energy conservation in usa

8/6/2019 Energy Conservation in USA

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Energy Conservation &Management in The

U.S.

Studied by: Mr. Thomas & Mr. Turner

Presented By: Mr. Pankaj Saini & Mr. Harish Sharma


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Abstract

Electrical power is one Major Industry or anyone can say backbone ofevery Industry. Power must be available to the consumer in any amount that

one may require from minute to minute. To full fill the requirement

companies from power sectors have to build more power generationfacilities. The supply side management technique worked very well till the

early 1970s. The Demand side management is the planning & management is

the planning and implementation of those utilities activities designed to

influence consumer use of electricity in ways that will produce desired

changes in the utilities load shape.

Supply side and demand side management

techniques are both discussed in this presentation. Also these technologies

are not the only ones that are useful, but they presently seem to be the ones

most often considered and discussed.


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Introduction

Electrical Power is one major industry that has shaped and

contributed to the progress and technical advances of mankind

over the past century. In the U.S. electrical energy sales have

Grown well over 400times in the period between the turn of the

century and the early 1970. The demand of electricity is not just

rapidly increasing in U.S even in China, Japan, India, Russia. The

demand of electricity increase with Industrialization because all

machines are these days requires electricity to operate. The

Demand of electricity is to be expected to Increase 20 times till2015 as it is in 1970s. The Demand is increasing with change in

Lifestyle , Industrialization, Large building construction without

keep in mind about energy efficiency and so on.


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Demand side Management

Techniques

Need of DSM : The selling of electricity is different fromselling other items because power cannot be stored, the power

generated by companies is sold at real time to the consumers at

The power has to generated as at the time the power is neededor demanded by the consumer. Power curves or load curves are

used to help the power companies determine the power

demands at certain times of the day. These power curves are

accurate, but there still exists a certain margin of error, which

sometimes referred as their margin of operation. The powercompanies want to keep this margin as low as possible because

this energy produced is never utilized.


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1. Peak Clipping

2. Valley Filling

3. Load Shifting

4. Strategic conversion

5. Strategic load growth

6. Flexible load shape.

7. Lighting Loads.

Power Curves


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Power Curves

Demand side management describes theplanning and implementation of activitiesdesigned to influence customers in such a way

that load shape curve of the utility companycan be modified to produce power in anoptimal way. The are six DSM load shapes,each shape representing its own objectives:

peak clipping, valley filling, load shifting,strategic conservation, strategic load growthand flexible load shape.


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Valley Filling

The valley Filling Technique encourage

the customers to use more energy at

times when utility company is most likelyto have low cost energy available. This

effect can lower the cost of service by

spreading fixed capacity cost over alonger base of energy sales and by

reducing average fuel costs.


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Load Shifting

Load shifting encourage customers to

move their energy consumption from

peak to off-peak times, thus producingthe combined effect of peak clipping &

valley filling.


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Lighting Loads.

The subject of lighting is of interest toeveryone. Residential lighting consumesapprox. 30% of all energy used in home. A60W incandescent lasts about 750h whereas a

CFL Bulb can give same amount of light andburn for 7500-10000h.

Use white LED lighting for applications thatnormally use dismally-efficient small

incandescent task lights, nightlights, pathwaylighting, exit signs, and flashlights.


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Application of DSM

When we look at the technologies involved in theimplementation of the demand side managementideology, we realize that not every system will proveto be beneficial for every home. The factors must beconsidered are: Cost effectiveness

System implementation

Improved energy conservation

In some cases, the power company may realize more benefits from theutilization of a system than the consumer so they can offer incentivefor the consumer for using desired system. For example: IndianGovernment is promoting use of CFL(Compact florescent Lamp.)and LED lamps in lieu of electric Bulbs and Tubes.


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Home Automation System Structure

Control system software Application software

Security

Automation controller

Entertainment

Personal ComputerCommunications

Communication Bus

LightingHVAC Other


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Waste to Energy

Waste to energy is a new technology. In 2009, Americans produced about 243 million

tons of MSW, or about 4.3 pounds of waste per person per day.


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Waste to Energy

In the past, almost all residual municipal waste in the UK - the

waste left after recycling and composting - has been landfilled

untreated. The European Landfill Directive means we must now

reduce the biodegradable waste we send to landfill. Until recently,

the main alternative to landfill which has been considered in the UKis mass-burn incineration. Friends of the Earth has long opposed

incineration of residual waste because it destroys natural resources;

it undermines recycling by demanding a steady stream of waste; it

adds to climate change; and it causes pollution from air emissions

and toxic ash. Local authorities have started considering otheroptions for dealing with residual waste, including pyrolysis,

gasification and plasma arc technologies. This briefing explains how

these processes work and what their benefits and disadvantages

are.


