energy data innovation network ga n. 695916 - edi_net
TRANSCRIPT
D4.1Overviewofsmartmetering EDI-Net30.04.2017 695916
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EnergyDataInnovationNetwork
GAN. 695916
DeliverableTitleD4.1OverviewofsmartmeteringinGermany,SpainandtheUnitedKingdom
DeliverableLead: empirica
RelatedWorkPackage: WP4:Trainingmaterialpreparation
RelatedTask: T4.1Developtrainingandsupportmaterials
T2.2DefineserviceanddevelopintegrateddataanalyticsplatformMainAuthor(s): GeorgVogt(empirica)
OtherAuthor(s):
DisseminationLevel: Public
DueSubmissionDate: 30.04.2017
ActualSubmission: 30.04.2017
ProjectNumber 695916
Instrument: H2020-EE-2015-3-MarketUptake
StartDateofProject: 01.03.2016
Duration: 36months
Abstract This Deliverable provides a summary of critical requirements regardingsmartmeteringfrominstitutionalorganisationssuchasmunicipalities.An
overviewofcurrentlegalbackgroundonEuropeanandnationallevelfor
Germany,SpainandtheUnitedKingdom(factsheets)isprovided.
ProjectfundedbytheEuropeanCommissionundertheH2020Programme
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VersioningandContributionHistory
Version Date Modifiedby Modificationreason
v.01 05.01.2017 GeorgVogt Firstdraft
v.02 02.02.2017 GeorgVogt Seconddraft
v.03 10.03.2017 GeorgVogt Thirddraft
v.04 21.04.2017 GeorgVogt Pre-QArefinement
v.05 26.04.2017 CarlHolland PeerReview
v.06 28.04.2017 CarlHolland Finaldraft
ExecutiveSummary
This Deliverable, D4.1 Overview of smart metering in Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom,
providesasummaryofcriticalrequirementsregardingsmartmeteringfrominstitutionalorganisationssuch
asmunicipalities.
The focus lies on barriers from or through smart metering (chapter 2). The issues are collected as
requirementsandcritical for thosemunicipalitieswhichhavealready investedeffort inenergyefficiency
throughdatacollection(AMR)andICT-basedenergymanagementsystems.Allrequirementsidentifiedare
currently not fully met by national regulation and law in Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. Allrequirementsarespecifiedandbackgroundprovided.WhereapplicableexistingorproposedEUregulation
is cited as to whether it might remedy the requirements identified. Where applicable remarks and
recommendations aremade as towhat changesmight be necessary or helpful. The requirementswerecollectedbythethreepilotmunicipalitiesinEDI-Net.Itisplannedtorefinetherequirementswithfurther
authorities(PPAs)implementingEDI-Net.
AnoverviewonEuropeanrulesdrivingthedeploymentofsmart-metering,nationalimplementationanddata
collectionisprovided(chapter3).Ageneraloverviewonprogresswithsmart-meteringisprovidedacrossEuropewithadditional figuresavailable forGermany,SpainandtheUnitedKingdomprovided inthefact
sheets(chapter4).Duetothelackofavailablestatistics,somedatacanonlybeprovidedfortheresidential
sector.However,asobligationtoinstallsmartmetersisoftenbasedontheamountofconsumption,itisa
helpfulproxy.
Therequirementslaidoutinthisdocumentarecrucialformunicipalitiestobecomesmartcities.Without
accesstoveryfundamentaldatawithoutextracost,itwillbehardtointegratepublicbuildingsinsmartgrids
despite their great potential to provide, for instance, demand response and flexibility services through
cooling and heating systems. Same applies to utilising public parking spaces attached to even smallerbuildingsincludingteachersbeingabletochargetheircarsatschools.Smartmetersareacoreelementand
dataaccesstosmartmeterdatamustbecomereliableandavailableinnearreal-timewhichitcurrentlyis
not.
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TableofContents
1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................4
2 Smartmeteringbarriersinpublicbuildings..............................................................................................5
2.1 Definitionofsmartmeters................................................................................................................5
2.2 RegulatoryoverviewtobarriersonEuropeanandnationallevel.....................................................6
2.3 Smartmeterrequirementsforpublicbuildings................................................................................6
2.4 Barriersbeyondpublicbuildings.....................................................................................................11
2.5 Futurestepsandrecommendation.................................................................................................12
3 Statusquo:RegulationandProgress.......................................................................................................13
3.1 ECregulationandcommunication..................................................................................................13
3.2 Dataprivacy–RelevantEuropeanRegulation................................................................................16
3.3 FutureECdataprotectiondirective................................................................................................17
3.4 Dataprivacy–Relevantnationallegislation/regulation................................................................17
3.5 Progresswithsmartmetering(inhouseholds)...............................................................................18
4 Factsheets...............................................................................................................................................22
4.1 Germany..........................................................................................................................................22
4.2 Spain................................................................................................................................................23
4.3 UnitedKingdom...............................................................................................................................25
Figures
Figure1-Energysourcesinnon-residentialbuildingsinEU............................................................................4
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1 Introduction
Thisdeliverabledescribeskeybarriersresultingfromdeploymentofsmartmetersandcrucialrequirementsfromtheperspectiveofmunicipalities.CurrentactivitiesonEuropeanandnationallevelfocusmostlyonthe
residential sector, ignoring the potential impact on already existing infrastructure of Automatic Meter
Reading(AMR)andenergymanagementsystemshavingachievedsavingsforoveradecadeespeciallyby
municipalitiesleadingbyexample.Around34%ofenergyusedinbuildingsisconsumedinthenon-residentialsector1. German communities consumed 127.7PJ in 2013 ofwhich¾where for heatwith the share for
electricitycontinuouslyincreasing2;intotal,costforenergyamountto4billionEuroeveryyear.3
Figure1-Energysourcesinnon-residentialbuildingsinEU4
Chapter 2 describes a brief introduction into the definition of smartmeters, the barriers resulting fromcommonpractiseinthepilotcountriesandrequirementsgatheredacrossmunicipalitieswhichneedtobe
overcome for smart meters not develop into a major barrier for already existing data driven energy
management.
Chapter3and4providethecurrentlegalbackgroundonEuropeanandnationallevelforGermany,Spain
andtheUnitedKingdom(factsheets).Itcontainsbasicdataonsmartmetersalreadyinstalled,thelegislation
and itshistoryaswellasdataprivacyregulationwhich isstrongly linkedwiththeroll-outofsmartmeter
(gateway).
1Theremaining66%areusedintheresidentialsector.2http://www.bfee-online.de/bfee/informationsangebote/publikationen/bfee_berichte_publikationen/merkblatt_bfee_berichte_zur_energieeffizienz_vorbild_oefffentlicher_sektor.pdf3https://www.dena.de/themen-projekte/energieeffizienz/oeffentliche-hand/4empirica,sourcesOdyssee-Project,eurostat
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2 Smartmeteringbarriersinpublicbuildings
Thischapterprovidesabrief introductionofdefinitionstodistinguishbetweensmartmetersandAMRas
well differences across resources. After a brief overviewon general barriers, specific requirements frommunicipalitiesaredescribedtoensureenergysavingmeasurescanprevailwherealreadyconducedandbe
spreadtoothercitieswithoutmajorcostutilisingsmartmeters.
2.1 Definitionofsmartmeters
TheEuropeanCommitteeforStandardization(CEN)definesa“smartmeter”with“instrumentformeasuring,
memorizinganddisplayingtheconsumptionofacommodity[...]withadditionalfunctionalitiesoneofwhich
isdatacommunication”.ThelegalrequirementstobetransposedbyMemberStatesarecurrentlyfixedin
theEnergyEfficiencyDirectiveArt9(2)5including“providinginformationonactualtimeofuse”,“security”,“customer’s right to request data”. These broad termswere accommodated by ten “commonminimum
functionalrequirements”asdefinedinthe“Commissionrecommendationonpreparationsfortheroll-outof
smartmeteringsystems”6:
• Providereadingsdirectlytothecustomerandanythirdpartydesignatedbytheconsumer• Updatethereadingsreferredabovefrequentlyenoughtoallowtheinformationtobeusedtoachieve
energysavings• Allowremotereadingofmetersbytheoperator.• Provide two-way communication between the smart metering system and external networks for
maintenanceandcontrolofthemeteringsystem• Allowreadingstobetakenfrequentlyenoughfortheinformationtobeusedfornetworkplanning• Supportadvancedtariffsystems.• Allowremoteon/offcontrolofthesupplyand/orfloworpowerlimitation• Providesecuredatacommunications• Fraudpreventionanddetection• Provideimport/exportandreactivemetering
TheSmartGridTaskForcehasidentifiedandselectedbestavailabletechniquestosuittherecommendations
inMay20167. In themeantime,MemberStateshave inpartalready laidout theirown interpretationof
necessaryrequirementsbasedonthelegalnormnotnecessarilyfollowingtheEC’srecommendations.
