energy demand and resource assessment study in medadumbara divisional secretariat%2c sri lanka

7/26/2019 Energy Demand and Resource Assessment Study in Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat%2C Sri Lanka.

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June 2011

Energy Demand And Resource

Assessment Study In Medadumbara

Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka

Working Paper

Prepared for PISCES by Practical Action Consulting in South East Asia

October 2013


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2 Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka

Although this research is funded by PISCES, the views expressed in

it are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent

the views or policies of PISCES. Subsequently any discussion of the

reports content should be addressed to the authors and not to PISCES.

Author Prof. Anoja Wickramasinghe

Contributors: Namiz Musafer

Editors: Lakmalee Gunaratne, Hannah Wanjiru, Ewan Bloomfield

(All images by Practical Action unless otherwise stated)

2014, Practical Action Consulting, UK

Contents

1 Introduction 4

2 Assessment Methodology 52.1 Project briefing 6

2.2 Selection of Grama Niladari Divisions (GNDs) 72.2.1 Assessment Approach and Process 7

2.3 Survey Units 8

2.4 Data Collection 9

3 Assessment Results 113.1 Demographic Features of the Units 11

3.2 Employment Status, Sources & Income 11

3.3 Current Energy Demand 12

3.4 Energy Demand for Cooking 14

3.4.1 Fuel-wood Sources 14

3.4.2 Biomass Resources 16

3.4.3 Travel Distance & the Time Spent In Securing Fuel-Wood 18

3.4.3 Processing & Storing 19

3.5 LPG & Kerosene 20

3.6 Livestock- A Potential Source For Bio-Energy 20

3.7 Species Of Liquid Bio-Fuel Potentials 21

3.8 Electricity Lighting & Other Services 21

3.9 Solar Energy Use 22

3.10 Industrial Energy Use 22

4 Conclusions 23


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Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka 3

Glosssary

DFID Department for International Development

GND Grama Niladari Division

ICS Improved Cookstoves

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

PISCES Policy Innovation System for Clean Energy SecurityRPC Research Programme Consortium

SLSEA Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority (SLSEA)

Foreword

Policy Innovation Systems for Clean Energy Security (PISCES) is a Research

Programme Consortium (RPC) funded by the United Kingdoms Department for

International Development (DFID). Its implemented internationally through five core

partners in India, Sri Lanka, Kenya and Tanzania, along with a range of associate

institutions and high-level Consortium Advisory Group (CAG). The idea behind the

PISCES project is to generate new knowledge on bioenergy that policy makers use to

formulate or enhance respective national policies and strategies on bioenergy.

This working paper presents a brief description of grassroots-level energy demand

and resource assessment that was carried out in the Medadumbara Divisional

Secretariat area between June and August 2010.

Acknowledgements

This research was carried out by Practical Action Consulting in South East Asia led by

Eng Namiz Musafer and Prof. Wickramasinghe in close collaboration with PAC team.

Special thanks also go to Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority (SLSEA) staff that

was instrumental during the research and follow up.


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1. Introduction

This study was commissioned under Policy Innovation Systems for Clean Energy

Security (PISCES) project, implemented by Practical Action Consulting Sri Lanka (PAC

SL) and the Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority (SLSEA).

This brief report summarizes the grassroots-level energy demand and resourceassessment study that was carried out in the Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat area

between June and August 2010. A field study was commissioned in order to collect

grassroots level data on bio energy resources. The data was used to model the Energy

Demand & Resources in Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat Area. This working paper

is meant to assist policy makers and practitioners to effectively and efficiently use the

available bio-energy resources in their future energy plans.

This document presents a brief description of the field investigations, data collected

and the conclusions drawn. Primary data was collected to present and capture the

current scenario and give an accurate assessment of the energy demand and bio

energy resources.

The following illustration, Figure 1 highlights the range of research methods used in

data collection.