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Waste to Energy

A new and exciting area of power generation that is justdeveloping and showing a very promising future, is the wasteto energy generation system.Waste to energy projects arenow in development stage. The United states have 87 waste toenergy projects. The Research & Development cell ofDOEiscontinues doing efforts to achieve maximum efficiency. Thereare four technologies available for energy recovery from waste.

1.Bio- Methanation

2.Gasification / Pyrolysis3.Combustion / Incineration

4. PlasmaArc Gasification

5.Fermentation


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Bio- Methanation

The process called anaerobic digestion or methanisation is suitable to treat all residues

containing organic matter, especially wet residues, for instance dairy industries waste or

cattle manure.

It is a biological treatment: in the absence of oxygen, bacteria digest the waste and

produce a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide named biogas. Biogas can be burnt

to produce heat,

electricity, or both in a co-generation system. In the latter type, the production of heat

directly participates in the methanisation process (it serves to keep the digester at a

constant temperature). Biogas can also be used as fuel for natural gas vehicles. Once all

its impurities (including carbon dioxide, CO2) have been removed, the gas can be

injected into the town gas distribution network. The process produces a solid residue

which can be used as a soil

conditioner. This treatment option is used on a broad variety of scales. The largest

biogas producing countries in Europe are Germany and the UK, other countries being

way below in terms of biogas primary energy production (resp. 1923 ktoe (kiloton oil

equivalent) in Germany, 1696 ktoe in the UK, and 353 ktoe in the third ranked country,

Italy). In the UK, the biogas is directly recovered from landfills.


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GasificationLike incineration, pyrolysis, gasification and plasma

technologies are thermal processes that use high temperatures to break down

waste. The main difference is that they use less oxygen than traditional mass-burn

incineration. The various type of waste can be processed under gasification

technology like paint, tires, chemical, plastic, paper, rag, wood, discarded furniture,

after crop residues & Inorganic waste.

Process : The Wastes from various locations are collected in a

Truck and send to the plant. Then the waste is dumped on the site and is Fed in the

machine by conveyer then it goes under process of screening to remove metals,

dust & stones, glasses and heavy metals. The waste is briquetted and transferred

to the Gasifiers which further convert the waste into Gas in absence or very slight

oxygen. The gas produced is known as synthetic gas. That Gas is then purified andsends to the IC engines which are coupled with alternator to make electricity. In

this whole process machines consumes around 4-5% of total power for its own

running.


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Gasification

The Gasification process is not Combustion, the waste isbroken down to create gas, solid & Liquid residues The gases

can then be combusted in a secondary process. The pyrolysis

process thermally degrades waste in the absence of air (and

oxygen). Gasification is a process in which materials areexposed to some oxygen, but not enough to allow

combustion to occur. Temperatures are usually above 750oC.

In some systems the pyrolysis phase is followed by a second

gasification stage, in order that more of the energy carrying

gases are liberated from the waste.

The MSW can be directly used in Gasification process plant.

30 35 Ton of unsorted MSW can generate 1Mw per hour.


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Combustion / Incineration Technology

The MSW is collected and sent to the Pellet preparationplant , where it is waste sorted. The sorted waste is sentfor the RDF preparation plant; the output of RDF plant is inBriequite form that will be later burned in the presence of

oxygen with fossil fuel or high CV material in the closedchamber. The Heat generated from the combustion is usedas Boiler Fuel. Then steam is generated which is furtherutilized to run steam turbines coupled with low speedAlternators to generate electricity. Combined cycletechnology is more feasible. The waste heat is recovered

with the help of heat exchanger and used for steamgeneration. The side products are Steam and Hot Waterwhich is supplied to Industries.


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Plasma Arc Gasification

Plasma gasification process converts the organic wasteinto a fuel gas that still contains all the chemical andheat energy from the waste. It converts the inorganicwaste into an inert vitrified glass, ethanol, biogas,

biodiesel, and other various clean fuels with lessemissions and much higher efficiency.

Plasma is considered a 4th state. Electricity is fed to atorch, which has two electrodes, creating an arc. Inert

gas is passed through the arc, heating the process gasto internal temperatures as high as 25,000 degreesFahrenheit. The following diagram illustrates how theplasma torch operates.