Asforelectricitytheproposedrecastofthedirectiveforacommonrulesfortheinternalmarketinelectricitydefines“‘smartmeteringsystem’asanelectronicsystemthatcanmeasureenergyconsumption,providing
moreinformationthanaconventionalmeter,andcantransmitandreceivedataforinformation,monitoring
andcontrolpurposes,usingaformofelectroniccommunication”8. It furtherdefines ‘interoperability’and‘near-realtime’amongothers.Thesedefinitionsneedtobeadoptedbytheco-legislatorstoenterintoeffect.
5EED(2012/27/EU)6COM(2012)1342finalCommissionrecommendationonpreparationsfortheroll-outofsmartmeteringsystems7SGTF(2016)WP2TechniquesClustering-IdentificationandSelectionofBestAvailableTechniquesforthe10commonminimumfunctionalrequirementsrelatedtotheSmartMeteringSystemroll-outunderaCyber-SecurityandPrivacyPerspective
8COM(2016)864,p53
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Finally,itshouldalsobenotedthatwater,heatandgasmetersinstalledbysuppliersusuallyrelyonbatteries
oftenlimitingthefrequencyofdataacquisitioninbenefitofrange9.Anystakeholderhavingimplementedan
AMRhasinvestedefforttoprovideasourceofenergytoensurefrequentdatarecordingsandrange.Hence,evenifsmartmetersareinstalled,incertainaspects,theywillremainlessadvancedthanalreadyexisting
AMRinstalledorwidelyavailableinthemarket.Therefore,smartmetersshouldbeabletoconnecttoexisting
(sub-)meters,collectthedataandcommunicatethecompletedataset,atleasttoalocalinterface.
2.2 RegulatoryoverviewtobarriersonEuropeanandnationallevel
Thedeploymentof“smartmeters”,itself,isbecomingabarrierforimprovingenergyefficiencyspecifically
inpublicbuildings.LeicesterCityCouncil,forinstance,startedintroducingAutomaticMeterReading(AMR)systemsin2004andmonitoraround780mainmetersalone(electricity,gasandwater).Wheneversuppliers
installsmartmeterstheyregularlydisconnectthecustomeraccessfromtheoldmeterandmunicipalitiesare
no longerabletomonitorthebuildingunlessthey investasecondtime.Moreover,thedatarecordedby
suppliersisgenerallynotavailableinsufficientresolution,poorlyaccessibleonline(e.g.PDFfiles)andformatsdiffer across suppliers. Municipalities having “lead by example” to increase energy efficiency of their
buildingsstockusingICTareconfrontedwithhavingmoreandmoredifficultiestoaccessthedatatheyhad
alreadyaccesstoforyears.
Thewinterpackageonenergy2016(CleanEnergyforallEuropeans),makesimmenseprogressonaspectsofmarketparticipationsuchastradingflexibilityandself-producedelectricity10buttheprogressisnotequally
met for gas11 and the secondary effects on ‘plain and simple’ energy saving behind the meter are not
sufficientlyconsidered.Theseeffectsbecomemoreobviousthemoremeteringpoints–oftenhundreds–
needtobehandledandareoftenrunbydifferentoperators12.Moreover,evenifthephysical installationitself ishandledbyoneoperator,onlineplatforms,dataformatsandbusinessprocessvaryacrossenergy
providers,thecustomers’accesspointtosmartmeterfunctionalities.Asaconsequence,municipalitieswill
alsobelessabletoimplementpoliciesandprocessesforsupplysidemarketactions(e.g.flexibility,demandresponse), the primary goal of smartmetering, across a large number of buildings. In short, current EU
legislationandcommunicationassumesastraightforwardrelationshipbetweencustomer,metersandutility
which does not apply inmunicipalitieswhere centralised energy departmentsmanage large and diverse
portfolioofbuildingsoftenwiththeirownenergycontracts.
2.3 Smartmeterrequirementsforpublicbuildings
Thissectiondescribesaseriesoftechnicalandprocessrequirementsimportantformunicipalities(andmost
likelyothernon-residentialactors).Thetitlesummarisesthekeyrequirementandfurtherspecification isprovided along with the background explaining, for instance, adverse effects of displacement etc. If
9MetersforelectricitycanfeedonthesourceitselfandsometimeschoosePLCtotransferdata10COM(2016)864final–Recastofdirectiveforacommonrulesfortheinternalmarketinelectricity11COM(2016)761final–Recastofdirective2012/27/EUonenergyefficiency12Inthemajorityofcasestheoperatorofmetersisthe‘districtserviceoperator’(DSO).However,toavoidconfusion,thedocumentwillreferto(smart)meteroperators.
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referencesinexistingorupcomingregulationorstandardsexist,theyarebrieflysummarised,occasionally
followedbyabriefremark.
2.3.1 Technical
T1Physicalinterfacetoaccessdatastreamsfrommeterlocallyallowingassetmanagement
Specification: As themetering device itself and the smartmeter gateway, heavily restricted by security
requirementsetc,areoftencombinedinonedevice,theinterfaceshouldbe“before”thedataentersthe
gateway. This is particularly relevant if the final smartmeter (gateway) collects data from smartmetersoperatedbyanypartyotherthanthemunicipality.Datafromeachsub-metershouldbeaccessiblethrough
theinterface.Thesmartmetershouldalsoprovidetheenergywhichisnecessarytorunthesubmeters/
consumption sensors. In short, a smart meter gateway compliant with this requirement would need amultipleprotocolinterfaceand/oraEuropeanstandardizedinterface(e.g.M-Bus).
Background:Ifsmartmeterscomewithoutasimpleinterfaceandatacosttheywilldisplaceinvestmentsfor
AMRandthefrequencyneededtoperformcertainbuildingmanagementtasks.Furthermore,themandate
M/441onstandardisingsmartmetersonEuropeanleveldoesnotseemtocovertheproblematall:“Dataexchangewith other systems e.g. systems for physicalmater installation andmeter assetmanagement,
thoughofimportancetocustomers,meteroperatorsandsuppliers,arebeyondthescopeofthismandate.”13
Reference:Article20(e)oftheproposalforcommonrulesfortheinternalmarketinelectricitystates:“iffinal
customersrequestit,meteringdataontheirelectricityinputandoff-takeshallbemadeavailabletothem,viaalocalstandardisedcommunicationinterfaceand/orremoteaccess,ortoathirdpartyactingontheir
behalf,inaneasilyunderstandableformat”.
Remark:Itisassumedthat“customers”refertoanykindofcustomerincludingmunicipalities.Noresembles
existsforthegasmarket.
T2Datainterfacetoensureinteroperabilitywithconsumerenergymanagementplatforms
Specification:Thehighlevelfunctionalitydefinedinon-goingstandardisation“[t]oprovideinformationvia
webportal/gatewaytoanin-home/buildingdisplayorauxiliaryequipment”ideallyimplementsa“HomeArea
Network”(HAN)toallowaccesstodatacollected.Theon-goingGermanspecificationbyBSIforeseesaccesstoatleastquarter-hourlydata14.
Furthermore,theHANaccesspointshouldprovide“push”functionalityforeachnewdatapackagetoaserver
confirmedandverifiedinthegateway.Thiscouldalsoberesolvedviaemail.