Figure 1: Methodology and the procedure followed by this study

Consultation/Awareness

Inventory

Survey

Discussions

Observations

Current Scenario

Demography

Livelihood, Income,

Forms of Energy,

Consumption, Access,

Cost & Use of

Resources

Modelling

Energy Planning


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2. Assessment Methodology

The existing administrative government framework was selected for the collection,

storage, analysis and modeling of the available bio-energy data. The aim of the study

was to influence policy makers in Sri Lanka on grassroots level energy planning

and develop a methodology that can be replicated in future studies. To ensure a

representative region, the lowest level administrative division, the Grama NiladariDivision (GND), was chosen as the study unit.

2.1 Project briefing

The first step of the data collection process was to raise project awareness through

consultation with local authorities. A 2-day consultation workshop was conducted,

led by the Divisional Secretary of the Medadumbara Division.Participants included

the grass root level administrative officers in Sri Lanka known as Grama Niladari

Officers from 93 Divisions and the national and provincial level officers from the energy

sector who gave highlights on the current energy crisis, the role of renewable energy

and a methodology for gathering information for energy planning at grassroot level

in Sri Lanka. The participants provided information related to the local conditions of

the GNDs e.g energy access, consumption patterns and resource availability. This

information was then tabulated and used to select the three field survey GNDs, as

described in Table 1.

2.2 Selection of GramaNiladari Divisions (GNDs)

The GNDs that were included in the

detailed study were selected using theinformation provided by the Grama

Niladari Officers at the workshop. The 93

GNDs of the Medadumbara Division were

ranked with reference to geographical

variation and the availability of secondary

information on local conditions. Four

parameters were used representing local

conditions as follows:

Location (i.e. their remoteness)

Recorded number of households

Terrain conditions

Availability and use of various

biomass producing systems

The aim of this ranking was to select the GNDs with the best combination of the four

parameters which will aid understanding energy use and user patterns depending on

available energy sources. Following this assessment, the three divisions ranking thehighest - Galambalama, Maharawela and Udatenna were selected for the survey. The

three divisions are shown in Figure 2. Galambalama represents relatively low terrain

conditions with a wide range of biomass producing systems. Maharawela represents


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moderate terrain conditions and is located in the interior area. Udatenna represents

steeply sloping terrain conditions with roadside settlements.

2.2.1 Assessment Approach and Process

The Grama Niladari Officers were informed about the selections, who in turn informed

the communities involved, the research team was introduced to the villagers and thekey informants.

The two methods used for data collection were:

Household survey using a questionnaire

Participatory methods

The participatory approach was achieved through discussions and the respondents

we able to share scenarios and their experiences. The respondents were also

sensitized on the importance of the resource assessment exercise.

Two to three members from each household unit were involved in the discussions

related to the questionnaire. The discussions within the households allowed the

respondents to agree, accept and verify the information. This approach assured

reliability of the data collected. In addition to filling out the form, additional information

that was provided was recorded by the field team. Field mapping was carried out by

to get a broader understanding of the sources of bio-energy, the supply of sources /

production distribution and the available species distribution.

2.3 Survey Units

Once the Grama Niladari Divisions (GNDs) were identified (i.e., Maharawela, Udatenna

and Galambalama), household questionnaire were administered. The data captured

included the energy demand / current energy usage, the local context (including the

population dynamics influencing it), and the energy sources & resources of the area.

The information was gathered to enhance an understanding for modeling the existing

situation which would be tested and used for energy planning.

The field survey covered all the registered occupational and operational units of each

GND these included households, shops and small businesses - totaling 562 units. Of

which 160 were located in Galambalama; 183 in Maharawela and 219 in Udatenna.

Field data was collected from each individual operational unit focusing on energy

demand & consumption, use of energy resources and other important factors such

as socio-economics. A database was established by entering the data of each

household using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software. The

households were the functional units or the points for reference and analysis. In the

database, data on socio-economic, population, livelihoods, energy use and sources

used were compiled for further analysis. The data was then aggregated to provide a

better understanding of the total situation related to population, land area, access to

modern energy carriers, etc of each GND under study.


