energy audit 2013
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
1/82
Energy Audit
Prof. Gabriel Pita
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
2/82
Energy Management
Energy loss in any industrial process or plant is inevitable; it
Energy loss
Slide 2 of 53
.
But its economic and environmental impacts are not to be
taken lightly, thus explaining the growing need for industrial
energy efficiency.
Put simply, the level of energy efficiency a plant or process
can achieve is inversely proportionate to the energy loss
that occurs; the higher the loss, the lower the efficiency.
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
3/82
Energy Management
Where and how do most of the losses occur?How much energy is actually lost ?
Are they controllable or recoverable?
Energy loss
Slide 3 of 53
The answers to these questions remain well concealed in ablack box where once energy is input, we do not know what
really happens to it inside and how much the losses are.
It is only when we look into the black box and extract these
details that we are able to ascertain the performance of the
overall or process levels and respond more effectively to
the weaknesses in energy management.
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
4/82
Energy Management
Overall energy losses in a plant can result from losses due
to designs that do not incorporate energy efficient
specifications such as: heat recovery option
operations that run on inefficient methods
- -
Energy loss
Slide 4 of 53
programme
Reducing these losses will substantially increase the plant's
efficiency, but we need data to identify and quantify thelosses and subsequently suggest suitable techno-economic
solutions to minimize the losses. This data can be
acquired through energy audits.
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
5/82
Energy Management
Sankey Diagram as illustrative example forenergy chain efficiency.
Slide 5 of 53
Sankey Diagram as illustrative example for energy chain efficiency. Taken from GEA, 2012: Global EnergyAssessment Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK and New York, NY, USAand the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, p. 116
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
6/82
What is Energy Audit?
Energy Audit is a periodic examination of an
energy system to ensure that energy is
being used as efficient as possible.
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
7/82
Energy Management
Energy audit is a systematic study or survey toidentify how energy is being used in a building or
plant, and identifies energy savings opportunities.
Energy Audit
Slide 7 of 53
Using proper audit methods and equipment, an
energy audit provides the energy manager with
essential information on how much, where and how
energy is used within an organization (factory orbuilding).
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
8/82
Energy Management
This will indicate the performance at the overall plant or
process level.
The energy manager can compare these performances
against past and future levels for a proper energy
management.
Energy Audit
Slide 8 of 53
The main part of the energy audit report are energy
savings proposals comprising of technical and
economic analysis of projects.
Looking at the final output, an energy audit can also be
defined as a systematic search for energy conservation
opportunities.
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
9/82
Energy Management
The Sankey diagram shows the energy balance ofa house for a mid-winter week.
Slide 9 of 53
Flows are in kWh, total amount 804 kWh. Energy sources/types are from the left (purchased heat,domestic hot water, solar gains), energy consumption and losses to the right (heat loss throughwindows, ceilings, walls).
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
10/82
Energy Management
The auditing process should identifyenergy-management opportunitiesEMOs
In many situations major cost savings can be achievedthrough the implementation of no cost or low cost
measures, such as:
Changing energy tariff; Rescheduling production activities to take advantage of
referential tariffs
Slide 10 of 53
Adjusting existing controls so that plant operationmatches the actual requirements of the building ormanufacturing process;
Implementing good housekeeping policies, in which staffare encouraged to avoid energy-wasteful practices
Investing in small capital items such as thermostats andtime switches.
Some times it is necessary to undertake more capitalintense measures.
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
11/82
Energy Management
Energy audit can be categorized into two types:
namely walk-through or preliminary auditdetail audit.
Energy audit stages
Slide 11 of 53
Sankey diagram for energy gains and losses in abuilding.
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
12/82
Energy Management
Walk-through or preliminary audit comprises:
one day or half-day visit to a plant
Walk-through or preliminary audit
Slide 12 of 53
historical data provided during the visit.
