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© Cengage Learning 2015 LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT, 18e G. TYLER MILLER SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN © Cengage Learning 2015 16 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

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Page 1: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energytvhsapes.weebly.com/uploads/7/5/9/5/75954777/apes_chapter_16_n… · Wind turbine . Figure 16.1 Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in wind

© Cengage Learning 2015

LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT, 18e G. TYLER MILLER • SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN

© Cengage Learning 2015

16 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Wind energy – wind farms convert to electrical energy

• Wind power is inexhaustible • Could meet electricity needs of the lower

48 states – Texas and California are top producers

Core Case Study: The Astounding Potential for Wind Power in the U.S.

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Fig. 16-1a, p. 402

Gearbox

Electrical generator

Power cable

Wind turbine

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16.1 Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in wind to electricity, another form of kinetic energy (moving electrons). Wind power is an indirect form of solar energy.
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© Cengage Learning 2015

Fig. 16-1b, p. 402

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16.1 Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in wind to electricity, another form of kinetic energy (moving electrons). Wind power is an indirect form of solar energy.
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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Improvements in energy efficiency could save at least a third of the energy used in the world and up to 43% of the energy used in the United States

• We have a variety of technologies for sharply increasing the energy efficiency of industrial operations, motor vehicles, appliances, and buildings

16-1 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource?

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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Energy efficiency – How much useful work we get from each unit

energy • Advantages of reducing energy waste

– Usually the cheapest way to provide more energy

– Reduces pollution and degradation – Slows global warming – Increases economic and national security

We Use Energy Inefficiently

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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Four widely used devices that waste energy – Incandescent light bulb – Motor vehicle with internal combustion engine – Nuclear power plant – Coal-fired power plant

We Use Energy Inefficiently (cont’d.)

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Fig. 16-2, p. 403

Energy Inputs System Outputs 9%

7%

41% 85%

U. S. economy

43%

8%

Nonrenewable fossil fuels Useful energy

Renewable (hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar, biomass) Energy waste

3%

Petrochemicals Unavoidable energy loss

Nonrenewable nuclear

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-2: Flow of commercial energy through the U.S. economy. Only 16% of the country’s high-quality energy ends up performing useful tasks. Question: What are two examples of unnecessary energy waste?
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Fig. 16-4, p. 404

Solutions

Improving Energy Efficiency

Prolongs fossil fuel supplies

Reduces oil imports and improves energy security

Very high net energy yield

Low cost

Reduces pollution and environmental degradation

Buys time to phase in renewable energy

Creates local jobs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-4: Improving energy efficiency has several benefits. Questions: Which two of these benefits do you think are the most important? Why?
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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Cogeneration – Combined heat and power (CHP) – Two forms of energy from same fuel source

• Replace energy-wasting electric motors • Recycle materials • Switch from low-efficiency incandescent

lighting to higher-efficiency fluorescent and LED lighting

We Can Improve Energy Efficiency in Industry and Utilities

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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Current electrical grid system – outdated and wasteful

• Smart grid – Ultra-high-voltage – Super-efficient transmission lines – Digitally controlled – Responds to local changes in demand and

supply – Easier to buy renewable energy

Case Study: Saving Energy and Money with a Smarter Electrical Grid

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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Hidden prices in gasoline – Should be $12/gallon – Car manufacturers and oil companies lobby to

prevent laws to raise fuel taxes • Build or expand mass transit and high

speed rail • Encourage biking

We Can Improve Energy Efficiency and Save Money in Transportation

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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Superefficient and ultralight cars • Gasoline-electric hybrid car • Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle • Energy-efficient diesel car • Electric vehicle with a fuel cell

More Energy-Efficient Vehicles Are on the Way

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Stepped Art

Conventional hybrid Fuel tank

Battery

Internal combustion engine Transmission Electric motor

Plug-in hybrid Fuel tank

Battery

Internal combustion engine

Transmission Electric motor

Fig 16-6, p. 406

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-6: Solutions: A conventional gasoline–electric hybrid vehicle (left) is powered mostly by a small internal combustion engine with an assist from a strong battery. A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (right) has a smaller internal combustion engine with a larger and more powerful battery that can be plugged into a 110-volt or 220-volt outlet and recharged (see photo). An all-electric vehicle (not shown) runs completely on a rechargeable battery. Question: Would you buy one of these vehicles? Explain.
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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Green architecture • Living or green roofs