Background:Energymanagersmustbeenabledtousespecialisedenergymanagementsoftwarecapableof
to detecting wastage across a wide portfolio of buildings. Otherwise any form of rule and notification
automatisationwillnotbepossibleormoreexpensivestaffneedstobeemployedtocontinuouslyensuring
maximumenergy efficiency off. Additional staff or having to install AMR, in parallel to smartmeters, to
13CEN/CLC/ETSI/TR50572:2011,p2014https://www.bsi.bund.de/DE/Themen/DigitaleGesellschaft/SmartMeter/UebersichtSP-TR/uebersicht_node.html
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ensuresuchfunctionallywouldreducethecost-benefitratioofenergyefficiencymakesomewastagethe
mosteconomicalalternative.
Suchhighlevelusecasesarecurrentlynotbeingfollowedinnationalregulationandlaw.InGermany,suchfunctionalitywouldbeexplicitlyforbidden.
Reference: Article 19(3) of the proposal for common rules for the internal market in electricity states:
“MemberStatesshallensuretheinteroperabilityofthesesmartmeteringsystemsaswellastheirconnectivitywithconsumerenergymanagementplatforms.”
Remark:Though the sameparagraph also enforces “relevant standards” and “best practice” it does not
specify them.More importantly, there is no procedure stated for consumers to complain about lack of
interoperabilityorbodytobeaddressedforsuchmatters(seealsoP1).
T3Datareadingsmustbemadeavailablewithinlessthanfiveminutesafterrecording
Specification:Datamustberecordedandmadeavailableinnearreal-time.
Background: InSpain, smartmeters forelectricityarebeing rolledoutwidelyanddata recordedat least
everyfifteenminutes.Data,however,ismadeavailableasabulkattheendofthemonthrenderingituselessfor active energymanagement. In Nuremberg, the data of some (“pre-smart-meter generation” costing
EUR1,000perannum)meters15 ismadeavailableon thenextday,butonlyon theutility’swebsite, as a
manuallydownloadablexls-orcsv-document(seeT4below).Electricitymeterdataisprovidedin15-minute
detailandgasmeterreadingsareprovidedinhourlydetail.
Reference:Article2(20)oftheproposalforcommonrulesfortheinternalmarketinelectricitystates:“‘near-
realtime’means,inthecontextofsmartmetering,thetime,usuallydowntoseconds,thatelapsesbetween
datarecordingandtheirautomatedprocessingandtransmissionforuseorinformationpurposes”.
T4OnlineinterfacesmustprovideanAPI(orsimilar)enablingbulkdownloadsfrommultiplemeters
Specification: An opensource and clearly document API must be provided enabling (large) customers,
includingmunicipalities,todownloadlargesetsofdata.Ideally,theAPIisstandardisedaswellasthecontent
ofthedatabaseandformatofdatacollected.
Background: In Nuremberg, there is no way to automatically import the data into electronic energy
managementsystems.NoAPIisprovided.Moreover,onlyconsumptiondataareprovided,nottherawmeter
readingswhichrendersthewholeonlineinterfaceuselessforautomateddownloads.
Reference:Article 24 (1) of the proposal for common rules for the internalmarket in electricity states:“MemberStatesshalldefineacommondataformatandatransparentprocedureforeligiblepartiestohave
accesstothedatalistedunderparagraph1ofArticle23[...]”.
Remark: It isnotclearwhattheterm“transparentprocedure”entails.Does it refertoprocessofgetting
permissiontodownloaddataordownloadingthedataitself?
15Consumptionover100,000kWh/a
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T5Dataconsistencyacrossenergyproviders
Specification:TheEDI-Netconsortiumisableandwillingtocontributetothestandardisationoftheformat.
Background:SmartmeterdataiscurrentlyhiddeninPDFfilesandinvariousformats.Importingdataintomanagement services is cumbersome, costly and riddenwith errormessages. It canbe as simple as the
energyproviderschangingtheschemebywhichfilesarenamed.
Reference:Article 24 (1) of the proposal for common rules for the internalmarket in electricity states:“MemberStatesshalldefineacommondataformatandatransparentprocedureforeligiblepartiestohave
accesstothedatalistedunderparagraph1ofArticle23[...]”.
Article24(2)furtherdescribesa“commonEuropeandataformatandnon-discriminatoryandtransparent
procedures for accessing the data [...] thatwill replace national data format and procedure adopted byMemberStatesinaccordancewithparagraph1.MemberStatesshallensurethatmarketparticipantsapply
acommonEuropeandataformat”.
Remark: Considerable effort is being invested in this project to provide a common platformnot for the
platformitselfbutforimportingdatafromawiderangeofpartlynon-documentedAPIs.Suchastepasacommonformatandprocedure,assumingitincludestheprocessofaccessingdata,iswelcome.
2.3.2 Process
Thissectiondocumentsfundamentalproblemsrelatedtoenforcementofstandardsandlegalrequirements.Inprinciple,MShaveestablishedabodybutneitherdoesitdefineproceduresnordoesitsimplifytheprocess.EDI-NetprovidesafirstsetofprocedureswhichrequirestandardisationbutitisbeingrecommendedtotenderastudywhichcollectsmostcommoncomplaintproceduresacrossallMStorequire“out-of-court”bodiestostandardiseaccordingprocedurestofastenandsimplifytheprocess.
P1Righttoout-of-courtdisputesettlement–standardisationofprocedures
Specification:MShave implementedsettlement institutions16.Additionally,clearproceduresforfrequent
andstandardisedcomplaintsshouldbemadeavailableonlineandtheprocessdocumentedandaggregatedresultsmadepublictoincreasepressureonDistributionSystemOperators(DSO)etcnotfollowinglegaland
regulatoryrequirements.
Background:Due to the lackof transparencyon complaintproceduresand the interdependencyof local
smartmeteroperatorswiththepublicbody,mostmunicipalitiesrefrainfrommakingpubliccomplaintsandtrytoresolveissueslocally.
Reference: Article 26 (formerly Article 3) defines the settlement procedure referencing a multitude of
definitionsfromotherdirectives.
Remark:AswithothermattersintheMDIthephrasingseemstofocusonend-consumersonly.Complaints
on a particular issue might have to be repeated for each building operated by another body of the
16Forinstance,inGermany,accordingtoarticle§111bEnWG,amediationbody(“SchlichtungsstelleEnergie”)hasbeenestablishedwhichdealswithallenergyrelateddisputesbetweenprivateend-customersandutilities.Theuseofthismediationbodyisfreeofchargeforprivatepersons.
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municipality (e.g. independent schools). Moreover, the Article should be accommodated with guidance
eitherprovidedbyACER,anexternalstudyorintheAnnexofthedirective.
P2Proceduretoenforceinteroperabilityofsmartmeteringsystems
Specification:MemberStatesshouldempowersettlementinstitutionstonotonlycomplywithprocessesasrequestedbylawbutalsotoactonbehalfofthecomplainingpartyattheresponsibleregulatorybodyat
nationalaswellasEuropeanleveltoensurethatalltechnicalspecificationsaremetonnationalandEuropean
level.
Background: InGermany,§75establishestheoptionfortheBundesnetzagenturtoreleaseregulationstoensurecertainstandardsregardingthedatasecurityandthecommunicationofsmartmetergateways.
P3Procedureofpermittingaccessto(third)partydatastreams
Specification:EachsmartmetergatewaywillrequiresettinguptoallowpullingdataviaHAN(seeT2,T3)by
aserverorviapushfunctionality.Thisproceduremustbemadesimpleenoughforamunicipalitytoallowmanaginghundredsofmetersorgivepermissiontoathirdparttodoso.Mostofall,theoperatorofsmart
meters shouldbe required toprovide apool of all smartmeters andmodificationof criteriaofmultiple
gatewaysinonesession.
Background:Ifthechangeofsettingsofanygivengatewayrequiresrepeatedloggingin,itwouldrepresentundueadministrativeburdenonthepartofmunicipalitiestotrulyaccessthefunctionalityofsmartmeters
provided.
Reference:Article 24 (1) of the proposal for common rules for the internalmarket in electricity states:“MemberStatesshalldefineacommondataformatandatransparentprocedureforeligiblepartiestohave
accesstothedatalistedunderparagraph1ofArticle23[...]”.
Remark: The “transparent procedure” is key and should be promoted in regulation. Past technical
requirements where often met (see example Spain and Germany in T3) but triggered useless due toproceduralbarriersenacted.InLeicester,evendirectcomplaintstosettlementbodieshadnoteffect.
