energy conversion lab manual new

8/12/2019 Energy Conversion Lab Manual New

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ENERGY CONVERSION LABORATORY

10ME 54

LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

R.V.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BANGALORE 560059


2/50

ENERGY CONVERSION LAB MANUAL

SYLLABUS

Ene!" C#n$e%n L'(#')#"

S*( +#,e - 10ME54 CIE M'% - 50

H%/ee - 0 E2'3 % - 0

T#)' % - 4 SEE M'%- 50

PART7A

1. Study of valve timing diagram of a 4-stroke IC engine.2. Performance estimation tests on IC engines:

a. Four stroke Diesel engine

. !ariale com"ression ratio "etrol enginec. #orse test on t$o cylinder Diesel engined. 2-stroke "etrol engine

%. Performance estimation test on air lo$er

10 H%

PART B

1. Determination of flas& and fire "oints of luricating oil using Pensky #artensa""aratus.

2. Determination of viscosity of oil using 'ed$ood and Sayolt viscometers.%. Determination of calorific value of solid fuels using (om Calorimeter.4. Determination of efficiency of solar cells.). Determination of coefficient of "erformance of $ind turine.*. Performance estimation of fuel cell.

10 H%

C#*%e O*)+#3e-

A8)e !#&n! )#*! )&% +#*%e )e %)*,en) & (e '(e )#

Dra$ and e+"lain t&e layout of different ty"es of "o$er "lants Produce "reliminary estimates for "o$er generation t&roug& conventional and

non-conventional energy resources. Demonstrate e+"eriments to estimate t&e "erformance of energy conversion

system.Re8een+e B##%-

1 P. ,. ag Po$er Plant /ngineering 0ata #cra$ ill 2nd /dition 2331IS(:

563353*461) 7nits covered: I8II8III.2 (..,&anon-Conventional /nergy 'esources 0ata #cra$ ill 2nd/dition 2335

IS(: 5633531425*% 7nits covered: I!8!.% '. ,. 'a9"ut Po$er Plant /ngineering a+mi "ulication8 e$ Del&i4t&/dition 2336

IS(:5661%1632))5 7nits covered :I8II8III.4 ;.


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S+e3e #8 Se3e%)e En, E2'3&n')n 8# P'+)&+'%-

; student is e+"ected to conduct an e+"eriment in t&e "ractical e+am. 0&e Procedure >


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D/P;'0#/0 ?F #/C;IC; /I//'I'.!.C?// ?F /I//'I. (;;?'/-)

[AUTONOMOUS]

ENERGY CONVERSION LABORATORY10ME54

LIST OF E:PERIMENTS

SL

NO E:PERIMENTS NO OF

HOURS PART-A

1. ABEL PENS;Y APPARATUSIN CYLINDER ENGINE ER 114. ORSAT APPARATUS 1

SCHEME OF INTERNAL EVALUATION


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P#+e,*e :1. 0&e cu" is filled $it& oil to e tested until t&e to" of t&e meniscus is e+actly at t&e

filling line at t&e room tem"erature.2. 0&e cu" is t&en "laced in t&e &ole of asestos disc and t&e t&ermometer is sus"ended

in t&e cu" cone must e taken to see t&at t&ere are no ules on t&e surface of t&e oil.

%. Initially t&e room tem"erature is noted. 0&e cu" is &eated to raise t&e tem"erature atconstant rate. For every 13C rise in tem"erature t&e test flame is made to "ass acrosst&e centre of cu". 0ime of "assage must e a""ro+imately e one second.

4. ; s"linter is a""lied on to" of va"our laden surface $&en t&e flas& a""ears at any"oint of tem"erature tem"orarily. 0&at "oint is recogniAed as flas& "oint.

). ;fter noting t&e flas& "oint tem"erature8 t&e test for fire "oint is made at everyintervals of ) C. 0&e fire "oint is found y continuing t&e &eating at t&e same rate.7ntil t&e test flame ignites t&e oil and it continues to urn atleast for ) seconds. ;gaint&e s"linter is introduced $&en a continuous flame a""ears. 0&at is noted as fire "oint.

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. PENS;Y MARTIN


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Te#" - 0&e fire &aAards involved in storing and &andling of oils are indicated y flas& fire"oint. ;s oils are &eated8 a fractional amount of va"ours are evolved ut as t&e tem"erature iscontinuously increased8 t&e rate of va"our release also increases ra"idly. 0&ese flas& and fire

"oint tests are conducted to "redict t&e oil tem"erature at $&ic& t&e oil forms an inflammalemi+ture $it& air.