– With specially designed soil and vegetation • Superinsulation

– No need for heating system • U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership

in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and Money

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© Cengage Learning 2015

Fig. 16-7, p. 408

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-7: This green roof is one of hundreds in New York City. One of the windows shows a reflection of the Empire State Building, which was retrofitted in 2011. Its energy costs were cut by 38% after the renovation.
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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Conduct an energy audit: – Insulate and plug leaks – Use energy-efficient windows – Stop other heating and cooling losses – Heat houses more efficiently – Use energy-efficient appliances – Use energy-efficient lighting – Use motion sensors to turn lights on and off

We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing Buildings

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Fig. 16-9, p. 410

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-9: A thermogram, or infrared photo, of a house in Great Britain before (left) and after it was well insulated (right). Many homes in the United States and other countries are so full of leaks that their heat loss in cold weather and heat gain in hot weather are equivalent to what would be lost through a large, window-sized hole in a wall of the house. Question: How do you think the place where you live would compare to the house on the left in terms of heat loss and the resulting waste of money on high heating and cooling bills?
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Outside Plant deciduous trees to block summer sun and let in winter sunlight.

Other rooms • Use compact fluorescent lightbulbs or LEDs and avoid using incandescent bulbs wherever possible. • Turn off lights, computers, TV, and other electronic devices when they are not in use. • Use high efficiency windows; use insulating window covers and close them at night and on sunny, hot days. • Set thermostat as low as you can in winter and as high as you can in summer. • Weather-strip and caulk doors, windows, light fixtures, and wall sockets. • Keep heating and cooling vents free of obstructions. • Keep fireplace damper closed when not in use. • Use fans instead of, or along with, air conditioning.

Bathroom • Install water-saving toilets, faucets, and shower heads. • Repair water leaks promptly.

Stepped Art

Attic • Hang reflective foil near roof to reflect heat. • Use house fan. • Be sure attic insulation is at least 30 centimeters (12 inches).

Kitchen • Use microwave rather than stove or oven as much as possible. • Run only full loads in dishwasher and use low- or no-heat drying. • Clean refrigerator coils regularly.

Basement or utility room • Use front-loading clothes washer. If possible run only full loads with warm or cold water.

• Hang clothes on racks for drying. • Run only full loads in clothes dryer and use lower heat setting. • Set water heater at 140° if dishwasher is used and 120° or lower if no dishwasher is used.

• Use water heater thermal blanket. • Insulate exposed hot water pipes. • Regularly clean or replace furnace filters.

Fig. 16-10, p. 411

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-10: Individuals matter: You can save energy where you live. Question: Which of these things do you do?
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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Energy remains artificially cheap – Government subsidies – Tax breaks – Prices don’t include true cost

• Few large and long-lasting incentives – Government rebates – Low-interest loans

• Lack of education

Why Are We Still Wasting So Much Energy and Money?

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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Renewable energy – Solar energy – Geothermal energy

• Renewable energy will be cheaper if we eliminate: – Inequitable subsidies – Inaccurate prices – Artificially low pricing of nonrenewable energy

We Can Use Renewable Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity

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Fig. 16-11, p. 412

Available Energy Flow (exajoules per year)

World energy use (2010)

Direct solar

Wind

Geothermal

Biomass

Hydropower

Ocean <1

500

600

527

>1,000

50

<250

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-11: Estimated energy potentially available from various renewable energy resources, 2011. (A joule is a basic unit of energy and an exajoule is 1 X 1018 joules.)
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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Passive and active solar heating systems can heat water and buildings effectively

• The costs of using direct sunlight to produce high-temperature heat and electricity are coming down

16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy?