P4Smartmeteroperatorsarerequiredtoannounceinstallationofsmartmeters
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Specification:Municipalitiesrequirehundredsof(smart)meters.Operatorsshouldberequiredtoannounce
anychangesto(any)meteringenablingmunicipalitiestocheckwhetherAMRinstallationswillbeeffected
andagreeonfurtherprocedure.Groupinginstallationandoptimisingschedulestoreducecostsonbothsidesshouldbeobligatoryforconsumersaboveacertainshareoftotalconsumptioninthegrid.
Background:AnyreplacedmeterwithinanAMRsystemhastobeconnectedtothedatacollectionhardware
(e.g.M-Bus)andregisteredintheenergymanagementsoftware.Otherwise,nomoreconsumptiondataistransmitted. InNuremberg,thelocalmeteroperatordoesnot informtheauthorityaboutanychangesto
meters,neitherupfrontnorafterwards.Themunicipality’senergymanagementauthoritywillnoticeanew
meteronlyaftergettinginformedbyajanitororafterownresearchduetomissingconsumptiondata.
P5 Smart meter operators are required to reconnect any existing AMR, or announce the technicalimpossibilityofafailurewhichispunishablebyfee
Specification:Attheveryminimumanyreplacementofmetersshouldhavetobeannouncedtwoweeks.
AnyAMRalreadyonsitehastobereconnectedwiththenewsmartmeter. If itshouldbetechnicallynot
possibleanimmediatenotificationistobesenttotheowner,ideallythroughthesmartmetergatewayitself.Thetechnicalreasonistobedescribedindetail.Anyfailureshouldbepunishablewithcostsinflicted.
Thesettlementbodyshouldbeempoweredtohandlesuchissuesandbeprovidedwithstandardisedforms
andcostsheets.
Background:Asdescribedabove,organisations installing(smart)metersregularlydisconnectAMRswhenreplacinganoldmeter.Generally,thereisnotechnicalreason.Theseorganisationshavenoregardtothe
inflictedcostofhavingtosendstaffforfixingtheissueandtheenergyefficiencylosseswhichmightoccurin
themeantime.
Remark:IfthereisatechnicalreasontonoreconnectanAMR,itislikelytobecommonandgenericissue
whichcanbedescribedwithpreparedtemplateswhichcanbepassedontothetechnicianreplacingthe
meterormessageseasilytriggeredviathesmartmeter.
2.4 Barriersbeyondpublicbuildings
The issues identified above apply to all operators ofmultiple non-residential buildings.Without uniform
accesstodatarecordedinsufficientresolution,centralisedenergymanagementremainsdifficultandwill
requireadditionalhardwarewhichisnotunlikelytobedisconnectedbyutility/DSOstaffatrandomnoticewithoutnotificationincreasingcost.
Withregardtoresidentialbuildings(e.g.socialhousingmanagedbycitycouncils)themostobvioustrade-off
remainswithdataprotection.Oneofthemaingoalsofthesmart-gridistodecreasenetworkcostforwhich,
astabilisationoftheonlocalleveliscrucial.Whilstcommunicationofpricesignallingcanbestandardisedonahighlevelandasmartmetercanpassonthesignalsbehindthemeter,itrequiresallconsumerdevicesto
followthisnorm.Irrespective,suchcontrolwouldonlyoptimisewhenrequestedbythegrid.Itwouldnotbe
abletodetectwaste,orbehindthemeterenergyefficiencypotential.
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2.5 Futurestepsandrecommendation
Developmentofthissection
ThissectionwillbesharedwithPPAsjoiningEDI-Net.PPAswillbeaskedtoprovidefurtherexamplesforany
requirementalreadylistedandgivenopportunitytoaddfurtherrequirements.
DependingontheinterestfromEASMEandtheEC,itcouldbepossibletoallowarankingoftherequirements
acrossPPAsaspartoftheevaluation.
RecommendationtotheEC
ItisrecommendedtheEuropeanCommissioncommissionsastudyresearchingtheadverseeffectsofsmart
meteringfornon-residentialoperatorsinmoredetail.ThecurrentactionMyEnergyfocusesentirelyontheresidentialsector.Thoughsomeadvancementmightbebeneficialforbothsectors,itispossiblethatcertain
requirementsintheresidentialdomainmightbefurtherlimitingtheapplicationofdataforenergysaving
and efficiency measures in the non-residential sector. The current and future legislation does not
differentiate,however,evidenceisonlyprovidedfortheresidentialsector.
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3 Statusquo:RegulationandProgress
Thissectiondoesaccepttheterm“smartmeter”asithasbeenusedbyitsoriginalsource.
ThefollowingsectionsummariseskeyEuropeanlegislationandbackgroundwhichinfluencednationalpolicy
processespushingforanimplementationofsmartmetering.ThoughtheEChasbeenactiveinthisfieldfor
atleasttwodecades,specificanddetailedrequirementsare,still,notfullydefinedatleastinmanyMember
States.
Thesectionfurthermoresummarisestheprogressofsmart-meteringinEurope.Thedataismostlycovering
householdsasdatafornon-residentialbuildingsisnotavailableandnotinthefocusofdebate.Forinstance,
thead-hocgroup“MyEnergyData”attheSmartGridTaskForcedeliberatelylimitsitsworkonthedomestic
sectortoopenmeterdataforthirdparties.17
LegislationproposedaspartoftheEnergypackagereleasedinNovember2016isdeliberatelynotdiscussed
astheprocesswilltakeseveralyearsanditisnotclearwhichproposalswillpasstowhatextent.However,
selectedcommunicationsandstaffworkingdocumentslinkedtotheprocessarequotedassources.
3.1 ECregulationandcommunication
3.1.1 Internalmarket
Since2002,whentheBarcelonaEuropeanCouncilagreed“ontheneedfortheEuropeanUniontoshow
substantial progress in enhancing energy efficiency by 2010”, the EU has established a comprehensiveframework.Alongwithpushingregulationandnorms, legislativeandpolicyactionsweretakenregarding
“energyperformanceofbuildings”,“internalmarket”;“ICT,smartmetering/grids”,“energyefficiencyplans”,
other“legislativemeasures”andinarecentattempt“CO2taxation”.
Directive2002/91/EContheenergyperformanceofbuildingsstatesthat“demandmanagementofenergyisanimportanttoolenablingtheCommunitytoinfluencetheglobalenergymarketandhencethesecurity
ofenergysupplyinthemediumandlongterm”.TheDirectivedoesnotyetmakereferencetosmartmetering
technologies,butpreparesthegroundfordoingsobyprovidingapreciselegislativeframeworkforlimitingenergyconsumption inthissector. Inareport [COM(2002)321final]onthe implementationof the2000
GreenPaper,theECreportsthatenergysaving inbuildings,whichcurrentlyrepresent40%oftheenergy
consumedintheEU,couldbereducedby22%“giventherightconditionsforeconomisingandimproving
efficiency”.
Thesuccessofaninternalmarketisstronglylinkedtowiderdeploymentofsmartmetersamongother.The
2010 Communication “Report on progress in creating the internal gas and electricity market”
[COM(2010)84final]observesthat“workofnationalregulatoryauthoritiestendstoshiftthefocustowards
theconsumer,includingtheroll-outofsmartmetersasthekeytosmartgridsintheinternalenergymarket.”
17https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/report_final_eg1_my_energy_data_15_november_2016.pdf
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Therecitalsofthe2003Electricity(2003/54/EC)andGasDirectives(2003/55/EC)asadoptedbytheMember
States following the co-decisionprocess reinforce theobjectives identifiedby theCommission toa large
extent.Theco-legislatorsinsertedarecitalstatingthattheabilityofelectricityandgascustomerstochoosetheirsupplierfreelywasfundamentaltothefreedomswhichtheTreatyguaranteesEuropeancitizens(Recital
4);reinforcedarecitalonstandardsofpublicservicetoincludetherightforhouseholdcustomersand,where
MemberStatesdeemitappropriate,smallenterprises"tobesuppliedwithelectricityofaspecifiedqualityatclearlycomparable,transparentandreasonableprices"(Recital24);addedtotheElectricityDirectivea
recitalacknowledgingtheCommission'sintentiontoensurethatreliableinformationontheenvironmental
impactofelectricityfromdifferentsourcescouldbemadeavailableinatransparent,easilyaccessibleand
comparablemanner(Recital25).
