts investment in the

renewable technologies .The research especially focuses on finding out the cost of renewable

power generation and then on determining a suitable tariff that is acceptable both to the

prospective investor and electricity purchasers in the country.

Coal exploi tation:The government of Pakistan is strongly emphasizing a wide use of the

vast deposits of the coal found in the desert oh Thar . It is planning to provide incentives to

independent power producers to setup production plant at the mine site and to sell electricity tothe national grid. It is also urging cement industries all over the country to use this coal.

However, the coal, low quality lignite, is known to contain significant sulphur concentrations.

Extensive use of this coal is, therefore, likely to substainlly increase environmental degradation

,particularly when used in cement plants situated near cities and towns. Any future use of the

Thar coal demands.

energy and its type

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