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Requirements, Chances and Know-how

EnergyEfficiency –A future Market for Electrical Engineers and Contractors

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Introduction

Peter Kadel (Dipl.-Ing.)Electrical Engineering

PK ENERGY Energy ConsultancyEngineering ServicesEducation

The Book: (Gebäude-Energieberatung)„Building-EnergyConsultancy“

IdeaIntentionProspective BuyersIncorporated Rules and Regulations

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Topics

Introduction

Present Market Situation

Energy Situation Worldwide

Basic Calculation Rules

Calculation Symbols for Energy Flows

Requriements of Energy Consultancy

Examples of Energy Effiency System Solutions

Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC)

Summary

PRESENT MARKET SITUATION

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Present Market Situation I/III

Enevironmental desasters

More information about environmental disasters in multimedia.

Energyprices

Prices for oil and gas raised up by 2100 % within the last 48 years, i.e. 6,5 % p.a. The rate since 2000 is 20 % p.a.!!!

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Present Market Situation II/III

Environ-mental

Situation

Environ-mental

Situation

Energy-Costs

Energy-Costs

End-user

Governmental Regualtions:Law‘s and regulation and

incentive programs

Governmental Regualtions:Law‘s and regulation and

incentive programs

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Present Market Situation III/III

The end-user is concerned aboutEnvironmental situation,Steadyly rising energy prices, governmental law’s and regulations .But on the other hand he gets governmental support by incentive programs for green investments.

Impact on EnergyConsultanciesEnergy efficient system solutions becoming more sophisticated and complex.Therefore end-users need support in finding out the best solution for their own building.

Specialists are needed which concentrate not only on efficient products or subsystems but consider the complete

energy (building) system.

ENERGY SITUATION WORLDWIDE

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Energy Situaition Worldwide I/II

Pic. 3.3 Worldwide Consumption, extraction, reserves and resources of non-renewable energies

0,1070,108

10,414

46,256Non-Renewable Energies Worldwide

Consumption Extraction Reserves Ressources

Notes:Year 2004Peta = 1015

Exa = 1018

All values in EWh

If we compare the reserves withthe consumption we will see thatthe non-renewable energies willcover the consumption at about100 years.

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Energy Situaition Worldwide II/II

Fig. 3.4 Energyconsumption and –reserves, divided by regions

Non-Renewable Energies 2004

CIS Africa MiddleEast

Austral-Asia

North-America

Latin-Amerika

Europe

3,6

20,7

6,4

18,422,8 22,8

5,210,0

20,0

30,0%

19,2

9,63,4 4,9

32,227,1

3,7

Reserves

Consumption

BASIC CALCULATION RULES

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Basic Calculation Rules I/V

Calculation in values with quatities and units.System is characterized by

the interior andthe exterior conditions andthe system boundary.

If the interior and exterior conditions are different energy will flow through the system boundary.Each energy (E) form can be defined as product of power (P) and time (t).

E = P ⋅ t (2.1)

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Basic Calculation Rules II/V

We have different energy forms like:2.3.1.1 Heat (Q)2.3.1.2 Mechanical energy (W)2.3.1.3 Electrical energy (Wel)2.3.1.4 Radiant energy (WS)

Q = m ⋅ c ⋅ ϑ (2.2)Wmech = F ⋅ s (2.3)Wel = Uel ⋅ Iel ⋅ t (2.14)WS = σ ⋅ T4 ⋅ A ⋅ t (2.16)

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Basic Calculation Rules III/V

Depending on the different energies the power can be defined:

2.3.2.1 Heatpower (Q‘)2.3.2.2 Mechanical power (Pmech)2.3.2.3 Electrical power (Pel)2.3.2.4 Radiant power (PS)

Depending on the start of the calculation either the energy flow or the power is available.The energy value you can get by integration of the Power or you transfer the Energy to Power by differentiation.

P = E / t = E‘ (2.18)

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Basic Calculation Rules IV/V

How to calculate the energy flow of a system?Define the object you want to calculate the energy flow.Define the interior conditions.Define the exterior conditions.

Transfer to physical values calcualte by introduced equations.

Designation Energy PowerHeat Q = m ⋅ c ⋅ ϑ Q‘ = m ⋅ c ⋅ ϑ / t

Mechanical Energy

Wmech = F ⋅ s Pmech = F ⋅ v

Electrical Energy Wel = Uel ⋅ Iel ⋅ t Pel = Uel ⋅ Iel

Radiant Energy WS = σ ⋅ T4 ⋅ A ⋅ t PS = σ ⋅ T4 ⋅ A

Table 2.2 Energy (Work) and Power of different energy forms

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Basic Calculation Rules V/V

Interior ConditionsWater: m = 1 kg, ϑ = 20 °C, c = 1,163 ⋅ 10-3 kWh/(kg ⋅ K)

Exterior ConditionsElectric kettle: P = 2 kW, η = 0,95

Boundary conditions ϑ = 80 K

Question 1: Q ?Q = 1 kg ⋅ 1,163 ⋅ 10-3 kWh/(kg ⋅ K) ⋅ 80 KQ = 0,093 kWh

Question 2: t ?t = 0,093 kWh/(2 kW ⋅ 0,95) = 0,05 h = 3 min

Boundary

Fig. 2.1 Example of a system –electric kettle

Example

CALCULATION SYMBOLS FOR ENERGY FLOWS

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Calculation Symbols I/V

Based on (2.1) we are able to describe each systemwith the values Energy, Power and time.Idea: Visualize the energy systemIntroduction of three symbols:

Pt

E

Energytransformer

E

Energysource

E

Sink Source

Timedifference

t

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Calculation Symbols II/V

Combination of symbols

Pt1

E

t0

Pt2

E

t1

t0

t0 = t1 + t2

E0

E1 E2 E3

E0 = E1 - E2 - E3

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Calculation Symbols III/V

Example

Pt1

E

t0

Boundary t0 = 0,05 h

With these symbols we are able to designEquivalent Circuit Diagrams (ECD).The process in the example is isochronous.