The findings will be a general comment based on rule-
of-thumbs, energy best practices or the manufacturer'sdata. It seek to establish the quantity and cost of
each form of energy used in a facility
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
13/82
Energy Management
Quick overview of energy use patterns
Provides guidance for energy accounting system
Provides personnel with perspectives of processes and
equipment
Preliminary Energy audit
Slide 13 of 53
Identify energy intensive processes and equipment
Identify energy inefficiency ,if any
Set the stage for detailed energy survey
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
14/82
Energy Management
GUIDELINES FOR PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT
REPORT
Introduction
Overview of current systems in place How much energy is being consumed;
Slide 14 of 53
a ype o energy s e ng consume
The performance of the facility compared with other similar facilities; The characteristic performance of the facility
Scope of work for energy audit
Recommendations and the associated
costs and savings
Conclusions
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
15/82
Energy Management
Detail audit is carried out for the energy savings
proposal recommended in walk-through or
preliminary audit.
It will provide detailed data on the energy inputs
Detail audit
Slide 15 of 53
,
technical solution options and economic analysisfor the factory management to decide project
implementation or priority. A feasibility study will
be required to determine the viability of each
option.
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
16/82
Energy Management
Detailed evaluation of energy use pattern
By processes and equipment
Measurement of energy use parameters
Detailed Energy Survey
Slide 16 of 53
Evaluation of efficiencies
Identify energy saving options and measures
Recommendation for implementation
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
17/82
Energy Management
Slide 17 of 53
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
18/82
Energy Management
Slide 18 of 53
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
19/82
Energy Management
Slide 19 of 53
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
20/82
Energy Management
Introduction
Methodology and instrumentation Detailed survey of the management and operation characteristics of a facility
The energy supply
The energy use within the facility
The plant and equipment within facility Data analysis and findings including graphs and plots.
Determine the energy performance of a facility.
Identify and quantify the principal energy flows
GUIDELINES FOR DETAILED ENERGYAUDIT REPORT
Slide 20 of 53
Identified and quantify achievable energy cost savings
Summary of recommendations and the associated costs and
savings
Conclusion
Appendices
CD containing raw measurement data collected during the audit, in
a readable file format
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
21/82
Energy Management
EQUIPMENT
Slide 21 of 53
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
22/82
Energy Management
Physical entities Electricity
Mass flow Temperature Humidity
Equipment Electrical analyzer
Anemometer (turbine, Pitot) Thermometer Humidity meter
Slide 22 of 53
ue gases compos on Luminance Total dissolved solids
, , ana yzer Luximeter TDS meter
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
23/82
Energy Management
Slide 23 of 53
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
24/82
Energy Management
Measuring air velocity - flow
Slide 24 of 53
E M t
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
25/82
Energy Management
Combustion Efficiency &
Environmental Analyzer
Slide 25 of 53
E M t
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
26/82
Energy Management
Thermographic image
Infrared Temperature Measurement
Slide 26 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
27/82
Energy Management
250
300
350
400
450
ia(kW)
Sbado6 feira5 feira4 feira
Slide 27 of 53
0
50
100
150
200
0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:
Po
tn
Potncia Mdia Potncia Instantnea
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
28/82
Energy Management
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Potncia(kW)
Slide 28 of 53
0
5
10
15
12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00
P. Mdia P. Instantnea
Medies no compressor 793
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
29/82
Energy Management
Slide 29 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
30/82
Energy Management
Energy balances in energy audits
The energy balance in EAs differs from currentthermodinamic energy balances because some
Slide 30 of 53
.
Unknowns obtained from measurements have anerror of measurement
As a consequence, calculated unknowns do alsoshow errors.
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
31/82
gy g
Energy balances in energy audits
The energy balance in EAs differs from currentthermodinamic energy balances because some
Slide 31 of 53
.
Unknowns obtained from measurements have anerror of measurement
As a consequence, calculated unknowns do alsoshow errors.
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
32/82
gy g
Energy audit objectives:1 - Energy accountancy (data)
Slide 32 of 53
2 - Energy consumption (measurements)Direct measurement
Energy balance (equation +measures)
3 - Energy savings
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
33/82
Energy balances in energy audits
The energy balance in EAs differs from currentthermodinamic energy balances because some
Slide 33 of 53
.
Unknowns obtained from measurements have anerror of measurement
As a consequence, calculated unknowns do alsoshow errors.