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2.4 Data Collection

The questionnaire was designed to focus on the below key areas as per Table 1

Table 1: Overview Of The Focus Areas, Nature Of Information And Input For Energy Planning And Assessment

Focus Areas Nature Of Information) Input for Assessment/Planning

Type Of The Functional Unit Location Size

Type

Reference Point

Demography Population

Composition

Education

Income

Driving Forces Influencing the

Energy Demand & Use

Household Dynamics /

Functional Unit

Age

Gender

Skills

Nature Of Occupation

Livelihood

Driving Forces Influencing the

Energy Demand & Use

Energy Forms & Use Cooking Energy- Biomass

LPG

Kerosene

Electricity & Use

Current Scenario on the

Available Forms of Energy &

Their Use

Devices & Household Appliances Technology

Energy Consumption

Energy Demand, Efficiency &

Multiple Use

Biomass Combustion Technology

Consumption

Type Of Cookers / Stoves

Efficiency, Consumption &

Conservation

Biomass Sources Types Of Sources

Area Extent

Amounts Obtained From Own,

Other Sources & Market

Cost Of Biomass/Income

Derived From Biomass

Distance To Sources

Types Of Biomass Derived

Local Production, Resource

Potentials, Availability, Demand,

& Market Options

Lighting Sources Forms

Access

Consumption

Cost

End-Use Devices

Demand for Various Forms

Electric Appliances Types Used

Electricity Consumption

Cost

Demand by Multiple Services

Energy Use In Production /

Cottage Industry

Nature Of Activities

Forms Of Energy Consumption

By Types Of Production

Amount Used, Cost

Demand for Energy for

Remunerative Activities/ Motive

Power

Transport Energy Types Of Transport/ Modes

Forms Of Energy Used

Frequency Of Use

Cost

Demand for Transport Energy/

Service

Biomass Resources Types

Species Used

Distribution

Production

Assessment of Resources &

Distribution

Local Resources With Energy

Potentials- For Hydro, Biogas/

Bio-energy Development

(Livestock, Farm Residues,

Secondary Materials From SawMills, Rice Mills, Plantations )

Nature/ Types

Size Of The Resource

Raw Material Output/Production

Potential Energy Resource

Assessment


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A wide range of methods including interviews, focus group discussions, and key

informant discussions were used as participatory discussions to obtain information.

Experiences, knowledge and issues of common concern of the functional units, village

leaders and officers were captured. Discussion groups consisted of approximately

8-10 individuals of each GND. These groups were organized by the key informants

from small settlements identified at the field. Focus groups consisted of people who

had similar interest or were engaged in similar activities. For instance:

80% of the focus groups engaged in discussions were women who used fuel wood.

Approximately 74% of the shopkeepers engaged in discussions were men.

The pottery group consisted of 60% women & 40% men.

Key informants including biomass producers, suppliers to the market, village

leaders, elderly and the officers working in the area.

Field observations carried out by the team were used to clarify some of the information

provided by the respondents and to better explain some of the realities of the GNDs which

were not captured through the questionnaire survey. These included observations on the

types of biomass; storage / processing of biomass and nature of production activities.

An inventory was produced by the field team in collaboration with the respondents to

record the key sources of fuel-wood, types available in the gardens of households,

hedges, common lands etc. These details were then used to confirm the lists of

sources and the names of the species mentioned by the survey respondents.

3. Assessment Results

3.1 Demographic Features of the Units

The total number of registered household units covered during the survey was 562

units; 160 units from Galambalama, 183 units from Maharawela and 219 units from

Udatenna.

This included 691 families within the 562 units; 440 (78%), were nuclear units, i.e.,

single units consisting of parents and children and the remaining 22% consisted of

either extended family units or a combination of small business operations.

