energy audit case study
TRANSCRIPT
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1. INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT
1.1 G ENEREAL
In todays po!er scenario" !e are facing a ma#or po!er crunc$% &ay 'y day" t$e gap
'et!een demand and supply of electric energy is !idening% At present" t$e difference
is a'out (%()" going up to a'out *2) in t$e pea+ period% Bridging t$is gap from t$e
supply side is a very difficult and expensive proposition% Also" limited energy
resources" scarcity of capital and $ig$ interest costs for t$e addition of ne! generation
capacity is leading to t$e increased cost of electrical energy in India% T$e only via'le
!ay to $andle t$is crisis" apart from capacity addition" is t$e efficient use of availa'le
energy" !$ic$ is possi'le only 'y continuously monitoring and controlling t$e use of
electrical energy%
T$e rate at !$ic$ t$e energy demands and prices are increasing it may 'e impossi'le
to pursue t$e present rate of development% &eveloping countries" li+e India" !ill 'e
forced to retard its development , industriali-ation program for !ant of sufficient
energy reserves% Besides t$is t$e environmental implications of $ap$a-ard energy
utili-ation also need to 'e closely studied% In.efficient use of energy $as stretc$ed t$e
glo'al environment to its limits as can 'e seen from unpleasant responses of t$e
nature% /reen $ouse effect" acid rain" smog" deforestation" s$ift in climatic conditions"
etc%" are some of t$e indications% Setting up additional generating capacities to meet
increasing energy demands is not only a very expensive alternative 'ut also very time
consuming approac$% Additional po!er plants" meaning additional pollution and
furt$er degradation of t$e environment% $ile Energy Conservation" 'esides 'eing a
1uic+ and economical approac$ $as t$e potential to provide an effective solution to
emerging environmental $a-ards%
Considering t$e scenario of t$e Indian Industrial sector and its energy utili-ation
efficiency" t$ere is urgent need to revie! manufacturing tec$nologies and t$e present
energy management approac$% !ing to old and o'solete industrial tec$nologies and
mac$inery t$e extent of energy !astage is very $ig$% Energy Conservation potentialin t$e industrial sector of our nation $as 'een pro#ected 'et!een 30 to 40 )% Energy
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conservation measures range from simple good $ouse.+eeping practices to plant
moderni-ation% To +no! extent of energy is 'eing !asted it is very essential to +no!
!$at amount of energy is 'eing consumed% 6onitoring industrial energy utili-ation on
continuous 'asis and relating it to t$e production is t$e first step of any energy
conservation programme%
1.2 Energy Management
Energy 6anagement is t$e #udicious and effective use of energy to maximi-e profits
7minimi-e costs8 and en$ance competitive positions%
T$e aim of energy management is to reduce t$e amount of energy a 'uilding
consumes% /ood energy management starts from an understanding $o! a 'uildinguses energy% T$e next stage is to identify inefficiencies and agree actions to improve
efficiency% T$ese actions need associated targets and ongoing monitoring to measure
t$eir performance%
Actions ta+en to improve efficiency can vary% Some cost not$ing" ot$ers are lo! cost
and some re1uire greater investment% Some use tec$nology" ot$er focus on people 'ut
good energy management !ill normally deliver savings t$roug$ a com'ination of
met$ods%
Improving energy efficiency can 'ring many 'enefits
:o!er energy costs
;educed car'on emissions
Improved !or+ing conditions
Better control
Aids IS *400* accreditation
&emonstrates corporate 5 social responsi'ility
1.3 Principe! "# Energy Management
T$e principles of Energy 6anagement involve t$e follo!ing<
=rocure all t$e energy needed at t$e lo!est possi'le price 7Example< 'uy from
original sources" revie! t$e purc$ase terms8
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6anage energy use at t$e $ig$est energy efficiency 7Example< improving
energy use efficiency at every stage of energy transport" distri'ution and use8
;eusing and recycling energy 'y cascading 7Example< !aste $eat recovery8
>se t$e most appropriate tec$nology 7select lo! investment tec$nology to
meet t$e present re1uirement and environment condition8
;educe t$e avoida'le losses% 76a+e use of !astes generated !it$in t$e plant
as sources of energy and reducing t$e component of purc$ased fuels and 'ills8
1.$ Energy Management %trategy
Energy management s$ould 'e seen as a continuous process% Strategies s$ould 'e
revie!ed annually and revised as necessary% T$e +ey activities involved in t$e process
are outlined 'elo!<
1.$.1 I&enti#y a %trategic C"rp"rate Appr"ac'
T$e starting point in energy management is to identify a strategic corporate approac$
to energy management% Clear accounta'ility for energy management needs to 'e
esta'lis$ed" appropriate financial and staffing resources must 'e allocated" and
reporting procedures initiated% An energy management program re1uires commitment
from t$e !$ole organisation in order to 'e successful%
1.$.2 App"int Energy Manager
T$e energy manager" !$o s$ould 'e a senior staff mem'er" !ill 'e responsi'le for t$e
overall coordination of t$e program and !ill report directly to top management%
Energy managers need to $ave a tec$nical 'ac+ground" need to 'e familiar !it$ t$e
organisations activities and $ave appropriate tec$nical support%
1.$.3 %et (p an Energy M"nit"ring an& Rep"rting %y!tem
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Successful energy management re1uires t$e esta'lis$ment of a system to collect"
analyse and report on t$e organisations energy costs and consumption% T$is !ill
ena'le an overvie! of energy use and its related costs" as !ell as facilitating t$e
identification of savings t$at mig$t ot$er!ise not 'e detected% T$e system needs to
record 'ot$ $istorical and ongoing energy use" as !ell as cost information from 'illing
data" and 'e capa'le of producing summary reports on a regular 'asis% T$is
information !ill provide t$e means 'y !$ic$ trends can 'e analysed and tariffs
revie!ed%
1.$.$ C"n&(ct Energy A(&it
An energy audit esta'lis$es 'ot$ !$ere and $o! energy is 'eing used" and t$e
potential for energy savings% It includes a !al+.t$roug$ survey" a revie! of energy
using systems" analysis of energy use and t$e preparation of an energy 'udget" and
provides a 'aseline from !$ic$ energy consumption can 'e compared over time% An
audit can 'e conducted 'y an employee of t$e organi-ation !$o $as appropriate
expertise" or 'y a specialist energy.auditing firm% An energy audit report also includes
recommendations for actions" !$ic$ !ill result in energy and cost savings% It s$ould
also indicate t$e costs and savings for eac$ recommended action" and a priority order
for implementation%
1.$.) *"rmai+e an Energy Management P"icy %tatement
A !ritten energy management policy !ill guide efforts to improve energy efficiency"
and represents a commitment to saving energy% It !ill also $elp to ensure t$at t$e
success of t$e program is not dependent on particular individuals in t$e organi-ation%
An energy management policy statement includes a declaration of commitment from
senior management" as !ell as general aims and specific targets relating to<
Energy consumption reduction 7electricity" fuel oil" gas" petrol etc%8
Energy cost reduction 7'y lo!ering consumption and negotiating lo!er
unit rates8
Timeta'les
Budgetary limits
Energy cost centers
rganisation of management resources%
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1.$., Prepare an& Un&erta-e a Detaie& Pr"ect Impementati"n Pan
A pro#ect implementation plan s$ould 'e developed as part of t$e energy audit and 'e
endorsed 'y management% T$e plan s$ould include an implementation time ta'le and
state any funding and 'udgetary re1uirements% =ro#ects may range from esta'lis$ing
or c$anging operational procedures to ensure t$at plant and e1uipment use minimum
energy" renegotiating electricity supply arrangements etc% to adopting asset ac1uisition
programs t$at !ill reduce energy consumption% An overall strategy could 'e to
introduce energy management pro#ects" !$ic$ !ill ac$ieve maximum financial
'enefits at least cost to t$e organisation%
1.$./ Impement a %ta## A0arene!! an& Training Pr"gram