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
34/82
Problems in energy balances
The number of equations frequentlydiffers from the number of unknowns
N. equations > N. unknows
Slide 34 of 53
measurement results in an equation)
Create a chance to validateequations
N. equations < N. Unknows
Requires estimatives
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
35/82
WallLosses
3
Example: Industrial heat generator
Slide 35 of 53
Electricalresistance
21
Qelec
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
36/82
Equations and unknowns:
Mass and energy balance:
LossHTCmQTCmTCmmmm
.332211
321
+=++=+
&
Slide 36 of 53
Unknowns - measurements:
Good confidence: Q, T1, T2, T3Less confidence: m1, m2
No confidence: m3, Heat loss
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
37/82
Case 1: Equilibrium
2 Equations = 2 Unknowns
Slide 37 of 53
easuremen s accep e :Q, T1, T2, T3, m1, m2
Unknowns obtained by 2 eq.
System:m3, Heat loss
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
38/82
Case 2: Less unknowns
2 Equations = 1 UnknownMeasurements accepted:
Slide 38 of 53
, , , , , ,
Unknown obtained by resolution:
Heat loss
Allows to create an error typeunknown:
Error of m3
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
39/82
Case 3: Less equations
2 Equations = 3 Unknowns
Measurements accepted:
Slide 39 of 53
Unknowns obtained by resolution:m2, m3, Loss
Requires more measurements (andmore equations, specific humidity):
Water balance:
Or assume a value for a unknown (!?)
332211 wmwmwm =+
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
40/82
Frontier definitionCharacterization of mass and energy
Energy balance sequence:
Slide 40 of 53
Equations identificationDefinition of measurement plan
Equipment selection
MeasurementsValidation
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
41/82
COMPRESSED AIR
Slide 41 of 53
Atlas Copco
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
42/82
=2
vdPw
Physics of compression
Slide 42 of 53
=
1
1
1
21
P
PTmC
W
p
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
43/82
Electrical measurements
150
200
250
ctrica[kW]
Funcionamento em carga Funcionamento em vazio
1
2
P
Slide 43 of 53
Example
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Tempo ([s]
Potnciael
t1 t2 t3
1Pp
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
44/82
Example 1: Boiler
Frontier anf flows
Slide 44 of 53
Combustionair
Natural gas
Flue gases
Water
Steam
Purge
Heat losses
CSC
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
45/82
DIRECT METHOD
( )hhmsteam waterfeedsteam=
Equations and measurements
Slide 45 of 53
Requires steam and combustible flow meters (feedwater meter is common)
mcomb
Required data
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
46/82
LOSSES METHOD (empiric)
=
Losses100%Boiler
Slide 46 of 53
=
1%)(Unburned
1%)(purgingSteam
3%)(Walls
steam
gasesry
10%)(gasesFlue
Losses
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
47/82
LOSSES BY THE WALLS
Where nominal losses depends on the boiler size, typically1,5%.
Functioning factor: by stack temperature
factorFuncioningL nominal-wallswalls
Lossesosses =
240
Slide 47 of 53
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
22-5-07 0:00 22-5-07 1:00 22-5-07 2:00 22-5-07 3:00 22-5-07 4:00 22-5-07 5:00 22-5-07 6:00 22-5-07 7:00
Temperatura[C]
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
48/82
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Is known the following data:- Aluminum: flow and temp- Air: temperature- Combustion air: flow and tem
Slide 48 of 53
- Gases: temp, % O2
- Surfaces: temp, area- Fan: electrical power
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
49/82
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Frontier and flows
Slide 49 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
50/82
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Equations
Slide 50 of 53
++=+
=+
=
=++
gasesfluelossesheataluminumventilatorpropane
gasesflueinoxygenpropaneforoxygenairinoxygenaircombinoxygen
outaluminuminaluminum
gasesflueairpropaneaircomb
QQQWQ(4)
mmmm(3)
mm(2)
mmmm(1)
&&&&&
&&&&
&&
&&&&
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
51/82
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Equations
=+
=
=++
gasesflueinoxygenpropaneforoxygenairinoxygenaircombinoxygen
outaluminuminaluminum
gasesflueairpropaneaircomb
mmmm(3)
mm(2)
mmmm(1)
&&&&
&&
&&&&
Slide 51 of 53
++=+
gasesfluelossesheataluminumventilatorpropaneQQQWQ(4) &&&&&
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
52/82
WATER AUDIT & CONSERVATION
Industry has recognized 'Water Audit' as a
important tool for water resource managementWater Audit study is a qualitative and quantitative
analysis of water consumption to identify means of
reuse and rec clin of water. This stud includes
Slide 52 of 53
segregation of effluent streams and schemes for
effectively treating them to enable byproductrecovery. Water Audits encourage social
responsibility by identifying wasteful use, enables
estimation of the saving potential they not only
promote water conservation but also deliver cost
savings, but also companies to safeguard public
health and property, improve external relations and
reduce legal liability.