The total population consisted of 2303 people - 1162 males and 1141 females with

an average of 4 persons per unit.

Within the three divisions, an average unit consisted of 4-5 members with the age

spanning between 16-65 years.

Table 2: Demographic Structure (%) of the Surveyed Units

Category Galambalama Maharawela Udatenna

1-3 Member Units 36 33 30

4-5 Memb888er Units 48 53 59



Total 100 100 100

AGE-Below 15 Yrs 23 27 25

16-65 Yrs 72 65 69

Over 65 Yrs 05 08 06

Total 100 100 100


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3.2 Employment Status, Sources & Income

The working age population of the area was distributed across a wide range of

employment. Despite the variations in the 3 GNDs, majority of the population was

engaged in formal and domestic work with farming being the least popular livelihood.

The income of the units was derived from multiple sources - most of which wereirregular and inconsistent. The most significant contribution comes from formal work,

self-employment and non-farm work.

Income variation among the households was also quite wide:

4% of units received less than LKR10,000 (LKR -Sri Lankan Rupees) per month

Approximately 48% received between LKR10,000- LKR25,000 per month

36% received between LKR25,000- LKR50,000 per month

12% received between LKR50,000- LKR 100,000 per month

Table 3: Percentage Distribution of Employed Persons by Categories

3.3 Current Energy Demand

Energy demand is heavily influenced by two crucial areas - cooking and lighting.

The two forms of energy that dominated current energy consumption were biomass

for cooking and electricity for lighting. The energy uses of these two purposes were

rather multifaceted due to the variations associated with the sources.

The form of energy used in cooking was primarily biomass (i.e. wood), but included

other forms like electricity, LPG and Kerosene. More than half of the units in

Galambalama & Maharawela and nearly all units in Udatenna used electricity for

cooking rice and boiling water with rice cookers and electric kettles or immersion

heaters respectively. LPG was also used by some for cooking and boiling water.

Kerosene was used only by a few units.

Solid biomass was the main source of fuel used for cooking for:

99% of the surveyed units in Galambalama

97% in Maharawela 96% in Udatenna.

Category Galambalama Maharawela Udatenna

Farm Work 01 03 00

Non-Farm Wage Work 13 04 06

Formal 16 23 28

Domestic 28 19 26

Business/ Enterprise 02 03 02

Self-Employed 05 04 04

Foreign Employment 05 01 01

Other 30 43 33


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Majority in Galambalama used a semi-circular stove while a majority in Maharawela

and Udatenna use improved cook stoves. The field observations revealed that there

was a huge inconsistency in using commercially sourced biomass due to recurring

increase in cost.

The demand for electricity was primarily for lighting and for using various household

appliances. In addition, electricity was used for recreational items and equipment thatsupplemented cooking. The demand for fossil fuels was associated primarily with

petrol and diesel which were used for transport and kerosene for lighting and cooking.

Table 4: Overview on the Form of Energy Use and the Services

3.4 Energy Demand for Cooking

3.4.1 Fuel-wood Sources

The information on sources used by the households show that most of the

respondents used multiple fuel-wood sources (Table 5). The most widely used

fuel-wood sources were obtained from their own land, land which dont belong to

them and fuel-wood bought commercially at markets. Other sources providing fuel-

wood included private land, state-owned land (such as reservations and riverside

vegetation), forests and road side vegetation.

The total volume of monthly fuel-wood consumption in Galambalama was 344m3;442m3 in Maharawela, and 356m3 in Udatenna. In Galambalama and Udatenna most

of the fuel-wood consumed were gathered from their own land. In Maharawela it was

sourced from the market.