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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Passive solar heating system – Absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly

within a well-insulated structure • Active solar heating system

– Captures energy from the sun in a heat-absorbing fluid

We Can Heat Buildings and Water with Solar Energy

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Fig. 16-14, p. 415

Trade-Offs

Passive or Active Solar Heating

Advantages Disadvantages Net energy is moderate (active) to high (passive)

Need access to sun 60% of time during daylight

Very low emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants

Sun can be blocked by trees and other structures

High installation and maintenance costs for active systems

Very low land disturbance

Moderate cost (passive)

Need backup system for cloudy days

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-14: Heating a house with passive or active solar energy system has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 16-2). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of using these technologies outweigh their disadvantages?
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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Technologies available – Open windows when cooler outside – Use fans – Superinsulation and high-efficiency windows – Overhangs or awnings on windows – Light-colored roof – Geothermal pumps

We Can Cool Buildings Naturally

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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Solar thermal systems – Collect sunlight to boil water, generate

electricity – 1% of world deserts could supply all the

world’s electricity – Require large amounts of water

• Wet cooling • Dry cooling

• Low net energy yields

We Can Concentrate Sunlight to Produce High-Temperature Heat and Electricity

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Fig. 16-15, p. 416

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-15: Solar thermal power: This solar power plant (left) in a California desert uses curved (parabolic) solar collectors to concentrate solar energy to provide enough heat to boil water and produce steam for generating electricity. In another type of system (right), an array of mirrors tracks the sun and focuses reflected sunlight on a central receiver to boil the water for producing electricity.
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Fig. 16-16, p. 416

Solar Thermal Systems

High potential for growth

Low net energy and high costs

Advantages Disadvantages

No direct emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants Needs backup or

storage system on cloudy days

Source of new jobs

Can disrupt desert ecosystems

Trade-Offs

Lower costs with natural gas turbine backup

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-16: Using solar energy to generate high-temperature heat and electricity has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 16-2). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of using these technologies outweigh their disadvantages?
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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Photovoltaic (PV) cells – Convert solar energy to electric energy

• Design of solar cells – Sunlight hits cells and releases electrons into

wires • What are the benefits of using solar cells?

We Can Use Solar Cells to Produce Electricity

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• Key problems – High cost of producing electricity – Need to be located in sunny desert areas – Fossil fuels used in production – Solar cells contain toxic materials

• Cost could drop with: – Mass production and new designs – Government subsidies and tax breaks

We Can Use Solar Cells to Produce Electricity (cont’d.)

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Fig. 16-18, p. 418

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-18: Covering parking lots such as this one in with solar-cell arrays provides electricity and shade for cars.
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Fig. 16-19, p. 418

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-19: Solutions. A solar-cell panel provides electricity for lighting this hut in rural West Bengal, India. Question: Do you think your government should provide aid to poor countries for obtaining solar-cell systems? Explain.
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Fig. 16-21, p. 419

Solar Cells

Advantages Disadvantages

Medium net energy yield

Need access to sun

Little or no direct emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants

Need electricity storage system or backup

Easy to install, move around, and expand as needed

Costs high for older systems but dropping rapidly

Solar-cell power plants could disrupt desert ecosystems

Competitive cost for newer cells

Trade-Offs

Some designs have low net energy yield

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-21: Using solar cells to produce electricity has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 16-2). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of using this technology outweigh its disadvantages? Why?
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© Cengage Learning 2015

• We can use water flowing over dams, tidal flows, and ocean waves to generate electricity – However, environmental concerns and limited

availability of suitable sites may limit the use of these energy resources

16-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Hydropower

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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Hydropower – Uses kinetic energy of moving water – Indirect form of solar energy – World’s leading renewable energy source

used to produce electricity • What are the advantages and

disadvantages? • Micro-hydropower generators: floating

turbines

We Can Produce Electricity from Falling and Flowing Water

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Fig. 16-22, p. 420

Large-Scale Hydropower

Advantages Disadvantages

High net energy yield

Large land disturbance and displacement of people

Low-cost electricity

High CH4 emissions from rapid biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirs

Low emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants in temperate areas

Disrupts downstream aquatic ecosystems

Trade-Offs

Large untapped potential

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-22: Using large dams and reservoirs to produce electricity has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 16-3). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of this technology outweigh its disadvantages? Why?
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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Produce electricity from flowing water – Ocean tides and waves in coastal bays and

estuaries • Power systems are limited

– Few suitable sites – High costs – Equipment damaged by storms and corrosion

We Can Use Tides and Waves to Produce Electricity

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© Cengage Learning 2015

• When we include the environmental costs of using energy resources in their market prices, wind power is the least expensive and least polluting way to produce electricity

16-5 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Wind Power?