Theprovisionsandrecitalsonthefreedomtochoosesuppliersandtherighttoclear,comparableinformation
remained largely unchanged by the co-legislators in the 2007 To summarize, the metering and billing
provisions intheelectricityandgasmarketsDirectiveshaveremained largelyunchangedsincetheywere
first proposed/adopted in 2001/2003. Legislative texts and supporting documents reveal that themajorobjectivesoftheCommissionandco-legislatorswereto:
• Enableeasierandmoreeffectiveconsumerchoice;
• Boostcompetitioninretailmarkets;
• Createconsumerincentivestosaveenergy.
Itssuccessor,Directive09/72/ECcontinuedthedevelopmentby introducinguniversal serviceobligationsandconsumerrights,suchastheobligationtoinformfinalcustomersabouttheenvironmental impactor
customerrightsintheeventofadispute.TheDirectivestatesthatcross-borderinterconnectionsshouldbe
further developed in order to secure the supply of all energy sources at themost competitive prices toconsumers and industry. It specified the obligations of electricity suppliers towards their customers and
furtherdefinestheresponsibilitiesoftransmissionanddistributionsystemoperators.
In designing the internalmarket, efforts are put towardsharmonisationof laws, such aswithDirectives
2014/35/EUand2006/95/ECrelatingtothe(makingavailableonthemarket)electricalequipmentdesignedfor use within certain voltage limits. The former specifically addresses obligations of various players –
manufacturers,importersanddistributors–inlinewithprotectionofthehealthandsafetyoftheend-users
andtheirproperty.Measurestosafeguardsecurityofelectricitysupplyandinfrastructureinvestmentare
also addressed with Directive 2005/89/EC. Enhancing competition is key for competitive pricing andaffordability;RegulationNo.714/2009aimsatsettingsuchrulesorcross-borderexchangesinelectricityand
facilitating the emergence of a well-functioning and transparent wholesale market with a high level of
securityofsupplyinelectricity
3.1.2 ICT,SmartMeteringandSmartGrids
The2011Communication“SmartGrids:frominnovationtodeployment”[COM(2011)202final]addresses
challengesobservedindevelopingEuropeanstandardswhichcouldfurtherfacilitateimplementation.The
ESOshouldtarget“privacybydesign”approachesinordertoensuretheprivacyandsecurityofusersand
authorities.Onemajoractiontakentoincreasedistributionofsmartgridswasonregionalandlocallevelthe
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Covenant of Mayors initiative. In this regard, the Commission launched the initiative “Smart Cities and
Communities“in2011.
TheEuropeanEconomicandSocialCommitteehighlightsinits“OpinionoftheEESConthe‘Roadmapforalowcarbonenergysystemby2050’(exploratoryopinion)”thatsmartgridneedtobeenabledtoallow“for
better management of peak loads” and “focusing on all structural aspects”, “direct and indirect global
emissionsfromthebuildingssector(40%oftotalemissions)”shouldbereducedandfurthermorehighlightsthat“usingsmartmeterscanchangetheelectricitytransmissionsystem”.Withregardtoshort-termtargets
theEESCbelievesfocusedshouldbelaid,amongothers,on“energy-efficiencymeasures[...]payinggreater
attention to European directives”. The prospect of the roadmap depends on “acceleration of technical
progress”, reducing delays in enforcing of the Energy Performance of Buildings directive and “generalharmonisationincluding“exchangeofbestpracticesandinformationonBAT(BestAvailableTechnologies);
interoperableITsecurityandcontrolsystems”.TheECstronglyagreesinitsCommunication[COM(2011)112
final]toallinvolvedpartnersandmotivatesallstakeholdersincludingmembersandcandidatestoconsider
theimplicationsoftheRoadmapinitsownlegislation.
A “Commission recommendation on preparations for the roll-out of smart metering systems”
[2012/148/EU] was issued inMarch 2012. It tackled data protection and security considerations with a
specificfocusondataprotectionimpactassessments,dataprotectionmeasuresanddatasecurity“inorder
toensure the fundamental right toprotectionofpersonaldata”. Thedocumentdefined smart gridsandsmartmetering systemsamongothers. The recommendationalsoprovided“guidance toMemberStates
alongwithaframeworkforcost-benefitanalysisasafoundationforconductingaconsistent,credibleand
transparenteconomicassessmentofthelong-termcostsandbenefitsoftheroll-outofsmartmetering”.
The2009Communicationon"Mobilising InformationandCommunicationTechnologiesto facilitatethe
transitiontoanenergy-efficient,low-carboneconomy"[COM(2009)111final]pointstothedualenabling
andquantifyingfunctionofICTsinimprovingenergyefficiency.EnergyconsumptionofbuildingsintheEU
couldbereducedbyupto17%andcarbonemissionsintransportlogisticsbyupto27%.ICTscansupportmoreenergy-efficientbusinessmodels,workingpracticesand lifestyles,suchaseCommerce, teleworking
andeGovernmentapplications,andadvancedcollaborationtechnologies.
TheCommunicationviewofsmartmeteringas"justafirststeponthepathtosmartelectricitygrids",seems
toneglecttheroleofgasandremoteheating.Thisisnottoplaydowntheimportanceofconsumermeteringinelectricitygridsredesignedtomakeeffectiveuseofwindandotherrenewablesourceswhoseoutputis
difficulttoalignwithdemand.
Despiteallambitionsonsmartmeteringrecital33ofEnergyEfficiencyDirective(2012/27/EU)recognises
that“it isimportantthattherequirementsofUnionlawinthisareabemadeclearer”and“thereisalsoaneed to clarify the requirements for access to information and fair and accurate billing based on actual
consumptionincaseswheresmartmeterswillnotbeavailableby2020”.
3.1.3 Self-consumption
Throughtechnologydevelopmentand innovationdrivenbyEUandnationalpolicies,effective renewableenergy technologies have been realised over the last years. Businesses and households can increasingly
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produceandconsume,someoralloftheirownelectricity,eitherinstantaneouslyorinadeferredmanner
through decentralized storage, behind the connection point with the grid. Through the process of self-
consumption,passiveconsumersarethereforebecomingactive'prosumers'(i.e.producersandconsumersofrenewableenergy).
Theemergingself-consumptionmodelopensnewcost-containmentopportunities forenergyconsumers,
particularly for Small andMedium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs),which are facedwith high electricity prices,allowingthemtoincreasinglycontroltheirenergybills.
An EC staffworking document entitled “Best practices on Renewable Energy Self-consumption”18 gives
insightintolessonslearnedfromnationalschemesonself-consumptionofrenewableenergyandillustrates
bestpracticeinthisrelativelynewpolicyarea.Itreportsonsavingsandbenefitsfromself-consumption,bestpractices,andexistingnationalschemes.Theinformationisvaluableespeciallyforthebusinessdevelopment
partintheproject.
3.2 Dataprivacy–RelevantEuropeanRegulation
European regulation provides a high level framework for ensuring data privacy throughout the research
process. By adopting theDataProtectionDirectiveof 1995 (Directive95/46/EC) theEuropeanUnion set
legallybindingrulesfortheprotectionofindividualswithregardtotheprocessingofpersonaldata.Through
thisregulationbasicprinciplesforprocessingpersonaldatahavebeenstipulatedwhichhavetobefollowedinallMemberStates:
Transparency:Thedatasubjecthastherighttobeinformedwhenhispersonaldataarebeingprocessed.