Form Of Energy,

Usage And ServicesGalambalama Maharawela Udatenna

Cooking Sources No. of units No. of units No. of units

Grid-Electricity

(Rice Cookers &

Water Boiling)

86/160 103/183 217/219

LPG 54 16 45Kerosene 03 03 00

Biomass 158 178 210

Improved Cook

Stoves

57/160 126/183 88/219

Semi-Circular * 96 51 122

Three Stone

Hearth

04 01 00

Gassifier 01 00 00

Lighting

Electricity 145 158 198Kerosene 15 25 21

Transport

Foot-Cycles 06 01 00

Other- Vehicles

(Petrol/Diesel)

45 31 47


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Nevertheless, a high variation existed in the behavioural pattern associated with

the use of these supply sources for fuel-wood. Many households depended on a

combination of sources. For instance:

In Galambalama out of the 158 units using fuel-wood, 39% used other sources;

62% used own sources and 40% used commercial sources.

In Maharawela out of the 178 units using fuel-wood 43% used sources other than

their own; 53% used own sources and 65 used the market.

In Udatenna out of the 210 units using fuel-wood, 18% used other sources; 82%

used own sources and 28% used market sources as well.

It should be noted that householders were unable to provide quantitative information

on the share of fuel-wood gathered from each source or the types of fuel-wood that

they gather from these sources.

According to the survey the actual number using other sources is 61 in Galambalama,

77 in Maharawela and 38 in Udatenna. The number using their own lands is 98, 95, and

172; and market sources were used by 63, 115 and 58 units of the respective GNDs.

Vendors, village producers and saw mills were the three market sources being used.

Branch-wood and twigs are the most widely used fuel-wood types in all three GNDs.

Field information revealed that these three sources were used in supplying branch-

wood. All the the twigs were sourced from their own land.

Percentage Share (%)Galambalama

(158 Units Use Fuel-wood)

Maharawela(178 Units Use Fuel-wood)

Udatenna(210 Units Use Fuel-wood)

Other sources 39% 39% 18%

01-30% 28 28 18

30-60% 36 36 42

60- 90% 28 28 26

Over 90% 08 08 13

Volume derived per

month (m3)

74 74 46

Own sources 62 % 62 % 82%

01-30% 19 19 08

30-60% 21 21 22

60-90% 17 17 03

Over 90% 42 42 67

Volume derived per

month (m3)

155 155 233

Market sources 40 % 40 % 28 %

01-30% 08 08 07

30- 60% 25 25 38

60-90% 24 24 26

Over 90% 43 43 29

Volume derived per

month (m3)

115 115 78

Table 5: Percentage of Fuel Wood Coming From Main Sources


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Further analysis revealed that in Galambalama, saw-mills provided around 73%

of the market fuel-wood, but in Maharawela & Udatenna the villagers provided

87% and 76% respectively. Fuel-wood stocks were purchased monthly by 68% in

Galambalama, 96% in Maharawela and 74% in Udatenna.

3.4.2 Biomass Resources

The resources providing raw materials for energy generation are varied and diverse.

They are influenced by local conditions such as; whether the area is under forest

& vegetation cover, land use & land husbandry practices, composition & structure,

characteristics of trees and the extent of land under various types of crops/trees/

plantations.

Biomass resources from gardens and hedges of households were widely used by all

units covered in this study. A common feature across all 562 units was that they all

had household gardens. Nevertheless, the area extent of most of them was rather

small. For example, the average area extent of household gardens less than 0.5 acres

of extent was nearly 93% in Galambalama, 78% in Maharawela and 77% in Udatenna.

The most promising sources of biomass resources of the surveyed units were the

household gardens and hedges. In household gardens, the most widespread fuel-

wood options were gliricidia, coconut, jackfruit and mango. In Galambalama and

Maharawela, majority of the surveyed units use gliricidia wood for fuel and the rest use

either branch wood from jack fruit or coconut. In Udatenna the majority use coconut

wood while the rest rely on either gliricidia or branch wood from jackfruit.

The surveyed units tend to use all woody perennials available in their land. The

information provided in Table 6 illustrates the key fuel-wood species for local

consumption and their corresponding volume of annual production. Gliricidia is the

most densely established species, and produces a large volume of fuel-wood annually.