P#+e,*e-1. 0&e cu" is filled $it& &ig& s"eed diesel@fuel sam"le to e tested until t&e to" meniscus

is e+actly at t&e filling line.2. 0&e cu" is t&en "laced in t&e metal disc &ole and a t&ermometer is immersed into it.

Care must e taken to see t&at no ules are "resent on t&e oil surface.%. Initially t&e room tem"erature is noted and for every % C rise in t&e tem"erature t&e

test flame is roug&t near t&e &ole at t&e to" for aout 1 second.4. Flas& "oint is t&e tem"erature $&en t&e test flame is "ut off y t&e fuel.).


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RED>OOD VISCOMETER

A&3: 0o determine t&e asolute and kinematic viscosities of t&e given oil sam"le at differenttem"eratures y using t&e follo$ing ;""aratus.

A'')*% *%e, : Bi 'ed$ood !iscometer Bii uricant ?il-S;/-43 > 3 rades Biii0&ermometers Biv )3 cc > *3cc #easuring Flask res"ectively Bv Sto" clock .

Dept of Mechanical Engineering, RVCE, Bangalore !""# $age 6

0&ermometer for oil0&ermometer for $ater

Sto""er

Stirrer

Po$er Su""ly

?il Container

OOD VISCOMETER


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Te#": 0&e a""aratus consists of a viscometer tue "rovided $it& standard 9et. 0&is 9et cane closed y a all valve. t&ermometers are "rovided to measure t&e tem"erature of $ater > oil.

F#3*'e *%e,-

1. ,inematic viscosity ;0 E (@0 3.2450 E 15@0 centistoke $&ere B%2C 0133C

3.2450 - )3@0 centistoke $&ere B0 G133C


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P#+e,*e-

1. ote t&e $eig&t of em"ty receiving flask

2. Fill t&e oil in t&e viscometer tue to t&e indicated level

%. S$itc& on t&e &eater8 stir t&e oil to t&e desired tem"

4. ift t&e all simultaneously starting a sto" $atc&. 0&e oil $ill e "ouring into t&e)3cc@*3cc as t&e case8 flask note do$n t&e time reJuired to collect t&e oil u" to t&eindicated mark in eac& flask. "lot t&e gra"&s of viscosities vs. tem"erature. ;lso "lot t&e time vs.tem"erature

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11/50


Re%*)%: Plot a gra"& of variation of1. ,inematic viscosity vs. tem"erature2. Dynamic viscosity vs. tem"erature



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SAYBOLT VISCOMETER

A&3: 0o determine t&e asolute and kinematic viscosities of t&e given oil sam"le at differenttem"eratures y using t&e follo$ing ;""aratus.

A'')*% *%e, : Bi Sayolt !iscometer Bii uricant ?il-S;/-43 > 3 rades Biii0&ermometers Biv )3 cc > *3cc #easuring Flask res"ectively Bv Sto" clock.

F#3*'e *%e, -

1. ,inematic viscosity ;0 E (@0 3.22*0 E 15@0 centistoke $&ere B%2C 0133C

3.22*0 - 1%)@0 centistoke $&ere B0 G133C


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P#+e,*e :

1. ote t&e $t of em"ty receiving flask2. Fill t&e oil in t&e viscometer tue to t&e indicated level%. S$itc& on t&e &eater8 stir t&e oil to t&e desired tem"

4. ift t&e all simultaneously starting a sto" $atc&. 0&e oil $ill e "ouring into t&e)3cc@*3cc as t&e case8 flask note do$n t&e time reJuired to collect t&e oil u"to t&eindicated mark in eac& flask. "lot t&e gra"&s of viscosities vs tem"erature. ;lso "lot t&e time vstem"erature

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Re%*)%: Plot a gra"& of variation of1. ,inematic viscosity vs tem"erature2. Dynamic viscosity vs tem"erature

Dept of Mechanical Engineering, RVCE, Bangalore !""# $age 1%


14/50


TORSION VISCOMETER

A&3 -0o determine t&e viscosity of t&e given oil using a 0orsion !iscometer.

A'')*% e*&e,-0orsion viscometer8 S;/-3 oil8 t&ermometer8 torsion $ire materialS


15/50


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VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

Dept of Mechanical Engineering, RVCE, Bangalore !""# $age 1)


16/50


A&3 - 0o s&o$ t&e angular "osition of t&e crank at various seJuences.

