Energy Champions TrainingModule 2.1

Energy Basics

Energy comes in different forms: Heat (thermal) Light (radiant) Motion (kinetic) Electrical Chemical Nuclear energy Gravitational

There are two types of energy: Stored (potential) energy Working (kinetic) energy

Energy: The Ability To Do Work

Non-renewable (a source that we are using up and cannot re-create) Oil and petroleum products — including diesel fuel, gasoline,

heating oil, and propane Natural gas Coal Uranium (nuclear energy)

Renewable (an energy source that can be easily replenished) Solar energy from the sun electricity and heat Wind Geothermal energy from heat inside the Earth Biomass from plants, which includes wood, corn ethanol, biodiesel

from vegetable oil, and biogas Hydropower from dams

Energy Sources Can be Renewable or Nonrenewable

Energy Sources – Global

Energy Sources – US

Energy Sources – US

Energy Sources – China

Energy Sources – India

Energy Sources – UK

Comparative Energy Content

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Comparative GHG Emissions of Fuels

Source: US EIA 2009

Cummins Global Energy Footprint

GHG Emissions, 2012: 721,000 MT CO2e

Energy Cost, 2012: $125M (excluding JVs)

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ELECTRICITY

Electricity Generation & Distribution

Electricity is not stored – whatever is generated is instantly used For best efficiency, electricity is transmitted at very high voltage

then converted to lower voltage at your home or facility Typical generation efficiency loss: 60%; transmission loss: 7%

Electrical Grid

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Electricity Sources – US

Electricity Sources – China

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Electricity Emission Factors

Greenhouse gas (aka “carbon”) emission rates for regional grid electricity

CO2, N2O, methane incorporated into CO2e factors from regional electricity generation source mix

Accepted GHG reporting protocol MTCO2e/MWh

Indiana 0.693

New York 0.227

Germany 0.464

Romania 0.503

UK 0.458

Mexico 0.456

India 0.919

China 0.773

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Renewable Energy Credits (RECs)

Tradable energy commodities that represent proof that electricity was generated from an eligible renewable energy resource

Only the owners of the REC can claim the carbon emissions benefit to avoid double counting

Ex.1: Carbon benefits of renewable electricity purchased under special agreement with a utility cannot be claimed by the site, if the utility owns the REC

Ex. 2: Carbon benefits of solar power generated and used on-site cannot be claimed if RECs are owned by a third party

If the site cannot claim the carbon benefits, use the regional electricity emissions factor

US Industrial Electricity Usage

Electricity Measurement

Electricity is measured in units of power called watts

– In honor of James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine

– One watt is a very small amount of power. About 750 watts equals one horsepower

– We usually measure things in a “kilowatt” (kW) which represents 1,000 watts.

– 10 x 100-watt light bulbs would use a kW

– A human climbing stairs is doing work at a rate of about 200 watts

Electricity Measurement

Electricity is measured in units of energy called watt-hours

– Those 10 x 100-watt light bulbs turned on for an hour would use one kilowatt-hour (1 kWh)

– A watt rating is like the horsepower of your car

– A watt-hour is like the fuel consumed in your car

Understanding Electrical Power

Let’s look at a simple example in order to better understand these terms .

Let’s say you are at the game and it is a really hot day. You order up a glass of your favorite brew.

The thirst-quenching portion of your beer or ginger ale is represented by kW

Unfortunately, life isn’t perfect. Along with your beer or ale comes a little bit of foam. This foam is represented by kVAR.

The total contents of your glass, kVA, is the summation of kW (the ale or beer) and kVAR (the foam).

kW

kVAR

kVA

Power Factor

Ratio of real power flowing to a load over apparent power

Relates mostly to induction motors Between 0-1

– Poor <85%

– Fair 85%-95%

– Good >95%

Efficiency & Power Factor

Power Factor (PF)

Electric Power is made up of: kW – real power kVA – apparent power kVAR – reactive power

Power Factor = Cosine (kVA/kW)

Power Factor on your Bill

Power Factor, KVAR, kW

Benefits of a High Power Factor

Improving a systems power factor will reduce the total power consumed by an electrical installation and will provide the following benefits: Financial saving

– by reducing power factor charges, electricity costs are reduced.

Extended equipment life – reduced electrical burden on cables and electrical components.

Increase load capacity – provide additional capacity for other loads to be connected.

Environmental benefit – reduced power consumption means less GHG emissions and

fossil fuel depletion by power stations.

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NATURAL GAS

US Natural Gas Usage

US Industrial Natural Gas Usage

Natural Gas Measurement

Unit is Therms 1 Therm = 100,000 Btu = 29.3 kWh Natural gas is sometimes priced in Deca-Therms

– 1 Deca-Therm = 10 Therms = 1 MMBtu

Natural Gas is sometimes metered in MCF – 1 MCF = about 10 Therms

– 1 MCF = 1000 cubic feet = 1,026,000 BTU

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Hydraulic Fracturing (“Fracking”)

Natural Gas – Impact of Fracking in US

• aka hydraulic fracturing

Natural Gas – Impact of Fracking in US

Typical Natural Gas Usage

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DISTRICT HEATING

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Typical Heat Distribution System

Steam or hot water piped from power plant to site Cummins GHG protocol assumes energy source is

90% coal, 10% gas