Coppicing at regular intervals enables a consistent supply that can be sustained

throughout the year. This indicates the importance of management practices in

assessing the annual output.

The supply of fuel-wood from other land sources was inconsistent and occasional.

Fuel-wood was also collected from roadside trees like gliricidia, jack, mara and

coconut were all used.

The use of gliricidia by the households was consistent across all three areas, as

shown in Table 7.Biomass residues are a source of raw material used for energy

generation. The residues derived from coconut palms and coconut shells are used as

a supplementary source. The usage of coconut residues was as follows; 131 surveyed

units in Galambalama, 177 units in Maharawela and 204 units in Udatenna. With

regard to coconut shells, a total of 4,588 shells were being used per month by 148

units in Galambalama, 4,623 shells were being used by 183 units in Maharawela and

5,943 shells were being used by 204 units in Udatenna.


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Table 6: The Occurrence of Certain Key Species in Household Gardens & Hedges

3.4.3 Travel Distance & the Time Spent In Securing Fuel-Wood

Distance travelled per week and the time spent in getting fuel-wood are important

proxy indicators reflecting the availability, the opportunity cost and the labour

associated with acquiring it.

The data collected highlighted that in Galambalama, 95% of the fuel-wood had to be

transported from less than 1km and the remaining 5% within 1-2km. In Maharawela43% of fuel-wood required transport of less than 1km, 29% between 1-2km and 27%

required a distance of more than 2km. In Udatenna approximately 50% of the fuel-wood

required transportation of less than 1km, with the other half transported within 1-2 km.

Table 7: Number of Households Using Major Species

SpeciesGalambalamaNo. of trees

Galambalama

Annual volumeM3/ yr

Maharawela

No. of trees

Maharawela

Annual volumeM3/ yr

Udatenna

No. of trees

Udatenna

Annual volumeM3/ y

Gliricidia 43920 628 29172 289 20169 693

Jack 401 106 551 97 190 271

Coconut 289 134 639 182 1075 525

Mango 127 43 160 09 412 133Gansooriya 76 18 06 - 36 02

Hapu 46 4.5 1359 38 81 15

Coffee 370 34 00 - 190 08

Kenda 109 28 158 53 159 63

Kududawla 30 07 226 05 124 29

Hawarinuga 49 13 52 05 03 05

Pihimbiya 16 05 146 - 69 10

Lunumidella 38 19 06 - 139 55

Alipera 25 2.5 42 01 58 11

Species Galambalama Maharawela Udatenna

Mango 00 03 09

Gliricidia 38 14 15

Lantana 23 22 02

Hapu - - 10

Godapara - - 08Jack 28 - 12

Mara 08 - 11

Kenda - - 01

Kududawla - - 01

Pihimbiya - - -

Coconut 27 - 11

Yoda-nidikumba 14 14 -


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In all three divisions, majority of the units who gathered fuel-wood from their own

sources spent less than 3 hours a week while the remainder spent 3-5 hours a week

acquiring it.

A similar pattern is noted in the collection of fuel-wood from land owned by the others.

In Galambalama and Udatenna the majority collecting fuel wood from other sources

spent less than 3 hours a week while the rest took 3 to 4 hours a week. However, inMaharawela the opposite was noted.

The survey showed that the time spent in procuring fuel-wood varied spatially and

also in relation to the source. Less number of hours and short travel distances

indicated that the supply of fuel-wood within close proximity, i.e. local sources,

maintaining a low opportunity cost.

3.4.3 Processing & Storing

Processing of fuel-wood is an important element of maximising biomass energy. Sun

drying prior to use, splitting and cross cutting is all processes influenced by the type

of fuel-wood and prevailing weather conditions.

Almost all units across the three divisions sun dried the firewood prior to use.