Te#" - 0&e valve timing diagram s&o$s t&e "osition of crank $&en various o"erationssuc& as suction8 com"ression8 e+"ansion egin and end. 0&e valve timing is t&e regulation oft&e "osition in t&e cycle at $&ic& t&e valve seJuence at a finite "eriod of time to o"en and

close $it& aru"tness. ?"ening > closing of t&e follo$ing t$o valves are im"ortant.

Ine) V'$e - 0&is valve o"ens a fe$ degrees "rior to arrival of t&e "iston at 0DC after t&eend of suction stroke. 0&e reason is to "ermit t&is valve to o"en sufficiently during t&esuction stroke so t&at fres& c&ange starts to flo$ into t&e cylinder.

If t&e inlet valve closes at (DC8 t&e cylinder $ould receive less c&arge. 0&en its ca"acity >"ressure $ill still e elo$ atmos"&eric. 0&erefore t&e inlet valve is remained o"en for a fe$degrees after (DC.

E2'*%) V'$e - 0&is valve o"ens efore t&e end of "o$er stroke since t&e "ressure insidet&e engine cylinder is more t&an t&e atmos"&eric. 0&e e+&aust gases $ill rus& out t&roug& t&isvalve on t&eir o$n. 0&is removes t&e greater "art of urnt gases reducing t&e amount of $orkto e done y t&e "iston on its return stroke. 0&is valve remains o"en for a fe$ degrees aftert&e end of e+&aust stroke.

P#+e,*e

1. Initially t&e 0DC and (DC are identified $it& res"ect to crank "osition.2. 0&e crank is rotated slo$ly and t&e angle at $&ic& t&e inlet valve o"ens is noted.%. Similarly angular "osition of t&e crank $&en t&e inlet valve closes. /+&aust valve

o"ens and closes are noted do$n.4. Finally gra"&ical re"resentation is made.

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Oe')n An!e Re3'%

1. Inlet !alve ?"ens BI!? -

2. Inlet !alve Closes BI!C -

%. /+&aust !alve ?"ens B/!?

4. /+&aust !alve Closes B/!C

Dept of Mechanical Engineering, RVCE, Bangalore !""# $age 1*

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM


17/50


0DC E 0o" Dead Centre(DC E (ottom Dead Centre



18/50


BOMB CALORIMETER

A&3 -0o determine t&e calorific value of t&e given solid fuel.

A'')*% *%e,- (om Calorimeter8 t&ermometer8 solid fuel8 measuring 9ar8 o+ygencylinder8 &and "ress.

Te#"-Calorific value of t&e given fuel is defined as t&e total amount of &eat lierated$&en a unit mass of it is urnt com"letely in e+cess of air or o+ygen. It is e+"ressed in k=@kg

0&e a""aratus consists of a strong stainless steel s&ell kno$n as om. Its innersurface is lined $it& enamel to "revent corrosion from acids formed during comustion offuel. 0&e ottom cover of t&e om su""orts t$o u"rig&t "illars one of t&em carrying a rin tosu""ort crucile "orcelain. 0&e ottom is "rovided $it& insulated "lugs t&roug& $it& t&eelectrical loads are connected to t&e mains. 0&e o+ygen valve su""ly and release valve are

"rovided at t&e to" of t&e om. 0&e om is "laced in a co""er calorimeter containing$ater.



19/50


P#+e,*e -

1. ; kno$n Juantity of fuel is "o$dered and t&en a "allet is made of it using &and "ress.It is t&en "laced in t&e crucile and t&en fuse $ire is coil around it.

2. 0&e om is t&en c&arged $it& ?2 to "ressure of 13 atm. 0&e ?2 su""ly valve andrelease are closed. (om is t&en "laced in t&e calorimeter containing kno$n Juantityof $ater.

%. ote do$n t&e initial tem"erature of $ater. S$itc& on t&e current slo$ly o"erate t&ekno until it ignites com"letely.

4. ;llo$ for some time8 com"lete comustion takes "lace. o$ start t&e stirring "rocessuntil uniform tem"erature is otained.

). ote do$n t&e final $ater tem"erature after t&is8 t&e om is roug&t out of t&ecalorimeter y o"ening t&e valve. 0&e "roducts of comustion are released toatmos"&ere.

O(%e$')n%-

1.