A +ey ingredient to t$e success of an energy management program is maintaining a
$ig$ level of a!areness among staff% T$is can 'e ac$ieved in a num'er of !ays"
including formal training" ne!sletters" posters and pu'lications" and 'y incorporating
energy management into existing training programs% It is important to communicate
program plans and case studies t$at demonstrate savings" and to report results at least
at *2.mont$ intervals% Staff may need training from specialists on energy saving
practices and e1uipment%
1.$. Ann(a Reie0
An energy management program !ill 'e more effective if its results are revie!ed
annually% ;evie! of energy management policy and strategies !ill form t$e 'asis for
developing an implementation plan for t$e next *2 mont$s%
India is a &eveloping nation% Its per capita Energy Consumption is very lo!% To
ac$ieve Economic /ro!t$" !e need to 5 $ave to use more 5 more energy to increase
t$e pace of development%
e need to increase t$e manufacturing of good in ?uality 5 @olume%
It is estimated t$at Industrial energy use in developing countries constitutes a'out 4.0 ) of t$e total commercial energy consumption% 6uc$ of t$is energy is converted
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from imported oil" t$e price of !$ic$ $as increased tremendously so muc$ so t$at
most of developing countries spent more t$an 0 ) of t$eir foreign exc$ange
earnings% ot !it$ standing t$ese fiscal constraints" developing countries need to
expand its industrial 'ase li+e us if it $as to generate t$e resources to improve t$e
1uality of life of its people% T$e expansion of industrial 'ase does re1uire an
additional energy input !$ic$ 'ecomes more and more difficult in t$e present
scenario%
/eneration of po!er needs resources% ;esources availa'le on eart$ are of &iminis$ing
ature% It is getting depleted very fast !it$ time as use is increasing exponentially%
T$ere are some resources" !$ic$ are ;ene!a'le e%g% Solar =o!er" ind =o!er and
/eot$ermal =o!er% Tec$nology is also 'eing developed to $arness t$ese ;ene!a'le
;esources to generate =o!er% T$e capital investment re1uirement is very $ig$ as
compared to normally availa'le resources% It can 'e 1uoted $ere t$at !it$ t$e
availa'le tec$nology" !e could $ardly generate ) of total po!er generation as on
date %ence" to restrict t$e use or increase t$e life of diminis$ing type of resources%
:et us see t$e ot$er aspect of life" !$ereas every'ody cant understand all tec$nical
reasons or 'enefits of t$e !$ole !orld until $e $imself reali-es some 'enefit for $is
action or efforts% In t$is competitive !orld" cost competitiveness is very very essential
for survival of every individual% To esta'lis$ any !or+ , motive or tas+" energy in one
or ot$er form is an essential component%
T$us t$e need to conserve energy" particularly in industry and commerce is strongly
felt as t$e energy cost ta+es up su'stantial s$are in t$e overall cost structure of t$e
operation%
ence it calls for 6AA/E6ET D EE;/ or in ot$er !ords
6AA/E6ET D ;ES>;CES or EE;/ CSE;@ATI%
It 'ecomes clear from t$e a'ove data 5 statement t$at Energy needs to 'e 6anaged ,;esources needs to 'e managed irrespective of a &E@E:=E& ATI or A
&E@E:=I/ ATI%
1.) LITERATURE %UREY
In t$e existing transition period 'et!een an era of a'undance of relatively inexpensive
electric energy and one in !$ic$ energy of all types is scarce expensive" increasing
emp$asis is 'eing placed on innovative tec$ni1ues t$at improve t$e efficiency of
generation " distri'ution and usage of electricity% T$e 'asic p$ilosop$y 'e$ind
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&emand Side 6anagement seems to 'e t$at it is c$eaper to save a !att t$an to
produce one% It is definitely more reasona'le, cost effective, easier to save t$an to
increase production 'y one !att from current capacity%
In a paper F*G By =%;avi 'a'u descri'es t$e application &emand Side 6anagement
and descri'es ;esi-ing operation of transformer% In t$is paper t$e aut$or descri'es t$e
pro'lem in a su'.station at Hurnool !$ere a transformer of $ig$ rating !as proposed
a resi-ed and revised sc$edule% In t$e analysis it !as found t$at a smaller rating
transformer !as more efficiently !or+ing !it$ $ig$er value of T>D%
T$e energy loses !ere reduced to a maximum extent and moreover lo!er capacity of
t$e transformer !as sufficient to meet t$e load%
S%=%S ;ag$av and Jayant Sin$aF2G descri'es &emand Side 6anagement t$roug$
=o!er Sector reforms !$ere t$e met$ods adopted to reduce t$e transmission and
distri'ution 'y *00) metering% >se of electronic meters" installation of capacitor
'an+s and $ig$ voltage distri'ution system etc% $ence t$ey conclude t$at
strengt$ening of su' transmission and distri'ution net!or+ is extremely important in
en$ancing efficiency and promoting demand side management%
In &ecem'er *999 &r%C%=alanic$amyF3G descri'es t$e need for energy conservation
for 'ot$ environmental and economical 'enefits% Dactor li+e limited fuel reserve"
ageing" transportation" operational efficiency and environmental impact influence t$e
generation of po!er% To overcome t$ese pro'lems restructuring of state electricity
'oard !$ere updating energy conservation plans every year and suggested incentives
for rene!a'le energy sources !ere called for as a application of &S6%
In t$e year 6ay *999 &r% 6%@%Hris$na ;ao F4G descri'es t$e usage of intelligent
metering systems for revenue improvement% T$e universal pro'lem faced 'y all t$e
utilities across t$e !orld is in ensuring t$e correct measurement of energy consumed
is t$e commercial losses% T$e pro'lem is more acute in developing countries !$ere
t$e losses may vary from *0.40)% T$ese losses are mainly due to !rong meter
reading" defective metering" malpractice in usage of energy" persons indulging in
pilferage% As a solution to t$ese pro'lems $e suggests usage of A6;s 7automatic
meter reading8 and meter testing !$ic$ is a critical activity of distri'ution
management as t$e utility $as suffered considera'le revenue loss due to non.testing of
meters and allo!ing installation of meters !it$ errors%
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2. ENERGY AUDIT
Energy Audit is t$e +ey to a systematic approac$ for decision.ma+ing in t$e area of
energy management% It attempts to 'alance t$e total energy inputs !it$ its use" and
serves to identify all t$e energy streams in a facility% It 1uantifies energy usage
according to its discrete functions% Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in
defining and pursuing compre$ensive energy management programme%
2.1 DE*INITION O* ENERGY AUDIT
As per t$e Energy Conservation Act" 200*" Energy Audit is defined as t$e
verification" monitoring and analysis of use of energy including su'mission of
tec$nical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency !it$
cost 'enefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption%
2.2 NEED *OR ENERGY AUDIT
In any industry" t$e t$ree top operating expenses are often found to 'e energy 7'ot$
electrical and t$ermal8" la'our and materials% If one !ere to relate to t$e
managea'ility of t$e cost or potential cost savings in eac$ of t$e a'ove components"
energy !ould invaria'ly emerge as a top ran+er" and t$us energy management
function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction% Energy Audit !ill $elp to
understand more a'out t$e !ays energy and fuel are used in any industry" and $elp in
identifying t$e areas !$ere !aste can occur and !$ere scope for improvement exists%
T$e Energy Audit !ould give a positive orientation to t$e energy cost reduction"
preventive maintenance and 1uality control programmes !$ic$ are vital for
production and utility activities% Suc$ an audit programme !ill $elp to +eep focus on
variations !$ic$ occur in t$e energy costs" availa'ility and relia'ility of supply of
energy" decide on appropriate energy mix" identify energy conservation tec$nologies"
retrofit for energy conservation e1uipment etc%
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In general" Energy Audit is t$e translation of conservation ideas into realities" 'y
lending tec$nically feasi'le solutions !it$ economic and ot$er organi-ational
considerations !it$in a specified time frame%
T$e purpose of Energy Audit is to determine !ays to reduce energy consumption per
unit of product output or to lo!er operating costs% Energy Audit provides a 'enc$.