Between 81%-98% split fuel-wood prior to use. Storage took place in 52% in

Galambalama, 60% in Maharawela and 70% in Udatenna.

3.5 LPG & Kerosene

Both LPG and Kerosene are commercially available varieties of energy essentially

used for cooking and lighting requirements.

The average monthly consumption of LPG was less than 10kg used by 46 units

in Galambalama, 12 units in Maharawela, and 44 units in Udatenna. The average

monthly cost of LPG was noted as LKR 821 in Galambalama, LKR655 in Maharawela

and LKR597 in Udatenna.

Due to occasional use, the monthly kerosene consumption in these areas was rather

low. The total consumption per month was 203 bottles in Galambalama, 316 bottles in

Maharawela and 204 bottles in Udatenna. Single burner kerosene cookers were used

in two households in Galambalama and three in Maharawela. The average monthly

costs were LKR 1,364 in Galambalama and LKR 333 in Maharawela.

In Galambalama, households using kerosene for cooking did not use biomass as a

supplementary source. Hence, the cost was relatively higher than that in Maharawela

where biomass was used as a supplementary.

Field information revealed that kerosene was available for purchase within a relatively

small distance as compared to LPG. In Galambalama, 67% of the consumers

purchased kerosene in less than 0.5 Km distance. The gure is 98% in Maharawelaand 100% in Udatenna. In contrast 83% of LPG consumers in Galambalama and 70%

in Maharawela had the ability to purchase LPG within 0.8 to 1km distance, whereas in

Udatenna 80% purchased it within a 0.5km distance.


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3.6 Livestock- A Potential Source For Bio-Energy

The types of livestock reared in the area include buffaloes, cows, goats, pigs, and

poultry. Livestock rearing was not widespread and a substantial spatial disparity was

revealed in Table 8.

Table 8: A Brief Overview of the Livestock in each GNDs

* Un-bracketed figures refer to the number of households with animals. Bracketed figures refer to the total number of animals.

3.7 Species Of Liquid Bio-Fuel Potentials

The field survey revealed that species with bio fuel potentials were not grown in the

area. However, three biofuel potential species; Jatropha (nearly 72 trees), Neem (4

trees) and Karanda (10 trees) were found in Galambalama. None were recorded within

the other two GNDs.

3.8 Electricity Lighting & Other Services

All the surveyed units with electricity were grid connected. These consisted of 90%

of the units in Galambalama & Udatenna and 86% in Maharawela. Three phase

connections were noted as 3% at Galambalama, 0.5% at Maharawela and 6% at

Udatenna. All other connections were one phase. Various types of supplementary

sources such as battery torches, bottle lamps, chimney lamps and Patromax lamps

were also in use.

The total monthly electricity consumption was 10,785kWh in Galambalama,

10,523kWh in Maharawela and 18416kWh in Udatenna. The average monthly

utilization costs of electricity varied substantially within and between the three GNDs.

Variations were between LKR 160-LKR1528 in Galambalama, LKR81-LKR4000 in

Maharawela and LKR151and LKR3400 in Udatenna.

The monthly consumption of electricity was primarily for lighting. There were also

instances where electricity supplemented biomass-energy based cooking. The main

domestic appliances used included rice-cookers, electric kettles, immersion heaters,

refrigerators, blenders and irons. Electricity was widely used for telephone charging,

TVs, radio, and cassette-players. Highest consumption rates were recorded for

the use of refrigerators and TVs. For instance, the total monthly consumption for

refrigerators in Galambalama was 4831kWh, in Maharawela 4399kWh and in Udatenna10,935kWh. Consumption for TVs was recorded as 1071kWh in Galambalama,

927kWh in Maharawela and 121kWh in Udatenna.