Thecontrollermustprovidehisnameandaddress,thepurposeofprocessing,therecipientsofthedataand
allotherinformationrequiredtoensuretheprocessingisfair.(art.10and11).Datamaybeprocessedonlyunderthefollowingcircumstances(art.7):
• whenthedatasubjecthasgivenhisconsent
• whentheprocessingisnecessaryfortheperformanceofortheenteringintoacontract
• whenprocessingisnecessaryforcompliancewithalegalobligation
• whenprocessingisnecessaryinordertoprotectthevitalinterestsofthedatasubject
• whenprocessingisnecessaryfortheperformanceofataskcarriedoutinthepublicinterestorintheexerciseofofficialauthorityvestedinthecontrollerorinathirdpartytowhomthedataaredisclosed
• whenprocessingisnecessaryforthepurposesofthelegitimateinterestspursuedbythecontrollerorby the thirdpartyorparties towhomthedataaredisclosed,exceptwheresuch interestsare
overriddenbytheinterestsforfundamentalrightsandfreedomsofthedatasubject
Thedatasubjecthastherighttoaccessalldataprocessedabouthim.Thedatasubjectevenhastherightto
demandtherectification,deletionorblockingofdatathatisincomplete,inaccurateorisn'tbeingprocessed
incompliancewiththedataprotectionrules.(art.12)
18SWD(2015)0141final
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Legitimatepurpose:Personaldatacanonlybeprocessedforspecifiedexplicitandlegitimatepurposesand
maynotbeprocessedfurtherinawayincompatiblewiththosepurposes.(art.6b)
Proportionality:Personaldatamaybeprocessedonlyinsofarasitisadequate,relevantandnotexcessiveinrelationtothepurposesforwhichtheyarecollectedand/orfurtherprocessed.Thedatamustbeaccurate
and,wherenecessary,keptuptodate;everyreasonablestepmustbetakentoensurethatdatawhichare
inaccurateorincomplete,havingregardtothepurposesforwhichtheywerecollectedorforwhichtheyarefurtherprocessed,areerasedorrectified;Thedatashouldn'tbekeptinaformwhichpermitsidentification
ofdatasubjectsforlongerthanisnecessaryforthepurposesforwhichthedatawerecollectedorforwhich
theyarefurtherprocessed.MSshall laydownappropriatesafeguardsforpersonaldatastoredfor longer
periods for historical, statistical or scientific use. (art. 6)When sensitive personal data (can be: religiousbeliefs, political opinions, health, sexual orientation, race, membership of past organisations) are being
processed,extrarestrictionsapply(art.8).
3.3 FutureECdataprotectiondirective
Since theDirective95/46was firstly introduced,DataProtectionActshave frequentlybeenamendedby
legislationwithsubstantialchangesespeciallyduring2009and2010widelydrivenbytheessentialchanges
in ICT related technology. In fact, the lawonDataProtection isabout toundergo themost fundamental
changein15years.On25January2012,theEuropeanCommissionofficiallypresentedafirstdraftofthenewdataprotectionregulationforacomprehensivereformofthe1995dataprotectionrulesonpersonal
dataprocessingacrosstheEuropeanUnion.OnDecember2015,theECannouncedthatanagreementwas
found with the European Parliament and the Council, following final negotiations between the three
institutions(so-called'trilogue'meetings).TheReformconsistsoftwoinstruments:
• TheGeneralDataProtectionRegulationwillenablepeopletobettercontroltheirpersonaldata.Atthe same time modernised and unified rules will allow businesses to make the most of the
opportunities of the Digital Single Market by cutting red tape and benefiting from reinforced
consumertrust.
• TheDataProtectionDirectiveforthepoliceandcriminaljusticesectorwillensurethatthedataofvictims, witnesses, and suspects of crimes, are duly protected in the context of a criminal
investigationoralawenforcementaction.Atthesametimemoreharmonisedlawswillalsofacilitatecross-bordercooperationofpoliceorprosecutorstocombatcrimeandterrorismmoreeffectively
acrossEurope.
Thesenewruleswillbecomeapplicabletwoyearsaftertheagreement(early2018).
3.4 Dataprivacy–Relevantnationallegislation/regulation
National regulation/legislation may, however, go beyond the principles set out in the Commission’s
Communication,ortheymaysetoutparticularinterpretationofthegeneralprinciplesstipulatedbyEU-level
regulation.Thetablebelowbrieflysummarisesnationallegislativesituationinthecountriescoveredbytheproposedproject.Thiswillbetakenintoaccountthroughouttheproject’slifecycle.
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Seefactsheetsforfurtherdetails.
3.5 Progresswithsmartmetering(inhouseholds)
Dataonsmartmeterdeploymentonpublicauthoritiesorotherlargeconsumersisalmostnon-existent.Themajority of studies focus on households. This section provides an overview about existing information toprovideanoverviewondatafrequency,roll-outofmetersandavailablepricingmodelsinthemarket.
Member States are required to ensure the implementation of smartmetering under EU energymarketlegislation in the Third Energy Package. This implementationmay be subject to a long-term cost-benefit
analysis(CBA).IncaseswheretheCBAispositive,thereisaroll-outtargetof80%marketpenetrationfor
electricityby2020.
Information(data)frequency
Aspartofthe2016energypackagetheEuropeanCommissionevaluatedthe“EUFrameworkforMetering
andBillingofEnergyConsumption”19Thedatafocusesmostlyonhouseholds.Regardless,itshouldbenotedthatFinlandwastheonlycountryin2014tolegallydemandbilling(i.e.consumption)informationonadaily
basis for electricity (p 37). Though frequency requirements increase with smart meters being present,
numerouscountriesoptforlessthanmonthlyrequirements.
Smart-meteringroll-out
With regard to electricity, in 2014, DG ENER and JRC issued the communication “Benchmarking smartmetering deployment in the EU-27 with a focus on electricity"20. The depictions include results of the
assessmentofwhichsomeassumptionsandnationalpoliciesmighthavechangesinthemeantime.
Exhibit1-Smartelectricitymeteringroll-out
19SWD(2016)399EVALUATIONoftheEUFrameworkforMeteringandBillingofEnergyConsumption20COM(2014)356,graphicsavailablefromhttp://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/smart-metering-deployment-european-union
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Exhibit2-Shareofhouseholdswithsmart-metering
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Source:ACERpresentationonThe5thAnnualReportonMonitoringtheElectricityandNaturalGasMarkets,
9.11.2016
Exhibit3-Smartgasmeteringroll-out
Pricing
Themostcompleteandup-to-datesourceistheyearlyACER“MarketMonitoringReport”fromwhichbelow
graphicstems(2016report).Foradetailedanalysisitisrecommendedtodownloadthefullreport21.
21http://www.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Publications/Pages/Publication.aspx
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Exhibit4-Shareofstandardhouseholdconsumerssuppliedunderdynamicpricingforsupplyand
networkchargesofelectricityinEUMSs–2015(%)
“Note:Countriesarecolouredaccordingtothedynamicpricingmethodwhichisthemostrepresentative.The
coloureddotsrepresentadditionaldynamicpricingmethodswhichalsoappearinacountry.Forexample,in
Spain25to50%ofhouseholdsincurhourlyrealtimepricing.However,ToUalsoappliesinsupplytolessthan
25%ofelectricityhouseholds.TheFiguredoesnotlistpilotprojectswhicharecurrentlyongoingintheMSs.InBelgium,informationhasbeenaggregatedandmaydifferforthethreeregions(Flanders,Walloniaand
Brussels).NoinformationcouldbeprovidedforthenetworktariffsinSweden,asthedatacollectedbythe
NRA are based on exit points rather than household consumers (one exit point can represent severalhouseholdconsumers).‘Other’inDenmarkandNorwayreferstospot-basedpricingtoconsumersonthebasis
ofmonthlyspot-exchangeprices.”
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4 Factsheets
4.1 Germany
4.1.1 Progresswithsmartmetering
Today,onlyaverysmallnumberofresidentialhouseholdshavesmart-meteringdeployedintheirhomes.
The time frame considered in law (MsbG) for full replacement of oldmeters reaches up to 2032. In all
instances,replacementonlyhastotakeplaceiftechnicallyfeasibleandeconomicallyjustified.Economical
criteriaaredefinedin§31basedonageofmeters,amountconsumed/powerinstalledandfeeschargedformeters. Hence, installations could be delayed if fees are adjusted. Respectively, knowledge of fee and
consumptionarealsoareanexplicitrightfortheinstallationofasmartmeter.
4.1.2 Smartmeteringregulation
InGermany,theLawforthedigitalizationoftheenergytransition(Messstellenbetriebsgesetz-MsbG22)hasenteredintoforceatthebeginningofSeptember.Itdistinguishesbetween:
1. Customers with a higher consumption and/or bigger renewable energy feed-in systems, who will be
equippedwithaso-called“intelligentmeteringsystem”(ca.15%ofthemarket).