mar+ 7;eference point8 for managing energy in t$e organi-ation and also provides
t$e 'asis for planning a more effective use of energy t$roug$out t$e organi-ation%
SJBIT as a professional college $as 4 undergraduate courses and 3 postgraduate
courses !it$ a full time !or+s$op" computer centers and ot$er la's% It $as T
connection !it$ &iesel /enerator set 'ac+up !it$ many >=S systems% College is a
developing institution !it$ plans to start researc$ centers and some more =/ courses%
Heeping t$ese points into consideration energy audit on t$is institution plays a vital
role to optimi-e t$e cost of energy and maintenance cost%
2.3 O45ECTIE%
T$e institutes annual energy 'ill $as crossed 20 la+$s !e aim to conserve *0.
*) of its energy consumption !$ic$ !ould result in savings of a'out 2 la+$
annually%
To prepare a single line diagram of t$e distri'ution system for t$is institution%%
To study t$e existing energy utili-ation pattern of t$e institution%
To suggest energy conservation opportunities for optimum utili-ation of
energy%
2.$ TYPE% O* ENERGY AUDIT
T$e type of Energy Audit to 'e performed depends on<
Dunction and type of industry
&ept$ to !$ic$ final audit is needed" and
=otential and magnitude of cost reduction desired
T$us Energy Audit can 'e classified into t$e follo!ing t!o types%i8 =reliminary Audit
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ii8 &etailed Audit
2.$.1 PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT
=reliminary energy audit is a relatively 1uic+ exercise to<
Esta'lis$ energy consumption in t$e organi-ation
Estimate t$e scope for saving
Identify t$e most li+ely 7and t$e easiest areas for attention
Identify immediate 7especially no.,lo!.cost8 improvements, savings
Set a Kreference point
Identify areas for more detailed study,measurement
=reliminary energy audit uses existing" or easily o'tained data
2.$.2 DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT
A compre$ensive audit provides a detailed energy pro#ect implementation plan for a
facility" since it evaluates all ma#or energy using systems%
T$is type of audit offers t$e most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost% It
considers t$e interactive effects of all pro#ects" accounts for t$e energy use of all
ma#or e1uipment" and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and pro#ect
cost%
In a compre$ensive audit" one of t$e +ey elements is t$e energy 'alance% T$is is 'ased
on an inventory of energy using systems" assumptions of current operating conditions
and calculations of energy use% T$is estimated use is t$en compared to utility 'ill
c$arges%
&etailed energy auditing is carried out in t$ree p$ases< =$ase I" II and III%
=$ase I . =re Audit =$ase
=$ase II . Audit =$ase
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=$ase III . =ost Audit =$ase
2.$.2.1 DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT MET6ODOLOGY
Industry.to.industry" t$e met$odology of Energy Audits needs to 'e flexi'le% A
compre$ensive ten.step met$odology for conduct of Energy Audit at field level is
presented 'elo!% Energy 6anager and Energy Auditor may follo! t$ese steps to start
!it$ and add,c$ange as per t$eir needs and industry types%
Ta7e 2.1 Ten !tep! #"r &etaie& energy a(&it
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2.$.2.2 INITIAL %ITE I%IT AND PREPARATION RE8UIRED
*OR DETAILED AUDITING
An initial site visit may ta+e one day and gives t$e Energy Auditor,Engineer an
opportunity to meet t$e personnel concerned" to familiari-e $im !it$ t$e site and to
assess t$e procedures necessary to carry out t$e energy audit%
&uring t$e initial site visit t$e Energy Auditor,Engineer s$ould carry out t$e
follo!ing actions< .
&iscuss !it$ t$e sites senior management t$e aims of t$e energy audit%
&iscuss economic guidelines associated !it$ t$e recommendations of t$e
audit%
Analyse t$e ma#or energy consumption data !it$ t$e relevant personnel%
'tain site dra!ings !$ere availa'le L 'uilding layout" steam distri'ution"
compressed air distri'ution" electricity distri'ution etc%
Tour t$e site accompanied 'y engineering,production
2.$.2.3 T6E MAIN AIM% O* T6I% I%IT
To finalise Energy Audit team
To identify t$e main energy consuming areas,plant items to 'e surveyed
during t$e audit%
To identify any existing instrumentation, additional metering re1uired%
To decide !$et$er any meters !ill $ave to 'e installed prior to t$e audit eg%
H$" steam" oil or gas meters%
To identify t$e instrumentation re1uired for carrying out t$e audit%
To plan !it$ time frame
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To collect macro data on plant energy resources" ma#or energy consuming
centers
To create a!areness t$roug$ meetings, programme
2.$.2.$ T6E IN*ORMATION TO 4E COLLECTED DURING T6E
DETAILED AUDIT INCLUDE%
Energy consumption 'y type of energy" 'y department" 'y ma#or items of
process e1uipment" 'y end.use 6aterial 'alance data 7ra! materials" intermediate and final products" recycled
6aterials" use of scrap or !aste products" production of 'y.products for re.use
in ot$er industries" etc%8
Energy cost and tariff data
=rocess and material flo! diagrams
/eneration and distri'ution of site services 7E%g% compressed air" steam8%
Sources of energy supply 7e%g% electricity from t$e grid or self.generation8
=otential for fuel su'stitution" process modifications" and t$e use of co.