Type Galambalama Maharawela Udatenna

Buffaloes - - 01 (03)

Dairy 04 (09) 06 (14) 01 (01)

Goats 09 (34) - ( - ) - ( - )

Pigs 01 (02) - ( - ) 02 (24)

Poultry 18 (1213) 01 (10) 01 (20)


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3.9 Solar Energy Use

Solar energy is a thermal energy resource widely used for drying crop harvests,

fuel-wood and in industries like bricks and pottery. Direct sun-drying is a traditional

practice and modern technologies like solar driers were not used in the surveyed

districts.

3.10 Industrial Energy Use

Energy used for industry/ production work was relatively insignificant. The types of

production work recorded in this survey are as per Table 9.

Table 9: Energy Demand for Industry

4. Conclusions

The socio-economic data generated from the Grassroots Level Energy Demand &

Resource Assessment Survey led to a statistical analysis and projection of energy

related parameters. Based on the outcomes of this survey and analysis, a simplified

2-page questionnaire was developed, which were printed by the Sri Lanka Sustainable

Energy Authority (SLSEA). It was decided that instead of deploying special teams

of data collectors, which would be costly and time consuming, the Medadumbara

Divisional Secretariat decided to conduct the survey of the entire division.

A basic understanding of the revised questionnaire was relayed to all the Grama

Niladaris - GNs officers, the grass root level administrative officers in Sri Lanka, and data

from nearly 18,000 households was then collected using the new questionnaire. Based

on the success of this intervention, the PISCES project, along with SLSEA, anticipates

the inclusion of several specific energy related data questions, which will also include

bioenergy, at the national level census which is likely to take place in the 2021.

In the 2011 census, there were only two questions related to energy (the main sourceof light and energy for cooking), which does not provide the required information

to the energy related decision makers. In addition, the Medadumbara Divisional

IndustryGalambalamaUnits & form

of energy

Consumption/Monthly

Cost/month Maharawela Consumption Cost

Carpentry 01- Manual -- -- 02-Electricity -- Rs. 1000--

Candle 01-fuelwood -- -- 00 -- --

Bakery 00 -- -- 01- fuel-wood 30 m3 15000-

Jaggery 01-fuel-wood 07m3 -- 00 -- --

Jewelery 01 fuel-wood -- -- 00 -- --

Sewing 03 Manual -- -- 03 Manual -- --

Pottery 00 -- -- 39 03.5 m3 1692

Food 02 fuel-wood01 LPG

-- --Rs.7160

00 -- --


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Secretary has also declared the division as an Energy Conservation Zone as part of

the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RE) programme which PISCES along

with SLSEA has been conducting with them since early 2012.

Data received from the grass root levels, and the biomass flow rate studies in

specified geographical boundaries of the provinces and assessments made from GIS

and digital maps are expected to significantly improve the assessment of biomassavailable and flows which will aid decision makers to make better informed decisions

and decentralised energy plan in the future.


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Policy Innovation Systems for Clean Energy Security

(PISCES)PISCES is a six-year research project funded by the Depart-

ment for International Development of the United Kingdom

(UK). Project implementation started in July 2007. Through

action research the project is increasing available knowledge

and understanding of policy relevant trade-offs between en-ergy, food and water security for livelihoods in relation to bio-

energy. PISCES is a Research Programme Consortium whose

members include African Centre for Technology Studies

(ACTS, lead) Kenya; Practical Action Consulting UK, Eastern

Africa, and Sri Lanka; the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanza-

nia; M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), India;

and the University of Edinburgh, UK. www.pisces.or.ke

Practical Action Consulting (PAC)For over 40 years, PAC has provided development consultan-

cy services as the consulting arm of the international NGO,Practical Action. PAC provides high quality, independent and

professional advice to governments, NGOs, aid agencies and

the private sector. We work worldwide from regional offices

in the UK, Eastern and Southern Africa, South Asia and Latin

America. Our vision is of a sustainable world free of poverty

and injustice in which technology is used for the benefit of all.

www.practicalaction.org/consulting

energy demand and resource assessment study in medadumbara divisional secretariat%2c sri lanka

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