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Plasma GasificationInside the gasifier, the hot gases from the plasma torch or arc contact the

feedstock, such as municipal solid waste, auto shredder wastes, medical

waste, biomass or hazardous waste, heating it to more than 3,000 degrees

Fahrenheit. This extreme heat maintains the gasification reactions, which

break apart the chemical bonds of the feedstock and converts them to a

synthesis gas (syngas).

The syngas consists primarily of carbon monoxide and

hydrogenthe basic building blocks for chemicals, fertilizers, substitute

natural gas, and liquid transportation fuels. The syngas can also be sent to gas

turbines or reciprocating engines to produce electricity, or combusted to

produce steam for a steam turbine-generator.

Because the feedstocks reacting within the gasifier are converted

into their basic elements, even hazardous waste becomes a useful syngas.

Inorganic materials in the feedstock are melted and fused into a glassy-like

slag, which is nonhazardous and can be used in a variety of applications, such

as roadbed construction and roofing materials.


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Biomass Power Generation

an important source of renewable energy

Biomass includes a wide range of materials,including energy crops such as switch grass andmicanthus, agricultural sources such as cornhusks, wood pellets, lumbering and timberingwastes, yard wastes, construction and demolitionwaste, and bio solids (treated sewage sludge).

Gasification helps recover the energy locked inthese materials. Gasification can convert biomassinto electricity and products, such as ethanol,methanol, fuels, fertilizers, and chemicals.


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Feedstock

Biomass usually contains a highpercentage of moisture (along with carbohydrates andsugars). The presence of high levels of moisture in thebiomass reduces the temperature inside the gasifier, whichthen reduces the efficiency of the gasifier. Therefore, many

biomass gasification technologies require that the biomassbe dried to reduce the moisture content prior to feedinginto the gasifier.

Biomass can come in a range of sizes. In many

biomass gasification systems, the biomass must beprocessed to a uniform size or shape to feed into thegasifier at a consistent rate and to ensure that as much ofthe biomass is gasified as possible.


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Benefits of Biomass Gasification

Converting what would otherwise be a waste

product into high value products

Reduced need for landfill space for disposal ofsolid wastes

Decreased methane emissions from landfills

Reduced risk of groundwater contaminationfrom landfills

Production of ethanol from non-food sources


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Wind Power

The united states is the leader in development

of wind power technology, but japan and many

European countries are leaders. Many countries

such as India, are using wind for other purposes

rather than just power generation.

Till end of 2010, the installed

capacity of wind power in united states was justover 40,000MW.


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Wind Power in Texas

The southern plains of North America continent, specifically

Texas and the Oklahoma panhandles, contain 7m/s wind

resource. The Texas panhandle alone count support 100,000MW

of Wind generators at the spacing of a multi-watt turbine each

square mile. The Northwest, to support 18,900MW of wind

generated energy capacity at costs ranging from $0.075 to

0.15/kwh. In 2010 Texas has surpassed the 10,000MW mark

with the addition of over 600MW of generating capacity. Wind

power in Texas consists of many wind farms with a total installedcapacity of 10,085 MW.


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Solar Thermal

Heating water for residential use accounts for

approximate 31% of the power used in

residential dwellings solar water hating has

been one of the most successful thermal

applications of solar energy use. Solar water

hating has already been proven reliable and

viable in area such as preheating water forindustrial uses and providing hot water for

hospitals, hostels.


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Solar Photovoltaic

The technology used for converting sun light

directly into electricity is called solar

photovoltaic. The solar cells are made up of

Silicon. The solar power plants mostly use

solar photovoltaic technology.

Solar power is boon for Rural Development,

electrification at Remote Locations, Armycamps, street lights etc.


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Need ofElectricity in India

India having 170,000MWinstalled capacity till 28-2-11 . The

demand is forecasted for 2030 is 850,000- 950,000MWby

Ministry ofPower . About 65% of electricity comes from

Thermal power stations, 22% from hydro power, 10.75% from

Renewable energy, 2.78% from Nuclear.

% share

Thermal Power

Nuclear Power

Hydro Power

Renewable Energy


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New Plans for INDIA

20,000MW Solar power Plants of about $19bnunder JNNSM.

Rajiv Gandhi Rural Electrification Scheme.

Ultra Mega Power Projects to add 100,000MWby 2012 each project capacity 4000MW or more.

Funding for power projects via RuralElectrification Corporation limited.

Schemes for Biomass Power Generation Financial support for Waste to Energy projects.

Tax Benefits (Income Tax, sales tax)


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Thank you

In case any inquiry feel free to ask or e-mail meat : [email protected]

Source of Information :

www.wikipedia.com

www.wppenergy.com

www.viyors.in

www.

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