generation
Systems 7com'ined $eat and po!er generation8%
Energy 6anagement procedures and energy a!areness training programs
!it$in t$e esta'lis$ment%
Existing 'aseline information and reports are useful to get consumption pattern"
production cost and productivity levels in terms of product per ra! material inputs%
T$e audit team s$ould collect t$e follo!ing 'aseline data<
Tec$nology" processes used and e1uipment details
Capacity utilisation
Amount 5 type of input materials used
ater consumption
Duel Consumption
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Electrical energy consumption
Steam consumption
t$er inputs suc$ as compressed air" cooling !ater etc
?uantity 5 type of !astes generated
=ercentage re#ection , reprocessing
Efficiencies , yield
It is important to plan additional data gat$ering carefully% ere are some 'asic tips to
avoid !asting time and effort<
6easurement systems s$ould 'e easy to use and provide t$e information to t$e
accuracy t$at is needed" not t$e accuracy t$at is tec$nically possi'le
6easurement e1uipment can 'e inexpensive 7flo! rates using a 'uc+et and
stop!atc$8
T$e 1uality of t$e data must 'e suc$ t$at t$e correct conclusions are dra!n
7!$at grade of product is on" is t$e production normal etc8
&efine $o! fre1uent data collection s$ould 'e to account for process
variations%
6easurement exercises over a'normal !or+load periods 7suc$ as startup ands$utdo!ns8
&esign values can 'e ta+en !$ere measurements are difficult 7cooling !ater
t$roug$ $eat exc$anger8
2.$.3 IDENTI*ICATION O* ENERGY CON%ERATIONOPPORTUNITIE%
*(e !(7!tit(ti"n9 Identifying t$e appropriate fuel for efficient energy conversion
Energy generati"n: Identifying Efficiency opportunities in energy conversion
e1uipment,utility suc$ as captive po!er generation" steam generation in 'oilers"
t$ermic fluid $eating" optimal loading of &/ sets" minimum excess air com'ustion
!it$ 'oilers,t$ermic fluid $eating" optimising existing efficiencies" efficienct energy
conversion e1uipment" 'iomass gasifiers" Cogeneration" $ig$ efficiency &/ sets" etc%
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Energy &i!tri7(ti"n: Identifying Efficiency opportunities net!or+ suc$ as
transformers" ca'les" s!itc$gears and po!er factor improvement in electrical systems
and c$illed !ater" cooling !ater" $ot !ater" compressed air" Etc%
Energy (!age 7y pr"ce!!e!9
T$is is !$ere t$e ma#or opportunity for improvementand many of t$em are $idden% =rocess analysis is useful tool for process integration
measures%
2.$.$ TEC6NICAL AND ECONOMIC *EA%I4ILITY
T$e tec$nical feasi'ility s$ould address t$e follo!ing issues
M Tec$nology availa'ility" space" s+illed manpo!er" relia'ility" service etc
T$e impact of energy efficiency measure on safety" 1uality" production or
process%
T$e maintenance re1uirements and spares availa'ility
2.$.) CLA%%I*ICATION O* ENERGY CON%ERATIONMEA%URE%
Based on energy audit and analyses of t$e plant" a num'er of potential energy saving
pro#ects may 'e identified% T$ese may 'e classified into t$ree categories:
*% :o! cost L $ig$ returnN
2% 6edium cost L medium returnN
3% ig$ cost L $ig$ return
ormally t$e lo! cost L $ig$ return pro#ects receive priority% t$er pro#ects $ave to
'e analy-ed" engineered and 'udgeted for implementation in a p$ased manner%
=ro#ects relating to energy cascading and process c$anges almost al!ays involve $ig$
costs coupled !it$ $ig$ returns" and may re1uire careful scrutiny 'efore funds can 'e
committed% T$ese pro#ects are generally complex and may re1uire long lead times
'efore t$ey can 'e implemented%
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TA4LE 2.2 GUIDELINE TO PRIORITI%E RECOMMENDED MEA%URE
Pri"rity Ec"n"mica
*ea!i7iity
Tec'nica
*ea!i7iity
Ri!- :
*ea!i7iity
A ; G""& ell defined
and attractive
Existing
tec$nology
ade1uate
o ;is+,
ig$ly feasi'le
4 ;May 7e ell definedand only
marginally
accepta'le
Existingtec$nology
may 'e
updated" lac+
of confirmation
6inoroperating
ris+,6ay 'e
feasi'le
C ;6e& =oorly defined
and marginally
unaccepta'le
Existing
tec$nology is
inade1uate
&ou'tful
D ;N" Clearly not
attractive
eed ma#or
'rea+t$roug$
ot feasi'le
2.$./ ROLE O* ENERGY AUDITOR%
To carryout detailed energy audit%
To 1uantify energy consumption and esta'lis$ 'ase line energy information%
To construct energy and material 'alance%
To perform efficiency evaluation of energy and utility systems%
To compare energy norms !it$ existing energy consumption levels%
To identify and priorities energy of saving measures%
To recommend energy efficient tec$nologies and alternate energy sources%
Energy Efficiency pro#ects $ave t$e follo!ing cost components%
Energy Audit c$arges%
Consultancy fees for a detailed pro#ect report%
Consultancy c$arges for implementation of pro#ect%
Cost of mac$inery" including cost of retrofitting,renovating" modification of
existing items" 6iscellaneous assets for esta'lis$ing a monitoring system and
C$arges for monitoring t$e energy efficiency on long term 'asis%
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3. DEMAND %IDE MANAGEMENT
&emand.side management 7&S68 refers to cooperative activities 'et!een t$e utility
and its customers 7sometimes !it$ t$e assistance of t$ird parties suc$ as energy
services companies and various trade allies8 to implement options for increasing t$e
efficiency of energy utilisation" !it$ resulting 'enefits to t$e customer" utility and
society as a !$ole%
3.1 4ene#it! "# t'e D%M initiatie!
Benefits of t$e &S6 initiatives are manifold a fe! of t$em is listed 'elo!%
3.1.1 C(!t"mer 7ene#it!
Satisfy electricity demands%
;educe, sta'ili-e cost 7'ills8%
Improve value of service%
Improve lifestyle and productivity%
3.1.2 %"cieta 7ene#it!
;educe environmental degradation%
Conserve resources and protect glo'al environment%
6aximi-e customer !elfare%
3.1.3 Utiity 7ene#it!
:o!er cost of service%
Improve operating efficiency and flexi'ility%
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;educe capital needs%
Improve customer service%
T$e implementation of &S6 programs in India is li+ely to<
Improve t$e efficiency of energy systems%
;educe financial needs to 'uild ne! energy facilities 7generation8%
6inimi-e adverse environmental impacts%
:o!er t$e cost of delivered energy to consumers%
;educe po!er s$ortages and po!er cuts%
Improve t$e relia'ility and 1uality of po!er supply%
3.2 Impementing D%M
&S6 programs are utility and customer specific% Digure 'elo! descri'es various steps
involved in implementing a &S6 initiative%
*ig(re 3.1 !'"0ing !tep! in D%M pr"gram
Steps in typical &S6
Step *< :oad ;esearc$
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T$is stage in t$e &S6 implementation !ill typically assess t$e customer 'ase" tariff"
load profile on an $ourly 'asis and !ill identify t$e sectors contri'uting to t$e load
s$ape% T$is step !ill also identify pea+ load contri'utors%
Step 2< &efine load.s$ape o'#ectives
Based on t$e results of t$e load researc$ in t$e utility" &S6 teams define t$e load
s$ape o'#ectives for t$e current situation% @arious load.s$ape o'#ectives . =ea+
Clipping 7reduction in t$e pea+ demand8" @alley Dilling 7increased demand at off.
pea+8" :oad S$ifting 7demand s$ifting to non.pea+ period8" and :oad Building
7increased demand8 are possi'le% T$ese are represented in figure 'elo!%
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@alley.Dilling . t$e improvement of system load factor 'y 'uilding load in off.