Energy Management
preliminary energy audit of your home
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
53/82
p y gy y
Main processes involved in a preliminary audit
Collecting data
Slide 53 of 53
Presenting dataEstablishing priorities and making recommendations.
Energy Management
Collecting data
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
54/82
Collecting Building Information:
a)General building characteristics such as floor areas, numbers ofend-users, construction details, building orientation, building
facade, etc.;
b) Local Meteorological data
g
Slide 54 of 53
c) Check for air leaks, insulation,..
c)Technical characteristics of energy consumingequipment/systems;
d)Record of EMOs already implemented or to be implemented;
e)Energy consumption bills in previous three years.
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
55/82
Equipments:
Slide 55 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
56/82
Categora o tipo de artefacto y su potencia nominal en W
Potencia
nominal del
aparato
N de aparatosHoras utilizado
diariamente
Consumo en
kwh
Lmparas de bajo consumo y tubos
fluorescentes
9 W 0
11 W 0
15 W 0
20 W 0
Lmparas incandescentes
25 W 0
40 W 0
60 W 0
75 W 0
Calefactores de cuarzo, halgenas o
aire caliente
1600 W 0
1300 W 0
Slide 56 of 53
0
Lavarropas automtico alimentado conagua fra.
2000 W 00
Otros lavarropas350 W 0
0
Radiadores de aceite
1000 W 0
1500 W 0
0
0
Termos elctricos
1500 W 0
0
0
0
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
57/82
Televisores
90 W 0
125 W 0
0
0
Planchas
1500 W 0
1300 W 0
00
Cargador celular 13 W 0
Secador de pelo 1200 W 0
Equipo musical 150 W 0
Radio pequea 11 W 0
Slide 57 of 53
Microondas 1000 W 0
Batidora - Licuadora 600 W 0
0
0
Computador 50 W 0
Impresora 500 W 0
Scanner 300 W 0
Fax 120 W 0
Refrigeradores, freezer o
refrigeradores con freezer
170 W 0
250 W 0
0
0
Consumo Total Aproximado (Kwh) 0
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
58/82
Slide 58 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
59/82
ElectrodomsticoPotencia Elctrica
(Watts) Horas (da) Energa Wh (da)Energa kWh
(da)Energa Wh
(mes)
5 Bombillas de 75 W(Potencia total 75Wx5=375W)
75 4 1500 1,50 45,0
2 Bombillas de 60 W(Potencia total 60Wx2=120W)
60 1 120 0,12 3,60
Televisor de 21 140 5 700 0,70 21,0
Equipo de Sonido 200 1 200 0,20 6,0
Slide 59 of 53
Horno de Microondas 1200 0,50 (30 min) 600 0,60 18,0
Coffee Maker 800 0,50 (30 min) 400 0,40 12,0Olla Arrocera 700 0,50 (30 min) 350 0,35 10,5
Cocina discospequeos (2 discos)
1000 0,75 (45 min) 750 0,75 22,5
Cocina discosgrandes (4 discos)
18000,75 (45minutos)
1350 1,35 40.5
Refrigeradora 290 9 2610 2,61 78,3Termoducha 4000 0,50 2000 2,0 60,0Lavadora (10 das almes)
385 3 1155 1,15 11,6
Total Energa Elctrica (kWh) 329 kWh
Energy Management
Analyzing data
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
60/82
The most important source of energy data is the energy invoice.At lest one year of all energy invoices , electricity, gas, , should
be analyzed.
Any estimated meter readings should be identified, since this can
Slide 60 of 53
result in misleading data. To overcome this problems additional
invoices should be collected which cover the same months asthe estimated invoice, but for years prior to the audit period.