2.Customerswithaconsumptionbelow6000kWh/aand/or feed-insystems<7,5kWpeak ,whowillbeequippedwithaso-called“modernmeteringequipment”(ca.85%ofthemarket).
The law covers metering data, market communication, contractual arrangements related to metering,
electricity/gasheating/districtheating.Meteringdatawillbestoreddirectlyatthesmartmeterdevice.Dataupto24monthscanbedownloadedeitherdirectlyfromthesmartmeterorfromaserver/databaseviathe
internetatanytimebythecustomer(downloadmydata)andsharedwiththirdparties(transfermydata).
Thesupplier,whohastherighttousethedata,isobligedtodeleteallperson-relatedmeteringdataafterthe
completionofhistasks.However,atthemomentthereisnocleardefinitionconcerningoptionstotransferthemeteringdataoutofthemeterelectronically.
On-goingwork
Thetechnicalspecificationsofdataprotectionrequirementsforsmartmetergatewayarenotcomplete23.
TheprocessisletbyBSI(FederalOfficeforInformationSecurity).ThetechnicalbodyforrelatedstandardsofmeteringisDKE/K46124.
4.1.3 Dataprotection
The Federal Data Protection Act (Bundesdatenschutzgesetz) adopted in 18 May 2001, published in the
BundesgesetzblattINr.23/2001,page904on22May2001.
22 https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/messbg/BJNR203410016.html23 https://www.bsi.bund.de/DE/Themen/DigitaleGesellschaft/SmartMeter/UebersichtSP-TR/uebersicht_node.html24 https://www.dke.de/de/ueber-uns/dke-organisation-auftrag/dke-fachbereiche/dke-
gremium?id=2000162&type=dke%7Cgremium#
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ThepurposeandscopeofthisactisspecifiedinSection1.Itstatesthatthe“Actshallapplytothecollection,
processinganduseofpersonaldata”tothe“publicbodiesoftheFederation”andtothe“publicbodiesof
theLänder(states)insofarasdataprotectionisnotgovernedbyLandlegislationandinsofarasthey(a)executefederallawor(b)actasbodiesofthejudicatureandarenotdealing.”TheActshallapplyalsotothe
“privatebodiesinsofarastheyprocessorusedatainorfromdatafilesinthenormalcourseofbusinessor
forprofessionalorcommercialpurposes.”With“personaldata”ismeant“anyinformationconcerningthepersonalormaterialcircumstancesofanidentifiedoridentifiableindividual(thedatasubject)”(section3).
Furtherinsection3by“Collection”ismeant“theacquisitionofdataonthedatasubject,by“Processing”
“thestorage,modification,communication,blockinganderasureofpersonaldata”,and“anyutilizationof
personaldataotherthanprocessing”ismeantby“use”.
As the FederalRepublicofGermany is a federationof 16 states, andall of themwith theirownoriginal
sovereignrightsand legislativeresponsibilities, thereexistsapatchworkof lawsandregulationscovering
dataprotectioninthese16GermanstateswhichworkalongsidetheFederalDataProtectionAct2001.A
numberof different authorities responsible formaking sure the complianceof data protection laws andregulation are present in Germany, this resulting from the division of the supreme power of the State
between the federal and the state governments. The States are responsible for the data protection
supervision in theprivate sector, except the telecommunicationsandpostal services companies that are
monitoredbythefederalgovernment,andmoreconcretelybytheFederalDataProtectionCommissioner.In fact, the states have no uniform system concerning the private sector supervision as the supervisory
functionsareperformedbydifferentauthoritiesindifferentstates.Concerningthepublicsectorinthestates,
supervisionofcompliancewithdataprotectionisunderstategovernmentresponsibilitywhichhasassignedthis function to independent supervisory authorities (data protection commissioners). The Federal Data
Protection Commissioner is responsible for monitoring the compliance of data protection laws and
regulationsbythefederalauthoritiesandotherpublicbodiesunderthefederalgovernmentcontrol.
4.2 Spain
4.2.1 Progresswithsmartmetering
Around50%ofresidentialhouseholdsareequippedwithsmart-metering.Therolloutofthesmartmeters
in Spain will be completed by the end of December 2018. The progress also applies to non-residential
buildings.
Spainisonlyoneoffivecountrieswhichofferreal-timepricing.Around25-50%ofallhouseholdsincuretheir
supply charges based on hourly pricing. Since October 2015, Spanish household consumers on Precio
voluntarioalpequenoconsumidor(PVPC)whoareequippedwithsmartmetersarebilledbasedonmeteredhourlyconsumption.FormoredetailsonPVPC,seeCasestudy3inthe2015MMR.25Furthermore,general
time-of-usetariffsareusedbylessthan25%ofcustomers.Asforgas,overall,lessthan25%usetime-of-use
pricing.
25ACER(2015)MarketMonitoringReport2014-ELECTRICITYANDGASRETAILMARKETS
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4.2.2 Smartmeteringregulation
TheSpanishRegulationsRealDecreto216/2014andResolución6203/2015settheframeworkforDSOswhen
itcomestoconsumptioninformation(hourlyloadprofiles)tobeprovidedtheendusers(lessthan15kWofcontractedpower).From1stOctober2015,DSOsarerequiredtopublishthehourlyloadprofilesandtraders
tobill theircustomersaccording to thehourly loadprofiles, if customersalreadyhave their smartmeter
integratedinthesmartmetersystem.
EachDSOalsoprovidesawebsitethatallowstocustomersconnectedtoitsdistributionnetworktoconsultand download their hourly load profiled (once billed). These load profiles are sent daily to traders, and
customers are billed monthly according to their consumption profile. The format could support any
granularity,besidethehourlyused.
DSOsalsoprovidethepossibilitytocustomerstodownloadinflat-fileformatCSVandExcel,theloadprofile
madeavailabletothetraderforbillingpurposes.Thefileisaccompaniedbyagraphrepresentingthehourly
dataforthebillingperiod.ThefileformattobeusedisuniqueforallDSOsinSpainandisspecifiedinthe
regulation.MeteringdatafromsmartmetersisstoredintheDSO’smeteringmanagementsystem.
TheDSOssendthedatatotradersthroughsecureFTP.Traderscanonlyaccesstheircustomers’
data.Accesstonon-customers’dataispossibleonlyuponexplicitconsent.
4.2.3 Dataprotection
PersonalDataProtectionLaw(1999)ORGANICLAW15/1999of13DecemberontheProtectionofPersonalData(Organiclaw15/99)
TheprotectionofpersonaldataisenshrinedintheSpanishConstitutionthroughArticle18.4whichrequires
thatthelawshallrestricttheuseofdatainordertoprotectthehonourandthepersonalandfamilyprivacy
ofSpanishcitizens,aswellasthefullexerciseoftheirrights.ThisprovisionwasfurtherdevelopedbyOrganicLaw5/1992ontheRegulationoftheAutomaticProcessingofPersonalData,asamendedbyOrganicLaw
15/1999 on the Protection of Personal Data. This law corresponds to European legislation. In the Royal
Decree1720/2007,theRuleDevelopmentofPersonalDataProtectionLawisapproved.ThisDecreeaimsat
regulatingpossiblerisksofPersonaldatatreatment.
Safetyofmedicalinformation41/2002
Inlaw41/2002thesafetyofmedicalinformationissetout.Itstatesthat:“HealthCentresmustestablishan
activeanddiligentmechanismtosafeguardmedicalrecords”
RoyalDecree994/199
Thislawmightalsoberelevantasalegislationdealingwithsafetyandsecurityofmedicalandpersonaldata.
Itstatesthatdatabasesthatcontainmedicalandpersonaldatamustbegivenmaximumsecurity
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4.3 UnitedKingdom
4.3.1 Progresswithsmartmetering
The rollout is tobe finalisedby2020.Nationaldatadoesonlydividebetweendomestic (residential)and
smallernon-domesticinstallations.
Asat31December2016therewere923,600(207,900gasand715,700electricity)nondomesticsmartand
advancedmetersoperatinginsmartmodeorwithadvancedfunctionalitybybothlargeandsmallenergysuppliers.Thisrepresentsoveronequarterofallnon-domesticmeterscurrentlyinoperation.