pea+ periods
:oad S$ifting . t$e reduction of utility loads during periods of pea+ demand"
!$ile at t$e same time 'uilding load in off.pea+ periods% :oad s$ifting
typically does not su'stantially alter total electricity sales%
Conservation . t$e reduction of utility loads" more or less e1ually" during all or
most $ours of t$e day
:oad Building . t$e increase of utility loads" more or less e1ually" during all or
most $ours of t$e day
Dlexi'le >tility :oad S$ape . refers to programs t$at set up utility options to
alter customer energy consumption on an as.needed 'asis" as in interrupti'le,
curtaila'le agreements%
Step 3< Assess program implementation strategies
T$is step !ill identify t$e end.use applications t$at can 'e potentially targeted to
reduce pea+ demand" specifically in sectors contri'uting to system pea+% T$is step
!ill also carry out a detailed 'enefit.cost analysis for t$e end.users and t$e utilities"
including analysis of societal as !ell as environmental 'enefits%
Step 4< Implementation
Implementation stage includes program design for specific end.use applications"
promotes t$e program to t$e target audience t$roug$ mar+eting approac$es suc$ as
advertising" 'ills and inserts" and focused group meetings 7specifically in case of
commercial and industrial sector8%
Step < 6onitoring and Evaluation
T$is step trac+s t$e program design and implementation and compares t$e same !it$
proposed &S6 goal set 'y t$e utility% A detailed 'enefit.cost analysis in t$is case
includes identifying t$e avoided supply cost for t$e utility vis.O.vis t$e total program
cost for t$e utilities and 'enefits to t$e participants including t$e reduced 'ills or
incentives to t$e end.users%
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$. Energy a(&it met'"&""gyT$e met$odology adopted for t$is audit !as
%(reying p'a!e9 T$is involved visual inspection and data collection and
o'servations on t$e general condition of t$e facility and e1uipment and
1uantification%
Mea!(rement p'a!e9 T$is involved verification of energy consumption and
ot$er parameters of load 'y measurements%
Rec"mmen&ati"n! p'a!e9 &ata o'tained t$roug$ survey and measurement
p$ase !ere analysed corrective measures $ave 'een recommended%
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). %UREY DETAIL%
T$e first and t$e most important step in energy auditing is t$e survey of t$e campus%
T$e aut$enticity of o'servation and recommendations made in energy audit depends
on correctness of t$e information gat$ered t$roug$ survey% e started t$e survey !it$
follo!ing o'#ective<
To collect t!elve mont$ energy 'ills of t$e institute to assess energy
consumption pattern in different mont$s t$roug$ t$e year%
To dra! t$e single line diagram of t$e distri'ution system of t$e institute%
To identify different +inds of loads connected in t$e institute along !it$ t$eir
1uantity and electrical specification%
it$ a'ove details to estimate t$e total connected load" in terms of !attage" in
t$e campus%
To study t$e condition of connected loads" !iring" 6CB" fuse etcP
).1 Anay!i! "# energy 7i!
Energy consumption pattern of t$e college can 'e gauged t$roug$ t$e study of energy
'ills of preceding mont$s% It t$ro!s lig$t on several important aspects li+e maximum
po!er demanded 'y t$e college in a particular mont$N overall operating po!er factor
of t$e loads in t$e collegeN penalties" if any" paid 'y t$e college for lo! operating
po!er factor or for exceeding t$e contract demand etcP ence" t$e energy 'ills of
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last t!elve mont$s of t$e college !ere collected for analysis 'earing in mind t$e
a'ove factors% Extracts of energy 'ill is presented in t$e form of ta'le%
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).1.1 O4%ERATION% *ROM ENERGY 4ILL%
T$e energy tariff applica'le to t$e institute is T27B8
T$e amount of po!er t$at t$e supplier 7BESC68 $as agreed to ma+e
availa'le for delivery to t$e college and !$ic$ t$e college $as agreed to
purc$ase is 200+va i%e% College $as agreed for a contact demand of 200+va
from supplier 7BESC68% If t$e maximum po!er demanded 'y college
exceeds C& in any mont$ institute is lia'le to pay penalty%
*0+va" !$ic$ is Q) of C&" is t$e 'ase value for !$ic$ demand c$arges $as
to 'e paid at rate of ;s 200,+va% If t$e maximum demand exceeds C& t$en
demand c$arges is on t$at value and not on *0H@A 7Q) D C&8%
In t$e last t!elve mont$s t$e maximum demand recorded !as *2*+va" in
mont$ of ovem'er" 200( and t$e demand !as minimum at (3+va" in t$e
mont$ of January" 200(% T$is is 'ecause ovem'er 'eing mont$ in middle of
t$e semester and January 'eing vacation period% Also" since maximum demand
in any mont$ $as not exceeded *0+va 7Q) of C&8 option of reduction in C&
from 200+va to *0+va can 'e considered% T$is !ould result in savings of
demand c$arges%
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Grap' ).1 !'"0ing ma=im(m &eman& "# 12 m"nt'! "# prece&ing year
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
MD
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In no mont$ $as t$e po!er factor gone 'elo! t$e recommended value of 0%9%
T$is s$o!s t$at loads in college are operating at a $ealt$y po!er factor and
installation of any po!er factor improving devices is not necessary .
Grap' ).2 !'"0ing ariati"n "# p"0er #act"r t'r"(g' t'e year
Total annual energy c$arges of t$e institute amounts to ;s 20"(Q"(R0,.
7;upees t!enty la+$ eig$ty seven t$ousand eig$t $undred and sixty only8%
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).2 Tari## &etai!
T$e collage $as opted for T27B8 +ind of tariff
T$e demand c$arges are calculated at t$e rate of ;s 200,+va% T$e minimum
amount of demand c$arge is levied on Q) of contract demand !$ic$ !ould
amount to ;s 30000,mont$% If t$e maximum po!er demanded 'y t$e institute
exceeds Q) of C& t$en t$e demand c$arges are calculated on t$is maximum
demand and not on t$e Q) of C&
If t$e po!er demand of t$e institute exceeds C& i%e% 200 +va t$en t$e 1uantum
of increase in demand is c$arged at t$e rate of *% times normal rate per +va
i%e% at ;s 300,+va
If t$e operating po!er factor of t$e institute is 'elo! t$e recommended value
of 0%9 t$en for every po!er factor reduction 'y 0%0* t$en surc$arge of 3 paisa
per units levied on total unites consumed
).3 DETAIL% O* DI%TRI4UTION %Y%TEM O* T6E IN%TITUTE
T$e institute $as a 20+va" **+v,433v distri'ution transformer !$ic$ is energi-ed 'y
a **+v feeder from BESC6 su'station% T$e institute also $as *2+va diesel
generator as 'ac+up %t$e institute $as t!o :T 'us% Bus* feeds EEE 'loc+" IS 5 CS
'loc+" administrative 'loc+" $ostel" canteen" pump sets and street lig$ting% Bus2 feeds
SJB College of nursing" B/S Sc$ool and commercial complex% :T 'us* $as a
generator 'ac+up% T$e single line diagram of t$e distri'ution system of t$e campus is
given 'elo!%
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*ig(re ).1 !'"0ing !inge ine &iagram "# &i!tri7(ti"n !y!tem "# camp(!
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).$ LOAD DETAIL%
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T$e loads connected in campus can 'e generally classified into follo!ing types<
:ig$ting load%
Dan%
Computers" printers" and p$otocopiers%
=ump sets%
Electrical mac$ine la'%
6o'ile communication to!ers%
&etails of t$ese loads $ave 'een given in su'se1uent sections%
).$.1 LIG6TING LOAD
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Ta7e ).2 Detai! "# ig'ting "a&
Type "#
ig'ting
L"cati"n 8(antity %peci#icati"n T"ta
0attage
>-0?
Dluoresce
nt tu'elig$t
Classroom *R
3R!,fitted !it$
electromagnetic 'allast%
%94
Staffroom 0 *%(
:a's **0 3%9R
:i'rary Q2 2%R
ostel
6ess
20
0
9
*%(
Corridor R0 2%*R
CD:
Classroom
23!
*%23
Staffroom * 0%34
ffice 30 0%R9
Sodium
vapour
lamp
Street
lig$ting
R0 *0! 9
alogen
lamp
Street
lig$ting
*R *00! *%R
Total !attage 3Q%(
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).$.1.1 O4%ERATION%
6ostly" fluorescent tu'e lig$ts and CD:s are used for classroom and ot$er
general purpose lig$ting%
T$e institute totally $as QQ fluorescent tu'e lig$t in various classrooms"
staffrooms" la's" li'rary and $ostel% All of !$ic$ are fitted !it$
electromagnetic 'allast and eac$ !it$ a !attage of 40!%
Institute totally $as *00 CD:s in classrooms" staffrooms and office% Eac$
CD: is of 23! rating%
T$ere are R0 sodium vapour lamps used for street lig$ting and anot$er 20
lamps used for same purpose%
alogen lamp used for stage lig$ting in seminar $all%
Total lig$ting load is 3Q%(+!%
).$.2 *an "a&
Ta7e ).3 Detai! "# #an "a&
L"cati"n 8(antity %peci#icati"
n
T"ta
0attage
>-0?