20/50


;IRLOS;AR AIR COOLED DIESEL ENGINE

A&3 : 0o conduct a load test on a 4- stroke single cylinder air cooled diesel engine and todra$ t&e c&aracteristic curves of t&e engine at different loads and also to find t&e air fuelratio.

A'')*%- ,irloskar Diesel /ngine 8 '&eostat8 ;mmeter8 !oltmeter8 (urette8 Sto"


21/50


enerator out "ut - 2 k7

A& )# 8*e

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A/F

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FP

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24/50


A&3-0o conduct load test at different com"ression ratios and to study t&eir influence on t&e"erformance of t&e engine.

A'')*%- !ariale com"ression engine8 sto" $atc&8 t&ermometers8 resistance

dynamometer etc.

En!&ne %e+&8&+')n%-- 4 stroke "etrol engine- (ore diameter 53 mm- Stroke lengt& **.5 mm- 'ate s"eed %333 r"m- 'ated "o$er 2.) kIN CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

A&3 - 0o conduct load test along $it& #orse test and to dra$ t&e "erformance c&aracteristiccurves of t&e t$in cylinder 4 stroke diesel engine and to dra$ t&e &eat alance s&eet

A'')*% - 0$in Cylinder /ngine8 IN CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE


30/50


#orse 0est is a c&aracteristic test for t&e t$in cylinder engine used to calculate t&eindicated "o$er. 0&e engine may even function as a single cylinder engine. 0&e fuel su""lyto one cylinder is cut off and t&e indicated (P is measured. 0&e "rocedure is re"eated for t&eot&er cylinder also. (ut as all t&e moving "arts are common and $orking8 irres"ective of

$&ic& cylinder is in action8 t&e frictional "o$er remains t&e same. 0&e corres"ondingeJuations involved are

IP1L IP2-FP (P1IP2 - FP (P2IP%- FP(P%From t&e aove8 FP is found out and t&en indicated "o$er is given y IP (P L FP

P#+e,*e -

1. C&eck for sufficient fuel in t&e tank

2. 0&e engine is started under t&e no load condition

%. 0&e load can e ad9usted y controlling t&e valve in t&e &ydraulic dynamometer$&ic& also controls t&e rate of $ater flo$

4. 0&e time taken for 23 cc of fuel to e consumed is noted do$n

). 'eading on t&e Pi meter is noted do$n

*. 0&e various tem"eratures of $ater and e+&aust gas are measured and noted

5. 0&e aove readings are taken for different loads

6. 0orJue is noted $&en ot& cylinders are $orking.

. ?ne cylinder is "ut off and torJue is noted for t&e ot&er8 once it reac&es t&e rateds"eed. 0&is is done for ot& in order to "erform t&e #orse test.

13. 0&e various readings are taulated8 "arameters calculated and gra"&s are dra$n.

Dept of Mechanical Engineering, RVCE, Bangalore !""# $age %3


31/50


Se+&3en C'+*')n-

1. IP BPm; @ B*31333

2. (P B 2 < reff .61@ B*31333

%. Fuel consum"tion@ &our Ba%*33 @ Bt1333

4. mec& B(P@IP133

). SFC BFuel consum"tion@&our @ (P

*. (rake t&ermal efficiency B(P*3 @ BC! Fuel consum"tion@min

5. Indicated t&ermal efficiency BIP*3 @ BC!Fuel consum"tion@min

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HEAT BALANCE SHEET



32/50


Cooling $ater flo$ rate into engine 9acket m$9 HHHHHHHHHHlt@min

Cooling $ater flo$ rate into calorimeter m$c HHHHHHHHHHlt@min

i eat in"ut engine B


33/50


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Dept of Mechanical Engineering, RVCE, Bangalore !""# $age %%


34/50


35/50


P#+e,*e:

1. (efore starting t&e engine8 a c&eck is made for sufficient Juantity of fuel in t&e fuel tank> cooling $ater circulating t&roug& t&e $ater cooling 9acket.

2. ote do$n t&e initial tem"erature of $ater > also t&at of t&e e+&aust gases8 $&ic& isactually t&e room tem"erature.

%. 0o start t&e engine8 t&e ul of t&e engine is &eated to a very &ig& tem"erature.

4. 0&e engine is t&en started y rotating t&e fly$&eel manually > also y fuel su""ly.

). (y ad9usting t&e valve su""lying fuel from t&e tank8 fuel is filled in t&e urette attac&edto t&e engine.