Energy Management
Electricity invoices:
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
61/82
Electricity invoices:
Slide 61 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
62/82
Muito Alta Tenso (MAT)Alta Tenso (AT)
Slide 62 of 53
Baixa Tenso (BT)Baixa Tenso Normal acima de 20,7kVA(BTN)Baixa Tenso Normal at 20,7kVA (BTN)
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
63/82
Slide 63 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
64/82
Slide 64 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
65/82
Consumo em quilowatt-hora (kWh): De modo a dar cumprimento s diretrizes europeias, os consumos de Gs
Natural passaram a ser faturados em unidade de energia - quilowatt-hora (kWh), em vez de unidade de volume -
metro cbico (m3).
Fator de converso de m3 para kWh: Para se obter o consumo faturado em kWh a partir de m3 de Gs Natural
necessrio aplicar um fator de converso que calculado a partir da seguinte frmula:
Fator de Converso (m3 para kWh) = PCS x Fct x Fcp
Em que:
PCS = Poder Calorfico Superior do Gs Natural. Valor correspondente mdia aritmtica dos valores de PCSmensal, relativos a todos os meses j concludos e englobados no perodo de faturao. Os valores de PCS mensal
so determinados pela mdia aritmtica dos valores de PCS dirio correspondentes.
Fct= Fator de correo por temperatura calculado pela frmula 273,15/(273,15+Tgs), em que Tgs corresponde
temperatura mdia, em C, da zona de distribuio.
Slide 65 of 53
, , ,
fornecimento em mbar.
Escales tarifrios
De acordo com o Regulamento tarifrio, a atualizao de preos efetuada anualmente, a cada ano gs (um ano gs
completo decorre de 1 de julho a 30 de junho do ano seguinte), para os clientes com consumo at 10.000 m3/ano.
Findo cada ano gs, a ERSE aprova os preos a vigorar para o ano gs seguinte.
Os clientes so enquadrados nos escales, tendo em considerao o seu histrico de consumo dos ltimos 12
meses,
Escales nacionais (m3/ano)
1 2 3 4
0-220 221-500 501-1.000 1.001-10.000
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
66/82
Tarifas de Venda a Clientes Finais em Baixa Presso < 10.000 m3/ ano
1. Este tarifrio est em vigor para o 2. Trimestre do ano gs 2013-2014 (01.10.2013 a
31.12.2013). O ano gs 2013-2014 corresponde ao perodo compreendido entre 01.07.2013 e
30.06.2014.
2. IVA aplicvel taxa de 23%.
3. Desde 1 de janeiro de 2013, o fornecimento de gs natural sujeito a um Imposto Especial
sobre o Consumo. Se utilizado como combustvel (fogo, esquentador, caldeira) o imposto de
0,001080 /kWh; se consumido como carburante de 0,010224 /kWh. A utilizao de gs
natural como carburante dever ser declarada pelo cliente.
Slide 66 of 53
EscaloConsumoanual (m3)
Termo tarifriofixo ( /dia)
Energia ( /kWh)
Escalo 1 0 - 220 0,0732 0,0755
Escalo 2 221 - 500 0,1170 0,0700
Escalo 3 501 - 1.000 0,1732 0,0658
Escalo 4 1.001 - 10.000 0,1819 0,0588
.
(www.erse.pt).
Energy Management
Household Energy Use: Where
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
67/82
Does the Money Go?
Slide 67 of 53
http://greenworldpics.com/2009/02/18/household-energy-use-where-does-the-money-go/
Energy Management
Format of Energy Audit Report
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
68/82
1Introduction
This part aims to describe the following topics:
a)The building audited - numbers of floors, floor areas, usage, occupancy, hours ofoperation, year built, etc., layouts and schematics to be attached as appendix;
b)Objectives, such as studying the building energy consumption with a view to
identifying EMOs for implementation, setting target savings, considering long term
Slide 68 of 53
energy management program, etc.;
c)Scope of audit, covering the installations to be studied such as HVAC Installation,Electrical Installation, Lift & Escalator systems, Plumbing & Drainage Systems or
any particular equipment/systems, the depth of the study, the parties involved (end-
user, building management, O&M personnel, etc.); and
d)Members of the audit team, and audit consultant employed, if any.
