energy balance & body composition
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Energy Balance & Body Composition. Nutrition, Weight, and Health. How Our Energy Intake and Exercise Effect Our Health. Studying = 1 or 2 kcalories/minute. Objectives. After lecture and class activities, you will be able to: Define energy balance - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Energy Balance & Body Composition
Nutrition, Weight, and Health
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How Our Energy Intake and Exercise Effect Our Health
Studying = 1 or 2 kcalories/minute
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Objectives
After lecture and class activities, you will be able to:– Define energy balance– Identify factors regulating food
intake– Describe components of energy
expenditure – Calculate energy expenditure– Apply Body Mass Index (BMI) – Discuss health related issues
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Energy Balance
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Energy Balance
Energy Out
Energy used in:
Physical Activity
Body Functions
Measured in Calories or Kilocalories
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Measuring kCalories
Indirect Calorimetry
Metabolic Cart
“CCM Express”
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Energy Balance
Energy In
Kilocalories in food we eat.
Calorie is a unit for measuring energy
Kilocalorie = amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1o C.
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Measuring kCalories
• Bomb calorimeter
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Measuring Calories
• Direct calorimetry-measures heat released
• Indirect calorimetry-measures oxygen consumedamount of energy released
• Physiological fuel value-amount of kCalories body derives from food
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Intake Regulation• Hunger:
– Painful sensation caused by lack of food
– Initiates food seeking behavior
• Appetite:– Integrated response to sight,
smell, thought, or taste of food– Initiates or delays eating
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Intake Regulation
• Satiation:– Feeling of satisfaction and fullness– Occurs during a meal– Determines how much food eaten
• Satiety:– Feeling of satisfaction and fullness– Occurs after a meal– Determines time between meals
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Intake Regulation
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Intake Regulation
• Overriding hunger and satiety– Stress eating-eating in
response to arousal• Sustaining satiation and satiety
– Satiating-power to suppress hunger and inhibit eating
– Protein; fiber; fat(?)
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• Sustaining satiation and satiety– lower-fat foods can be eaten in
larger portions for the same number of kcalories
Intake Regulation
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Intake Regulation • Hypothalamus: brain center
– Controls• Appetite• Water balance• Body temperature
• Neuropeptide Y: chemical of brain•Stimulates appetite•Diminishes energy expenditure• Increases fat storage
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Energy Expenditure
•Basal Metabolism–Energy needed to maintain life when body at complete rest
•Physical Activity•SDA
–Energy required to process food
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Components of Energy Expenditure
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Energy Expenditure
•Basal Metabolism–Energy needed to maintain life when body at complete rest
•Physical Activity•SDA
–Energy required to process food
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Energy Expenditure
• Basal metabolism• Basal metabolic rate (BMR);
kcal/kg/hr
– Rate of energy use; specific conditions•12 fast and restful sleep•Without physical activity or
excitement•Controlled environment; temperature
• Resting metabolic rate (RMR)– Less stringent criteria; RMR>BMR
(Frequently Used Terms)
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Energy Expenditure
• Gender– Muscle mass (protein) metabolically
active•Body fat: men=13-21%•Body fat: women=23-31%
• Growth– BMR in children and pregnancy
• Age– 2% BMR for each decade after 20’s
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Energy Expenditure
• Physical activity– Increase BMR
• Body composition
• Body size– Body Surface Area
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Components of Energy Expenditure
• Physical activity– Calories-Time-Weight– See Table
CAUTION
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Components of Energy Expenditure
• Thermic effect of food (TEF)
• Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)
• Specific Dynamic Action of Food (SDA)
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Calculate Total Energy Needs
• Calculate your own Total Energy Needs (Basal and Physical Activity) using:– Mifflin-St Jeor Equation
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Body Weight, Body Composition, and Health
• Body composition
• Body weight = fat + lean tissue (including water)
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Body Fat • 1lb. Body fat (454 g.) = 3500
kcal• Adipose tissue composition
– 87% fat = 395 g.•395 x 9 kcal/g = 3555 kcal
– Remainder is protein and water
• To lose 1 lb/week– Reduce kcal by 500/day for 7 days
• Wt gain/loss=75% fat+25% lean
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Defining Healthy Body Weight• The criterion of health• Body mass index (BMI)
=weight (kg)/height (m)2
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Distribution of Body Weights in U.S. Adults
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Body Fat and Its Distribution
• Fat distribution– Intra-abdominal fat– Central obesity
• Waist circumference (p.263)– Women: >35 inches (88 cm)– Men: >40 inches (102 cm)
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Male:
“Apple”
Android
Upper body obesity
Associated:
Heart Disease
Stroke
High BP
Diabetes
Female:
“Pear”
Gynoid
Lower body obesity
Not usually associated with chronic diseases
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• Heart Disease • Diabetes• Metabolic
Syndrome• Cancer• Fat and fit versus
sedentary and slim
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Objectives
After lecture and class activities, you will be able to:– Define energy balance– Identify factors regulating food
intake– Describe components of energy
expenditure – Calculate energy expenditure– Apply Body Mass Index (BMI) – Discuss health related issues
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