*. ;ttac& t&e rake dynamometer to t&e s"ring alance y means of a t&ick ro"e.

5. (y ad9usting t&e valve of t&e urette8 2)cc of fuel from t&e urette is su""lied to t&eengine > t&e time taken is noted.

6. ote do$n t&e outlet $ater tem"erature > also t&e tem"erature of t&e e+&aust gasesy making use of t&ermometers.

. 0&e e+"eriment is re"eated for different load conditions > t&e values are noted do$n.

Se+&3en C'+*')n-

1. Fuel consum"tion@ &our Bad%*33 @ Bt1333 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHkg@&r

2. (P 2 B


36/50


Dept of Mechanical Engineering, RVCE, Bangalore !""# $age %*

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38/50


;IRLOS;AR >ATER COOLED ENGINE

A&3 - 0o conduct constant s"eed test > to dra$ &eat alance s&eet.

A'')*% *%e, - ,irloskar 0est 'ig8 Dynamometer8 0&ermometer8 Sto"$atc&8


39/50


Te#"-

In $ater cooled engines circulating $ater in $ater 9ackets surrounding t&e engines iscirculated. 0&e &eated $ater is "assed t&roug& a radiator $&ere it cooled y atmos"&eric airand is recirculated.


40/50


C'+*')n%

1. Fuel consum"tion@ &our Bad%*33 @ Bt1333 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHkg@&r

2. (P 2 B


41/50


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3&n

#8 K/

3&n

#8

K/

3&n

#8 K/

3&n

#8

AIR BLO>ER

A&3- 0o study t&e "erformance of a single stage air lo$er > otain its "erformancec&aracteristics.



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A'')*%-;ir lo$er Bconsists of im"eller8 vanes8 casing8 #anometer8 !enturimeter and0&ermometer.Te#"-Po$er asoring turo mac&ines are used to &andle com"ressile fluids like air8

gases etc. 0&ey can e classified as fans8 lo$ers and com"ressors. 0&ese mac&ines "roducet&e &ead B"ressure at t&e e+"ense of mec&anical in"ut. 0&e "ressure in centrifugal mac&inesis "urely due to t&e centrifugal effect.

; lo$er may consist of one or more stages of com"ression $it& its rotors mounted on a &u.0&e air is com"ressed $it& its rotors mounted on a &u. 0&e air is com"ressed t&roug& aseries of successive stages and is "assed t&roug& a diffuser located near t&e e+it to recover

"ressure energy.

P#+e,*e-

1. 0&e air lo$er is started $it& t&e valve com"letely o"en.

2. ; load of 1kg is a""lied on t&e air com"ressor y turning t&e valve.%. 0&e readings from t&e manometers > t&e t&ermometers are noted.

Dept of Mechanical Engineering, RVCE, Bangalore !""# $age 4%


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4. Calculations are to e done to find out t&e value of in"ut and out"ut "o$er > &ence t&eefficiency of t&e lo$er.

). 0&e load is increased in ste"s of 3.)kg > various readings are taken from t&e manometersand t&ermometers.

T'(*' C#*3n

C'+*')n%

1.0otal &ead BsLd Q$ater @ Qair metres 2. !olume of air disc&arged8 a kT&air $&ere k3.321 %. ?ut"ut "o$er Qair BsLd a g @1333 k !

V#*3e

#8 '&

)'en &n

'& LP

+"&n,e

A,&'(')&+

>D /3&n

BP

>

A,&'(')&+

#e

>

I%#)e3'

#e

>

A,&'(')&+

e88&+&en+"

',&'(')&+

I%#)e3'

e88&+&en+"

&%#)e3'

Dept of Mechanical Engineering, RVCE, Bangalore !""# $age 4*

AIR COMPRESSOR


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C'+*')n%-

1. BQairV& air B& $aterVQ $aterWWfind & air

2. !1 CdaVB2g&air1@2

%. ;diaatic $ork done

P1!1 n MB P2@P1 n-1@n - 1N L P2!2 n MB P% @P2 Bn-1@n - 1N Bn-1 B n-1

4. ;diaatic "o$er B$ork doneadiaatic"er min

k


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VIVA VOCE UESTIONS

1.


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%5. State &o$ t&e follo$ing "ro"erties of a luricant affect t&e lurication of an I.C.engine8 1 !iscosity 2 Flas& "oint.

%6.


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