Classroom *2
Q0!,fitted
*0%R4
Staffroom 4 3%Q(
:a's *20 (%4
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!it$
electronic
regulator
:i'rary 0 3%
ostel
6ess
*20
20
(%4
*%4
).$.2.1 O4%ERATION%
T$ere are *R num'er of fans in t$e institute all fitted !it$ electronic
regulator%
6ost of t$e regulators dont $ave t$e +no' to vary t$e speed of t$e fan%
ence t$ey run at maximum speed irrespective of t$e needs%
Total fan load amounts to 3R%*2 +!%
).$.3 COMPUTER% PRINTER% AND P6OTOCOPIER%
).$.3.1 COMPUTER%
Ta7e ).3$ Detai! "# c"mp(ter! "a&
L"a& L"cati"n 8(antity %peci#icati"n T"ta
0attage
>-0?
*itte&
0it'
pr"ect"r.
*itte&
0it'
CRT
m"nit"r.
*itte&
0it'
LCD
m"nit"r.
*itte&
0it'
pr"ect"r.
*itte&
0it'
CRT
m"nit"r.
*itte&
0it'
LCD
m"nit"r.
Computers Classroom 2 . . 4%
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*(0! *30! R0!
Staffroom *0 40 3%Q
:a's *R 24 3R%*
:i'rary 22 ( R%34
ostel **0 R%R
Total !attage Q%29
).$.3.2 PRINTER%
Ta7e ).) Detai! "# printer!
L"a& L"cati"n 8(antity Rating T"ta
0attage
>-0?
La!er D"t
matri=
La!er D"t
matri=
=rinters ffice * *0 20! 20! R%2
:a's * . 20! 3%Q
Total !attage *0
).$.3.3 P6OTOCOPIER%
Ta7e )., &etai! "# p'"t"c"pier!%
L"a& L"cati"n 8(antity Rating T"ta 0attage
>-0?
=$otocopier
ffice 3
*%+!
4%
:i'rary * *%
Stores * *%
Total !attage Q%
).$.3.$ O4%ERATION%
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T$ere are a'out RQ computers in various departments and in office" of
t$em 43 are fitted !it$ :C& monitors" *9Q are fitted !it C;T monitors
and 2 !it$ over $ead pro#ectors%
6ost of t$e computers in 'ro!sing centre and in office are eit$er in on
state or screensaver mode even !$en not in use%
Students $ave a tendency to run many applications simultaneously%
All printers and p$otocopiers remain on all t$roug$ t$e !or+ing $ours of
t$e day and not only during printing,p$otocopying #o'%
).$.$ PUMP %ET%
Ta7e )./ Detai! "# p(mp !et! "a&
%
n"
L"a& T"ta 6P
rating
T"ta 0attage
>-0?
* =umps used for !ater pumping Q0 2
2 =umps used in !ater treatment
plant
30 22
Total *00 Q4
).$.) MAC6INE LA4 DETAIL%
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Ta7e ). Mac'ine a7 &etai!
E
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).$., MO4ILE COMMUNICATION TO@ER%
T$e college $as rented out space for mo'ile service providers to erect mo'ile
communication to!ers at t!o places. one in EEE 'loc+ and t$e ot$er in SJB College
of nursing% Eac$ of t$ese to!ers consumes approximately 20+! of po!er and remains
operational all t$roug$ t$e day%
).$./ 8UANTI*ICATION 4Y END U%E
T$e loads !ere segregated 'ased on t$e end use as lig$ting and fans"
Computer,printers" !ater pumping" mac$ine la'" mo'ile to!ers% ?uantification" types
and necessary measurements !ere carried out% T$e details are given $ere%
*ig(re ).2 !'"0ing !egregati"n "# "a&
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After total survey of t$e campus total connected load in t$e institute !as found to 'e
300+!
,. MEA%UREMENT% PER*ORMED
,.1 LIG6TING LOAD%
T$e energy consumption of DT:s 7Dluorescent Tu'e :ig$ts8 !$ic$ are commonly
used in t$e campus is s$o!n 'elo!%
Ta7e ,.1 !'"0ing mea!(rement! #"r *TL in ca!!r""m!
*TL 0it' Magnetic c'"-e
>"t!? I>Amp? P>@? p#
224%3 0%3 4R%2 0%(
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*TL 0it' Eectr"nic 7aa!t
>"t!? I>Amp? P>@? p#
22R% 0%2 3( 0%(3
Ta7e ,.2 !'"0ing mea!(rement! #"r C*L in ca!!r""m!
C*L
>"t!? I>Amp? P>@? p#
22 0%*2 24 0%(Q
De! of t$e lux measurements ta+en in t$e campus are as s$o!n 'elo!%
Ta7e ,.3 Mea!(re& i(minati"n ee at ari"(! "cati"n.
L"cati"n @it' &ay ig't >(=? @it' &ay ig'tig't >(=?
EEE &s c$am'er 33 **
EEE staffroom 34* RR
6ac$ines la' *3Q .
Circuit simulation la' RQ2 (9
=o!er system simulation la' R20 (93
Classroom 20* *(34 2324
Classroom *0 *R( *((
:i'rary RR (Q
Bro!sing centre 4 Q43
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Rec"mmen&e& i(minati"n ee a! per EC4C !tan&ar&!9
Ta7e ,.$ Rec"mmen&e& i(minati"n ee
ffice
Conference" reception room 200.Q0lux
Clerical !or+ Q00.*00lux
Typing drafting *000.2000lux
Dactory
=ac+ing !or+" entrance passage *0.300lux
@isual !or+ at production line 300.Q0lux
Electronics parts assem'ly line% *00.3000lux
otel
=u'lic room *00.200lux
;eception" cas$ier 220.*000lux
Store
Indoor stairs" corridor *0.200lux
S$o! !indo!" pac+ing ta'le Q0.*00lux
Dore front of s$o! !indo! *00.30000lux
Sc$ool,college
Auditorium" indoor gymnasium *00.300lux
Classroom 200.Q0lux
:a'oratory" li'rary" drafting
room%
00.*00lux
T$e lux levels are found to 'e less t$an t$e standard values in some places li+e EEE
&s c$am'er" classrooms on front side of 'uilding%
,.2 *AN LOAD
=o!er consumption of ceiling fans !it$ electronic regulators !ere measured" it !as
seen t$at it consumes ! more t$an its rated value Q0!%
Ta7e ,.) !'"0ing mea!(rement! #"r *an in ca!!r""m!
Ceiing *an Eectr"nic Reg(at"r
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*an
Ta7
>"t!? I>Amp? P>@? P.*
* 233%Q 0%*4 *3 0%3(
2 233%R 0%24 3Q 0%RR
3 233%*( 0%%2R 49 0%(*
4 233%2 0%%32 Q 0%99
,.3 COMPUTER% AND PRINTER%
T$e po!er consumption 'y t$e computer and printer under different modes of
operation are s$o!n 'elo!%
Ta7e ,., %'"0ing mea!(rement! per#"rme& "n c"mp(ter!
an& printer!
%
n".
