energy economy of the cells glucose --- ready cash lipids --- savings account fatty acids (from...
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Energy economy of the cells
Glucose --- ready cashLipids --- savings account
Fatty acids (from triacylglycerols) catabolization Citric acid cycle ATP
Acetyl-CoA
synthesis
Lipids
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Catabolism of Lipids
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Phospholipiase D
in spider and snake venom
Lipid products of hydrolysis
Lyse red blood cells
Prevent clot formation
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Hormone-dependenthydrolysis of triacylglyerols
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The formation of an acetyl-CoA in cytosol(activation step requires two ATP)
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Role of carnitine in the transfer of acyl groups to the mitochondrial matrix
Carnitine translocase
Carnitine acyltransferase
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-oxidation of saturated fatty acids
One cycle:2 C shorten1 acetyl-CoA formed1 FADH2 formed1 NADH formed
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Degradation of stearic acid (18 C) through -oxidation
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The energy yield from the oxidation of fatty acids
CH3(CH2)16C-S-CoA + 8FAD + 8NAD+ + 8H2O + 8CoA-SH
9CH3-C-S-CoA + 8FADH2 + 8NADH + 8H+
O
O
9CH3-C-S-CoA + 9FAD + 27NAD + + 9GDP + 9Pi + 27 H2O 18CO2 + 9CoA-SH + 9FADH2 + 27NADH + 9GTP + 27H+
O
17FADH2 + 8.5O2 + 25.5ADP + 25.5Pi 17 FAD + 25.5 ATP + 17 H2O35NADH + 35H+ + 17.5 O2 + 87.5ADP + 87.5Pi 35NAD+ + 87.5ATP + 35H2O
CH3(CH2)16C-S-CoA + 26O2 + 122 ADP + 122Pi 18CO2 + 17H2O + 122ATP + CoA-SH
O
one 18C fatty acid 120 ATP one 6C glucose 32 ATP
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CytosolMatrix in mitochondia Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain
The balance sheet for oxidation of one molecule of stearic acid
CH3(CH2)16C-S-CoA + 26O2 + 122 ADP + 122Pi 18CO2 + 17H2O + 122ATP + CoA-SH
O
Metabolic water
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The oxidation of a fatty acid containing an odd number of carbon atoms
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-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
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The oxidation pathways for polyunsaturated fatty acids
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The anabolism of fatty acids
● Oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA can not cross through mitochondria membrane but citrate can.
fatty acid synthesis in cytosol
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The formation of malonyl-CoA --- the first step in anabolism of fatty acids
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
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Three proteins making up acetyl-CoA carboxylase
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The first cycle of palmitate synthesis
ACP: acyl carrier protein
Fatty acid synthase
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ACP has a functional group that is structurally similar to coenzyme A
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The second cycle of palmitate synthesis in E. coli
In E. coli,multienzyme system
In eukaryotes,multifunctional enzyme
16C saturated fatty acid (palmitate)
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A comparison of fatty acid degradation and biosynthesis
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Chain lengthening beyond 16C
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Pathways for the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols
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Pathways for the biosynthesis of phosphoacylglycerols (I)
In E. coli
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Pathways for the biosynthesis of phosphoacylglycerols (II)
In mammals
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The interconversion of PE and PS in mammals
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The anabolism of cholesterol
C2 C6 C5
C30
C27
● Most of the cholesterol formed in the smooth ER of the liver in mammals
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The biosynthesis of mevalonate 2 acetyl-CoA
●This step is inhibited by high levels of cholesterol and is the major control point of cholesterol synthesis
●A target for drugs to lower cholesterol levels in the body
●lovastatin an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase
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The synthesis of Squalene
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The synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol
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The synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol
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The role of cholesterol in heart disease
● Deposition of cholesterol plaques atherosclerosis
● Cholesterol is transported by lipoproteins in bloodstream
● Lipoprotein aggregates are classified by their densities
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LDL (low-density lipoproteins) particles
Lipids: cholesterol triacylglycerols cholerserol esters phospholipids
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The fate of cholesterol in the cell
Proteins in LDL amino acidsCholesterol ester fatty acids + cholesterol
ACAT (acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase)
HMG-CoA reductase
Synthesis of LDL receptors
lysosomes