energy confrence
TRANSCRIPT
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Water-EnergyInteractionsDr Fayyaz Ali Memon
Centre for Water Systems. University of Exeter
United Kingdom
2nd Int. Conf. on Energy, Environment & Sustainable Development (EESD-2012)
27-29 Feb. 2012, MUET - Pakistan
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Outline
Water implications for energy generation
Potential solutions
Energy/carbon implications forwater services Energy consumption reduction through WDM
Wastewater a liability or resource
Water-Energy-Food nexus
Key messages
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Is it a system capacity issue?
Is it a management/resource
issue? Is it growth in demand?
Or
Bit of everything?
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Growth in Energy demand
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(2008)
Energy flows in the global electricity (TWh)
Is
itint
elligent
us
e
ofre
source..
?
Carbon implications..!!
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CO2 emissions by sector
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Climate
change
implications!!!
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climate
waterenergy
demand
carbon
variability
mitigation
mitigation
adaptation
demand mitigation
Energy-water-climate nexus
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Global electricity generation by resource
Electricitygenera
tion(TWh)
Source: IEA Statistics
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Water use in pulverised coal fired
power plants
Zhai et al (2011)
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Water footprint for typical CFPPs using
different types of boilers
Zhai et al (2011)
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Coal fired power plants vulnerable to
water / supply demand
Near 340 plants in 43 states are vulnerable
Source: US department of Energy
DOE/NETL-2010/1429
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Water consumption to generate power
from different fuel sources
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Gerbens-Leenes, et al (2010).
Water footprint of crops
providing bio energy fuels
(ethanol and bio diesel)
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ET = embodied for ethanol transportation from field to pump (field-to-pump
water use of 1 L of ethanol to be between 263 and 784 L)
Dominguez faus et al (2009)
Resource footprint for producing 1 L of ethanol
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Water consumption to generate power
from different technologies
http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-
make-electricity
This may be carbon friendly but not water efficient
http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricity -
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Embodied water in
transportation of
fuels
Scown et al (2011)
Water is also needed to transport energy/fuels
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Marine renewable energy
Wave energy hinged contour device
buoyant moored device
overtopping device
Tidal energy tidal flow turbines
tidal barrages
Ocean thermal energy
UK Govt . to push for W&T
energy , as it could meet 1/5th
of energy needs
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Water : Energy Nexusboth challenges must be addressed together
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Energy consumption in water
production
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Price of bottled water
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Bottled water consumption by region
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Bottled water energy implications Producing the bottles for American consumption
required the equivalent of more than 17 million
barrels of oil, not including the energy for
transportation
Bottling water produce more than 2.5 million tonsof carbon dioxide
It takes 3 liters of waterto produce 1 liter of
bottled water
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CO2 emissions by sector
World Development Report (2010)
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Medium to high energy uses in
water supplyProcess/operation Typical energy use Factors influencing
use
High lift pumping 250 500 kWh/Ml Head, pump efficiency
Abstraction pumping Up to 250 kWh/Ml Head, pump efficiency,
depth of water table
Ozonation 60 kWh/Ml Ozone dose
DAF 25 kWh/Ml Saturator pump
efficiency, recycle flow,
pressure
Membranes 25 kWh/Ml Type of membrane,
pump efficiency
UV 5-40 kWh/Ml UV Dose
Pumping..!!!
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Tool generated composite strategies
(water + energy use)
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WDM optionsWater saving options
Leakage control
Metering
Grey water recycling
Rainwater harvesting
User behaviour
Water saving fixtures
Displacement devices
Low flush toilets Low flow taps
Water efficient showers and baths
Water efficient white goods
C b t i t d ith WDM
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Carbon cost associated with WDM
options
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RWH energy consumption
Because of high capacity pumps...... EA (2010)
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Eco-Compac system
Exeter has developed refined
methods to quantify actual
energy consumption based
on real consumption
UVETOTO EPEEE ))1(( .22
))1(( .22 ETOT PEEE
Pumping
UV disinfection
Ward et al (2012)
Energy implications comparison of Eco-Comapc with
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Energy implications comparison of Eco Comapc with
mains supply
30 years
analysis
60 years
analysis
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Water as a source for Energy - Innovations
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1. Groundwater, in some cases, contains methane (up
to 50 mg/lit.) and this can be extracted and used as
energy source as is happening in the Netherlands
1. Nitrogen removal from wastewater is necessary.
This can be achieved using microbial fuel cells
which have been found to produce electricity.
2. Source separation of urine and excreta and
processing could reduce the need for syntheticfertilisers
3. Micro-Hydro Turbines Embedded in mains water
distribution pipes as happening in NY
4. Direct use of sea water for toilet flushing and
resulting savewater could be treated withprocesses (e.g. SANI) which require least amount of
energy (e.g. In Hong Kong)
5. Fuel from algae
Water as a source for Energy - Innovations
There are numerous
possibilities
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ps
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G
lobalavera
gewaterfootprintof
keycro
(m3/ton)
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Demand for meat
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The water-energy-food nexus a perfect storm (Prof
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The water energy food nexus a perfect storm (Prof
John Beddington, 2009)
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