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Calculation Symbols IV/V

Example

The process in the example isnon-isochronous.E.g.

t1 = non-productive timet2 = productive time

t0

Boundary t0 = 1 h

Pt2

E

t1

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Calculation Symbols V/V

Energy flow of a building

P = U⋅ A ⋅ ϑϑ = 20 K

PROt1

ERO

t0 PEW

EEW

PC

EC

PW

PW

EtH

REQUIREMENTS ON ENERGY CONSULTANCY

Requirements in Energy Consultancy I/III

Energy-System e.g.

building

Discipline 1(e.g. Heating)

Discipline 2(e.g. skeleton

and insulation)

Discipline 3(e.g. architectural

design)

Discipline 4(e.g. Window and glacing)

Discipline n(e.g. Carpentry)

...

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Requirements in Energy Consultancy II/III

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Requirements in Energy Consultancy III/III

Task of Energy Consultancy:Investigate existing and new energy systems andfind out economical solutions for the end-user in saving energy costs.Furthermore the solution has to be climate protective.

RequirementsMathematical and natural scientific based knowledge.Process and material know-how.Knowledge about international and national laws and regulations.Knowledge in capital budgeting and economic calculations.Knowledge about pollutant emissions and environment compatibility .Interdisciplinary Thinking .

EXAMPLES OF ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEM SOLUTIONS

Examples of energy efficient system solutions I/V

Energy Actual in kWhAfter Revision in

kWhSavings in kWh Savings in %

Qh in kWh 31.704 18.940 12.764 40%

QE in kWh 39.117 24.500 14.617 37%

QP in kWh 120.951 8.500 112.451 93%

Examples of energy efficient system solutions II/V

Energy Actual in kWhAfter Revision in

kWhSavings in kWh Savings in %

Qh in kWh 44.558 22.784 21.774 49%

QE in kWh 77.896 39.104 38.792 50%

QP in kWh 89.286 46.614 42.672 48%

Examples of energy efficient system solutions III/V

Energy Actual in kWhAfter Revision in

kWhSavings in kWh Savings in %

Qh in kWh 99.360 29.863 69.497 70%

QE in kWh 182.869 41.776 141.093 77%

QP in kWh 257.680 48.029 209.651 81%

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Examples of energy efficient system solutions IV/V

Useage of a local energy controller in complete consumers installations

19000

20000

21000

22000

23000

24000

25000

26000

27000

28000

Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez

Ener

gy-c

onsu

mpt

ion

in k

Wh

2004 2005

EE = 300 000 kWh/aEE = 270 000 kWh/aReduction:

E = 30 000 kWh/amCO2 = 20 000 kg/a

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Examples of energy efficient system solutions V/V

With energy efficient building retrofits energy savings can be reached up to 90 %.You can use renewable energies.CO2-Emissions can be reduced.Furthermore

In a lot of retrofit projects not only the thermal protection and the HVACR is relevant but also the electrical installation system.Customers want comfortable solutions!

With the energy efficient retrofit of buildings we have furthermore the chance to introduce new an modern technical solutions.

ENERGY CONSULTANCY CONCEPTS (ARC)

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Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) I/V

The energy consultancy is a new discipline which has to be systemized to raise up the efficiency. Each energy system is a prototype butthe approach in each system is the same.

Conception I – Approach of energyflow calculation

Conception II– Solutions and alternatives to existing system

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Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) II/V

Conception ICalculation scheme for each energy system in 6 steps.

Pt2

E

t1

t0

t0 = t1 + t2

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Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) III/V

Conception IIScheme to find out economical energy saving solutions.

If all questens were anwered with YES you could thinkabout a redesign or use of efficient products.

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Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) IV/V

EF basically needed?

AVOIDNO

EF totally needed?

YES

REDUCENO

COMBINENOEF needed

incl. Losses

YES

YES

Redesign

In existing buildings or processes some sub-processes can very often be completleyavoided.

Reduction of energy consumption can be realized easily and via different solutions.

The losses of one system can often be used as the energy source of a succeeding process.

Higher investment: Redesign of compl. process or use of efficient equipment.

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Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) V/V

All energy systems are prototypes.The approach can be systemized

Calculation of energy flowARC-Concept.

Most efficient solutions can be find by calculate the complete energy balance.By using ARC concept more economical solutions can be identified.The result of the energy consultancy is the schedule for future retrofits.Try to find always open solutions so that future solutions can be integrated in the system.

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Summary

Energy calculation must consider the complete energy flow of a system.Interdisciplinary know-how is needed.With systemizations interdisciplinary know-how can easily be used.Electrical energy: 8 % End energy but 20 % Primary energyRaise up the energy efficiency means: understand the customers needs. In most retrofit projects the complete electrical system is to be redesigned.If we as el. Engineers and Contractors do not have the entrance to this market other designers will tell us what to do.

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More Information

More Information you‘ll find:http://www.amazon.de/gp/reader/3810102784/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-linkwww.PK-ENERGY.com

Out of the content• Calculation Basics• Energy systems (buildings, technical systems)• Thermal Protection, systems engineering• Requirements• Methods and Tools• Economical calculations• Law‘s and Regulations• CD included

Presently only in German language available.

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Many Thanks For Your Attention And Have A Nice Time With EnergyEfficiency!Peter Kadelwww.PK-ENERGY.com

EnergyEfficiency –A future Market for Electrical Engineers and Contractors