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9 :aserJet printer7=
2R08
n *( 0%4
*0 :aser #et printer7=
2R08
=rinting 2 0%R4
** :aserJet
printer7=20*48
n Q 0%3(
*2 :aserJet
printer7=20*48
=rinting 4*0 0%Q
,.$ MEA%UREMENT O* P6A%E CURRENT%
=ractical t$ree p$ase circuits $ave to 'e c$ec+ed for load 'alancing so t$at it !ould
result in uniform distri'ution of currents in individual p$ases% If not t$e performance
of distri'ution system is seriously affected due to neutral s$ifting !$ic$ may $appen
due to un'alance in t$e p$ases% To c$ec+ symmetrical distri'ution of load among
t$ree p$ases" p$ase currents !ere measured in EEE 'loc+% T$e values recorded are
ta'ulated 'elo!%
Ta7e ,./ %'"0ing mea!(re& p'a!e
c(rrent!
% n". Time Ir>A? Iy>A? I7>A?
* 09%0
0
23%2 **%Q (%Q
2 *0%0
0
2(%Q 9%9 **%
3 **%0
0
2(%R *R% *4%R
4 *2%0
0
2(%0 *%0 *4%
*3%0 24%0 *4%0 *3%0
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0
Q *4%0
0
32%2 *3%( *2%4
( *%0
0
3* *4%2 *R%2
,.) MEA%UREMENT O* P6A%E OLTAGE%
Dor t$e optimal performance of electrical loads t$e voltage across t$em s$ould not
vary 'eyond ,. ) of t$eir rated voltage% To c$ec+ t$e variation of voltage" p$ase
voltages !ere measured at EEE 'loc+ of t$e college at different timings% T$e variation
of voltage !as !it$in accepta'le limits% =$ase voltages measured is ta'ulated 'elo!%
Ta7e ,. %'"0ing mea!(re& p'a!e
"tage!
% n" Time r>? y>? 7>?
* 09%0
0
22 22R 224
2 *0%0
0
220 22* 220
3 *2%0
0
220 220 22*
4 *4%0
0
224 223 22
*%0
0
223 222 220
6ean 222%4 222%4 222
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,., LOAD CURE
&aily load curve is a grap$ t$at depicts daily variation in load from time to time on an
$ourly or $alf $ourly 'asis% It is plotted ta+ing loads on axis and time on axis% It
$as great importance as it gives information on variation of load t$roug$ t$e day"
maximum demand for t$e day" total energy consumption for t$e day" load factor and
average load%
&aily load curve of t$e campus is s$o!n 'elo!%
Grap' ,.1 !'"0ing t'e &aiy "a& c(re "# camp(!
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
16 18 20 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
kva
time
,.,.1 O4%ERATION% *ROM LOAD CURE
Consumption !as seen to 'e constant at 2R +va from *0 pm to R am%
A sudden increase in consumption" from 2R +va to R( +va" !as seen at R am
due to pumping%
T$ere is a gradual increase in consumption from R am on!ards% It reac$es a
pea+ value of *02 +va at 2 pm% T$is is due to start of la' sessions%
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Consumption again decreases from 4 pm to a value of R +va and remains so
till *0pm%
Consumption is lo!est from *0 pm on!ards since street lig$ts and fan loads in
$ostel are t$e only loads in operation%
=ea+ demand for t$e day does not exceed even t$e Q) of contract demand%
,./ LOAD DURATION CURE
T$is is also a type of curve !$ic$ indicates t$e variation of load 'ut loads 'eing
arranged in descending order of t$eir magnitude i%e% greatest load on t$e left" lesser
load to!ards rig$t and least load to!ards extreme rig$t%
Grap' ,.2 !'"0ing &aiy "a& &(rati"n c(re "# camp(!.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
14 12 10 8 6 16 18 20 4 2 0 22
kva
time
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/. RECOMMENDATION%
n perusal of t$e last t!elve mont$s energy 'ills of t$e college" it is o'served
t$at maximum demand in any mont$ $as not exceeded Q) of contract
demand% ig$est maximum demand recorded is *2* +va !$ic$ is considera'ly
less t$an *0 +va !$ic$ 'eing t$e Q) of contract demand% But as per t$e
tariff" demand c$arges are calculated on Q) of contract demand , maximumdemand" !$ic$ever 'eing t$e $ig$est% ence" t$e college $as 'een paying
demand c$arges for Q) of contract demand even !$en its maximum demand
is less t$an t$at% T$erefore it is strongly recommended college management
s$ould consider for a reduction in contract demand from 200 +va to *0 +va%
T$is !ould result in savings of ;s 90"000,.7;upees ninety t$ousand only8 per
year%
T$e illumination level in classrooms on t$e rear side of t$e 'uilding is found
to 'e considera'ly $ig$er t$an t$e recommended illumination level and t$at on
front side to 'e far less t$an t$e recommended values% T$erefore it is
suggested t$at 23! CD:s used in classrooms on t$e rear side of t$e 'uilding
'e replaced !it$ *(! CD:s% T$is measure !ould also result in energy savings
of *0(0 +!$ and t$e corresponding savings in energy c$arges% It is also
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suggested t$at all CD:s in classrooms on front side of 'uildings 'e replaced
!it$ 3R! DT: to augment illumination level to t$e recommended values%
=resently 3R! DT:s are used for corridor and staircase lig$ting% Since t$ese
lig$ting are used for illuminating space at nig$t for visual and directional
cues% A illumination level of *0lux is sufficient for all purposes% T$erefore
DT:s can 'e replaced !it$ *(! CD:s% T$is results in energy saving of 4Q2
+!$ and t$e corresponding savings in energy c$arges%
All DT:s in college are fitted !it$ conventional electromagnetic 'allast" !$ic$
are inefficient in terms of energy consumption" !att loss is $ig$ 79.*2!8 !$en
compared !it$ t$at fitted !it$ electronic 'allast" !$ic$ $ave !att loss of 2.
3!% T$erefore it is suggested t$at t$ey 'e replaced !it$ electronic 'allast% T$e
savings in po!er !ould 'e a'out (.*0! per tu'e% Total savings in energy
c$arges !ould 'e approximately a'out ;s R0"000,. 7;upees sixty t$ousand
only8 per year and t$e pay 'ac+ period is a'out 2% years%
Electromagnetic 'allast $as t$ese disadvantages.
*% att loss is $ig$ 79 to *2att8%
2% Starting is not instant%
3% &oes not !or+ at lo! voltage%
4% =%D% is very lo! 70%R lagging8%
% Surges are generated during starting%
Electronic 'allast $as t$ese advantages.
*% att losses are very lo! 72.3 !att8%
2% Instant start" no need of starter%
3% or+s satisfactorily at lo! voltage 7*0.2Q0@84% =%D% is $ig$ 7not less t$an 0%98%
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Existing ceiling fans !ere found to 'e dra!ing Q! of as against t$eir rated
value of Q0!% Assuming duty cycle of R $ours per day fan load alone
consumes (3"92+!$ of energy per year% If t$ey are replaced !it$ more
energy efficient fans" !$ic$ consumes maximum of 0!" considera'le savings
in energy 72Q"(R4+!$8 is possi'le% As energy efficient fans are costlier t$an
t$e conventional ones" pay'ac+ period !ould 'e long" a'out Q% years% But in
t$e long run t$ey !ould prove to 'e economical%
T$ere are *9Q computers in t$e college fitted !it$ C;T monitors% A C;T
monitor consumes a'out (0.*00! !$ereas a TDT monitor consumes 2.30!