According to the Smart Meters, Quarterly Report to end December 2016 (30 March 2017), that as at
December2016thereare4,947,000smartmetersinstalledandoperatingindomesticpropertiesacrossthe
UK.Thereare923,600nondomesticsmartmetersinoperationtoo.Thereforethereareover5.87millionsmartmetersinoperationinhomesandbusinessesbylargeandsmallsuppliersacrosstheUK.
Real-timepricingandcriticalpeakpricingappliestoasmallerproportionofhouseholdsintheUK(<25%).As
forgas,variousmethodsareusedforpricing.Mostdominantistime-of-usepricingwithashareof25-50%.
Other methods with less than 25% are critical peak, hourly real time, dynamic network pricing andinterruptiblenetworktariff.
4.3.2 Smartmeteringregulation
SinceApril 2011, theDepartment for Energy andClimateChange (DECC) (nowDepartment forBusiness,
EnergyandIndustrialStrategy,BEIS)hasbeendirectlyresponsibleformanagingtheimplementationofthesmartmeterprogramme.OfgemhasbeenprovidingDECC/BEISwithindependentregulatoryadviceand
expertise.Ofgemhasalsotakenonadditionalregulatoryfunctionstosupportsmartmetering.Ofgemwill
continue to takeonnew functions, including regulationof thenewData andCommunicationsCompany
(DCC).
ThroughtheSmartMeteringImplementationProgrammeandconsistentwiththeUKGovernment’sbroader
“midata”initiative,arrangementshavebeenputinplacetoenabledomesticconsumerstoeasilyaccesstheir
ownenergyconsumptiondata.Abroadinformation(SMARTEnergyGB)hasstartedin2015inLeicester26.
IntheUKtheSmartMeteringProgrammeisbeingdeliveredintwokeystages.Afoundationstageandamain
installationstage.IntheUK,installersareresponsibleforplanninganddeliveringtherolloutofsmartmeters
as best suits their business needs and the needs of their customers. The only condition specified by
Governmentisthattherolloutiscompletedby2020.ThenumberofinstallationsaremonitoredbyBEIS,howeversomefluctuationininstallationsisexpectedacrossperiods.
Consumerswillbeabletoaccesstheirownenergyconsumptiondatathrough:
• TheirIn-HomeDisplay(offeredtoallhouseholdsfreeofcharge)innearrealtime;• TheconnectionofadditionaldevicestoaHomeAreaNetworkaspartoftheirsmartmeteringsystem;• Requestinginformationfromtheirsupplier;
26 https://www.smartenergygb.org/en/about-smart-meters/what-is-a-smart-meter
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• Authorised third party organisations (such as switching websites) to access their consumptioninformationdirectlyfromtheirsmartmetersviatheDataandCommunicationsCompany(DCC).
Inordertoprotectconsumerinterestswhilstenablingproportionateaccesstodatabyenergysuppliersand
others,aDataAccessandPrivacyFrameworkhasbeenestablished.ThecentralprincipleofthisFramework
isthatdomesticconsumerswillhavecontroloverhowtheirenergyconsumptiondataisused,exceptwhere
thisisrequiredforbillingorotherregulatedpurposes.
Datacanbeaccessedbyauthorisedparties(subjecttoconsumerconsent)directlyfromthesmartmetering
interfaceinthepremisesorthroughtheDataandCommunicationsCompany(DCC).Thesolutionsavailable
addressboth“downloadmydata”and“sharemydata”.
Inadditiontoenergysuppliersandnetworkoperators,authorisedthirdpartiesof theDCC,suchaspricecomparison websites, home automation services and energy efficiency advice providers (as well as
prospective suppliers). These third party usersmust obtain the explicit consent of the consumer before
accessingtheirconsumptiondatathroughtheDCC.
In order to protect consumer interestswhilst enabling proportionate access to data, a Data Access and
PrivacyFrameworkhasbeenestablished.ThecentralprincipleofthisFrameworkisthatdomesticconsumers
willhavecontroloverhowtheirenergyconsumptiondataisused,exceptwherethisisrequiredforbillingor
otherregulatedpurposes.
The local interface to themeter is standardized (ZigBeeSmartEnergy).Consumers can requestup to24
months of detailed energy consumption information directly from their energy supplier. Where such a
request is made, the information must be provided to the consumer free of charge and in a readily
understandableformat.
Smartmetersstore13monthsofhalfhourlydataforelectricityandgas.Mostenergysuppliersrollingout
smartmetersoffertheabilitytoviewthedataontheirwebsite.30minutes’dataisavailableremotely,while
10seconds(electricityonly)isavailableviathesmartmeter.
Informationcanbeavailableonrealtimeorupdatedeveryday,dependingontheenergysupplier,customerpropositionandwhethertheaccessisgrantedviaanapporthewebpage.
TheDCCisresponsibleforlinkingsmartmetersinhomesandsmallbusinesseswiththesystemsofenergy
suppliers, network operators and energy service companies. DCC will develop and deliver the data andcommunicationsservicethroughexternalproviders.
DECCgrantedtheDCClicencetoSmartDCCLtd,asubsidiaryofCapitaplcwitheffectfrom23September
2013.TheSmartEnergyCodeisanewindustrycodeandsetsoutthetermsfortheprovisionoftheDCC’s
servicesandspecifiesotherprovisionstogoverntheend-to-endmanagementofsmartmetering.Likeotherindustrycodes,Ofgemisresponsibleforapprovinganymodificationstoensureconsumers’interestsremain
protected.
Somecustomershavehad smartmeters installedbefore the completionof thegovernment’s regulatory
frameworkforthesmartmeterroll-out.Wehaveputinplacemeasurestoprotectconsumerswhoreceivesmartmetersearly.Theseincludemeasuresto:
D4.1Overviewofsmartmetering EDI-Net30.04.2017 695916
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• supporteffectiveswitchingfordomesticconsumersthathavesmartmetersinstalled• strengthenexistingprotectionsfordomesticconsumers,especiallyvulnerableconsumers,inrelationto
disconnectionandtheuseofmetersoperatinginprepaymentmode
TheSmartMetering InstallationCodeofPractice(SMICoP) isan importantconsumerprotectionmeasure
duringtherolloutofsmartmeters,settingoutrulesandstandardsofconductforsuppliersinstallingsmartmeters.
4.3.3 Dataprotection
TheDataProtectionActof1998
TheEUDataProtectionDirective(DPD)wastransposedintonationallegislationbytheDataProtectionActof1998.Theactstipulatesgeneralrulesforprocessingofinformationrelatingtoindividuals,includingthe
obtaining,holding,useordisclosureofsuchinformation.Vitalsignsdataisclassifiedas"sensitivepersonal
data"(section1)."Dataprotectionprinciples"aresetoutinSchedule1(section4).AsinDPD,"Processing"includesanystorage("holding")ortransmission;thedatadonothavetobemanipulatedfortheiruseto
qualifyas"processing".Schedule1specifiesthefirstsuchdataprotectionprinciple,forthecaseofsensitive
personaldata,as"Personaldata...shallnotbeprocessedunless...atleastoneoftheconditionsinSchedule
2ismet,and...atleastoneoftheconditionsinSchedule3isalsomet."Schedule2allowsprocessingunderatleastthreecircumstances;processingisallowedif
Thedatasubjecthasgivenhisconsenttotheprocessing.
Theprocessingisnecessary
• fortheperformanceofacontracttowhichthedatasubjectisaparty,or...
• inordertoprotectthevitalinterestsofthedatasubject."
Schedule3allowsprocessingifconsentisobtainedi.e.ifthedatasubjecthasgivenhisexplicitconsenttothe
processingofthepersonaldata.Soinsummary,theActallowstransmissionandstorageofvitalsignsandthereforevitalsignstriagebyanyone,giventheclient'sconsent.Schedule2alsoallowsprocessingif"6(1)
... necessary for ... legitimate interests pursuedby the data controller ... exceptwhere the processing is
unwarranted"andallowstheSecretaryofStatetospecifywhatthismeans.HowevertheDataProtectionAct
of1998coverspersonaldatatoalargeextent.Inrelationtodataonenergyconsumptioninbuildingsetc.there are 2 further pieces of legislation: The Freedom of Information Act 2000 and the Environmental
InformationRegulations2004.