Energy Management
Format of Energy Audit Report
2 Description of Equipment/Systems Audited
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
69/82
This part aims to focus on the following issues:
a)Describe equipment/systems audited, their corresponding capacities and ratings,
design conditions, etc., equipment schedules, schematics and layout drawings to be
included as appendix.
b)Make use of information provided by the building management, O&M personneland end-users and site surveys.
c)State the design conditions if known, and if not known the conditions adopted as
base reference and calculations in the audit.
Slide 69 of 53
s ou nc u e e o ow ng con en s:-
a)Zoning of systems according to building height or usage ;
b)HVAC Installation for different areas type of system e.g. VAV, CAV, FCU, etc.;
types of controls; type and numbers of chillers, pumps, heat rejection methods, etc.
and their locations;
c)Lighting Installation type of lighting for different areas and type of control and
zoning;
d)Electrical Installation numbers of transformers and low voltage main switch-boards and their locations and size or ratings of main distribution cables/bus ducts;
e)Lift Installation and Escalator Installation capacity, zoning, quantity, floors/areas
served and types of control, types of drive;
f)Plumbing and Drainage System;
g)Hot Water System type of system; and
h)Other notable energy consuming equipment/systems.
Energy Management
Format of Energy Audit Report
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
70/82
3 Findings
This part aims to focus on description of the results of the site surveys and
should include:
a)Findings in a systematic format such as in order of systems(e.g. first on HVAC
Installation, then on Lighting Installation, etc.) or in order of floors (e.g. from
lowest level to top floor), or in order of usage (e.g. general office, private office,
Slide 70 of 53
, , .
b)Descriptions of floors/areas with special requirements (e.g.24-hour operation,
low space temperature for computer room, etc.);c)Calculation on cooling load, heating load, lighting load, electrical load and
annual energy consumption (detailed calculations should be included as
appendix);
d)Findings on O&M procedures and practices; and
e)Preliminary identification of possible EMOs against corresponding findings. Thedescriptions should focus on issues related to possible EMOs and provide
systematic numbering to findings for purpose of easy cross-reference.
Energy Management
4 - Analysis and Identification of Energy Management Opportunities
Format of Energy Audit Report
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
71/82
4 Analysis and Identification of Energy Management Opportunities
This part focuses on the detailed analysis and identification of EMOs and should
include:
a)Comparison on actual performances of equipment/systems against original design (if
information available) and/or actual site measurements for any discrepancies and
identify the causes thereof;
b)Possible EMOs and corresponding substantiations(calculations on achievable
energy savings and detailed descriptions as appendix);
Slide 71 of 53
numbers assigned to the findings detailed calculations, schematics and drawings
included as appendix);ENERGY AUDIT REPORTd)Comparison on the different solutions to the same EMOs ,as appropriate;
e)Classification of the EMOs into categories (Cat. I, Cat. II or Cat. III);
f)Listing of EMOs in a systematic format such as in order of system (e.g. first on HVAC
Installation, then on Lighting Installation, etc.) or in order of floors (e.g. from lowest
level to top floor) or in order of usage (e.g. general office, private office, commoncorridor, lift lobby, etc.);
g) Program for implementation of the EMOs;
h)Identification of areas for further study, if any;
i)Indication of parties concerned in the implementation of EMOs and the difficulties that
may encounter and general methodologies to overcome them; and
j)Initial investment and payback of each EMO in the summary.
Energy Management
Format of Energy Audit Report
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
72/82
5 - Recommendations
This part aims to focus on:
a) The initial investment and payback period of each EMO.
Slide 72 of 53
.
c) Grouping items of similar nature/location/usage together or group
according to their categories (Cat. I, Cat. II andCat. III).
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
73/82
Slide 73 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
74/82
Slide 74 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
75/82
Slide 75 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
76/82
Slide 76 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
77/82
Slide 77 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
78/82
Slide 78 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
79/82
Slide 79 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
80/82
Slide 80 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
81/82
Slide 81 of 53
Energy Management
-
8/13/2019 Energy Audit 2013
82/82
Slide 82 of 53