i%e% C;T monitors consumes approximately Q0! more t$an TDT monitors%
Assuming an operating period of R $ours saving in energy ac$ieva'le after
replacing C;T monitors !it$ TDT monitors !ould 'e 29"Q(R+!$ per year and
savings in energy c$arges !ould 'e ;s *"44"4R4,. 7;upees ne la+$ forty four
t$ousand four sixty t!o only8 per year !it$ a pay 'ac+ period of R%R years%
It !as o'served during t$e survey t$at all computers in 'ro!sing center" office
and la's 7during la' sessions8 are left idle !it$ screensavers !$ic$ !ould not
result in any saving of po!er% Instead" if energy saving po!er settings is
adopted in t$ese computers reasona'le amount of energy could 'e saved%
o!ever" it is advisa'le to s$ut do!n t$e systems !$en t$ey are not re1uired
to 'e used for long periods%
It !as also o'served t$at printers" p$otocopiers and pro#ectors !ere +ept in
stand.'y mode all t$roug$ !or+ing $ours of t$e day and not turned on only
!$en need arises% T$is is resulting !astage of energy as t$ese devices
consume an average of Q.*0! of po!er even in stand.'y mode% ence" it is
recommended to turn on t$em only !$en need arises
T$ese a'ove recommendations $ave 'een presented in follo!ing ta'le%
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Ta7e ,.1 Rec"mmen&e& mea!(re! #"r impementati"n
%
n"
Rec"mmen& mea!(re Energy
!aing! :
year -0'
%aing! in
R! : year
Capita
ine!tme
nt in R!
%impe pay
7ac-
peri"&
* ;eduction in contract
demand from 200 +va
to *0 +va%. 90"000 . .
2 ;eplacing 23! CD:
!it$ *(! CD:%*"0(0 "23( *0"000 *%9 years
3 ;eplacing DT: lig$ts in
corridors !it$ *(!
CD:%4"Q2 23"04Q 9"000 mont$s
4 ;eplacing DT: !it$
electromagnetic 'allast
!it$ electronic 'allast%*2"3Q2 R0"000 *"0"3R0 2% years
;eplacing all existing
ceiling fans !it$ energy
efficient fans%2Q"(R4 *"3"*40 *0"32"00
0
Q% years
R ;eplacing C;T
monitors !it$ TDT
monitors%
29"Q(R *"44"4R4 9"("000 R%R years
Q Adopting energy saving *2"2( 9"(2 . .
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po!er settings for
computers%
( ot to +eep printers"
p$otocopiers and
pro#ectors in stand.'y
mode%
230 *"*0 . .
. ENERGY MANAGEMENT %TRUCTURE
In order to streamline t$e use of energy in t$e SJBIT campus and to ensure its
efficient utili-ation" !e propose t$ree possi'le energy management structures% A final
decision on t$e type of energy management structure suita'le for t$e institute s$ould
'e ta+en 'y t$e Institute management%
Appointment of an Energy 6anager for t$e institute" !it$ suita'le experience
and a proven trac+ record% T$e person s$all 'e responsi'le for t$e day to day
energy conservation activities% e! staff s$ould 'e allotted to t$e Energy
6anager or some staff mem'ers from Electrical 6aintenance Section 'e made
responsi'le to $im,$er% An annual revie! of t$e energy performance of t$e
institute is to 'e performed and a certain percentage of t$e 1uantified savings
'e s$ared !it$ t$e Energy 6anager%
T$e Executive Engineer 7Electrical8 s$ould $imself ta+e over t$e
responsi'ility of ensuring efficient energy use on t$e campus% T$is !ill ensure
prompt implementation of measures% T$is system may also re1uire additional
staff% A performance related incentive in t$e form of a 'onus can 'e provided
to t$e Electrical 6aintenance staff 'ased on savings ac$ieved%
Dormation of an Institute level committee $eaded 'y t$e =rincipal to revie!
t$e implementation of energy conservation measures% All departments and
section $eads s$ould su'mit a annual report of compliance for revie! and
action% Sections, departments not ac$ieving savings to 'e penali-ed and
suita'le incentives may 'e given to t$e performing departments%
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An annual revie! of t$e implementation of t$e energy saving measures s$ould
'e ta+en up and performance s$ould 'e monitored% A report of t$e same
s$ould 'e sent to t$e =rincipal% Electrical energy consumption s$ould 'e made
a su'#ect in t$e Institute 'udget !it$ separate $eads for departments and
$ostels% Energy performance can 'e a 'asis for providing incentives to $ostels
and departments%
B. CONCLU%ION
e $ave ac$ieved our o'#ective of saving more t$en * ) of annual energy c$arges t$roug$
t$is audit% Implementation of all t$e recommended measures can 'ring a'out a t"ta !aing "#
ar"(n& R!. ).1 a-'! per year i%e% 24) of t$e present electricity 'ill% T$e total investment
re1uired !ould 'e to t$e extent of ;s% *2%Q la+$s and an aerage !impe pay7ac- peri"& "#
ar"(n& 3./ year!. e $ope t$at t$ese recommendations are implemented%
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APPENDI;A
PROCEDURE *OR MEA%UREMENT ILLUMINATION LEEL
6easurement of room lengt$ K:" !idt$ K and mounting $eig$t Km !as
made%
Calculation of ;oom Index" ;I U: , 7m7: !88%
Based on ;oom Index" minimum num'er of illuminance measurement points
re1uired !as determined from 'elo! ta'le and t$ese points !ere evenly
distri'uted in t$e room%
R""m
in&e=
N(m7er "#
mea!(ring p"int!
;I V * (
* V ;I V 2 *(
2 V ;I V 3 32
;I W 3 0
Illumination !as measured at t$ese points using cali'rated lux meters% T$e
average of t$ese values of measured illuminance at all points is calculated%
If E*" E2"P" En are illuminance measurements at points *"2"P%" n t$en
Average illuminance" Eav U E*E2 E3 P%% En ,
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APPENDI;4
CALCULATION O* PAY4AC PERIOD *OR *TL @IT6ELECTRONIC 4ALLA%T
DT: !it$ magnetic c$oc+ consumes 4R!
DT: !it$ electronic 'allast consumes 3(!
Saving in po!er per tu'e is U 4R.3( U (!
Assuming an operating period of R $our per day annual energy savings is U
(Q*RR300,*000 U *2"3Q2+!$% 7assuming 300 days of operation8
Savings in energy c$arges per year U *23Q24%( U ;s R0"000,.
Cost per electronic 'allast is ;s 2*0,.
Total capital investment U 2*0Q*R U ;s *"0"3R0,.
Simple pay'ac+ periodU *03R0,R0000 U 2% years
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APPENDE F C
CALCULATION O* PO@ER %AING IN COMPUTER%
*"rm(a (!e&9
Total energy consumed for eac$ setting
U o of computers x &uty cycle x 24 x Average po!er x o of operating days in a
year%
T$ere are R0 computers in institute and t$ey consume a'out 3! in sleep
mode%
In operation t$ese computers consumes a'out RR!%
e $ave assumed * $r as t$e period during !$ic$ computers are idle i%e% not
in use per day%
If in t$is period energy saving po!er settings are adopted t$en energy saved
per year is U 7RR.38*R0300,*000 U *2"2(+!$ Savings in energy c$arges is U *22(4%( U;s 9"(2,.
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APPENDI;D
LI%T O* IN%TRUMENT% U%ED *OR MEA%UREMENT%
L(= meter.$aving range to measure illumination level from *.*"00"000lux"
cali'rated to standard incandescent lamp at color temperature 2(RH%
Camp "n meter. It is a true ;6S" porta'le instrument% It measures 'ot$ AC
and &C" R00@ AC and (00@ &C" 2000A%
P"0er #act"r meter; $aving range of 0%.* lag Llead%
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*2% on conventional energy sources . /%&%;ai LHanna$ pu'lications
60
80
100
120
140
MD