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• Tall, long-blade turbines can extract more energy from the wind

• Rapidly growing power source – U.S., Europe, and China – Future is offshore wind farms

• Wind power has potential to produce 40 times of the world’s current electricity used

Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability

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• Wind is abundant, widely distributed, and inexhaustible

• High net energy yield • Drawbacks:

– Largest potential areas are usually rural – Winds can die down – need backup power

source

Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step (cont’d.)

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Fig. 16-25, p. 423

Trade-Offs

Wind Power

Advantages Disadvantages

High net energy yield

Needs backup or storage system when winds die down

Low electricity cost

Visual pollution for some people

Low-level noise bothers some people

Can kill birds if not properly designed and located

Widely available

Easy to build and expand

Little or no direct emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-25: Using wind to produce electricity has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 16-4). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? Why?
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© Cengage Learning 2015

• Solid biomass is a renewable resource for much of the world’s population, but burning it faster than it is replenished produces a net gain in atmospheric greenhouse gases

16-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Biomass as an Energy Source

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• We can use liquid biofuels derived from biomass to lessen our dependence on oil-based fuels, but creating biofuel plantations can: – Degrade soil and biodiversity – Increase greenhouse gas emissions – Lead to higher food prices

16-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass as an Energy Source (cont’d.)

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• Biomass – Plant materials and animal waste we can burn

or turn into biofuels • Production of solid mass fuel

– Plant fast-growing trees; biomass plantations – Collect crop residues and animal manure

• What are the advantages and disadvantages of biomass energy?

We Can Produce Energy by Burning Solid Biomass

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Fig. 16-26, p. 424

Solid Biomass

Advantages Disadvantages Widely available in some areas

Contributes to deforestation

Clear-cutting can cause soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of wildlife habitat

No net CO2 increase if harvested, burned, and replanted sustainably

Medium net energy yield

Plantations can help restore degraded lands

Trade-Offs

Increases CO2 emissions if harvested and burned unsustainably

Can open ecosystems to invasive species

Moderate costs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-26: Burning solid biomass as a fuel has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 16-5A). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? Why?
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• Biodiesel – Produced from vegetable oil – European Union countries produce 95% of

the world’s biodiesel • Crops require large amounts of land • Production requires fossil fuels

Case Study: Is Biodiesel the Answer?

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• Ethanol – Can be made from sugarcane, corn,

switchgrass, and various wastes – United States largest producer

• Made from corn; low net energy yield

– Brazil second • Sugarcane has medium net energy yield

• Cellulosic ethanol – Produced from cellulose

Case Study: Is Ethanol the Answer?

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• Problems with cellulosic ethanol – Chemical processes still being developed – Growing enough switchgrass would require

too much land • Evaluating use of algae and bacteria

Case Study: Is Ethanol the Answer? (cont’d.)

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Fig. 16-28, p. 426

Liquid Biofuels

Advantages Disadvantages

Reduced CO2 emissions for some crops

Fuel crops can compete with food crops for land and raise food prices

Medium net energy yield for biodiesel from oil palms

Fuel crops can be invasive species

Low net energy yield for corn ethanol and for biodiesel from soybeans Medium net

energy yield for ethanol from sugarcane

Higher CO2 emissions from corn ethanol

Trade-Offs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-28: There are advantages and disadvantages to using liquid biofuels. (Concept 16-5B). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
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• Geothermal energy has great potential for supplying many areas with heat and electricity, and has a generally low environmental impact – However, the sites where it can be produced

economically are limited

16-7 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy?

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• With geothermal energy, heat is stored in: – Soil – Underground rocks – Fluids in the earth’s mantle

• Geothermal heat pump system – Energy efficient and reliable – Environmentally clean – Cost effective to heat or cool a space

We Can Get Energy by Tapping the Earth’s Internal Heat

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• Hydrothermal reservoirs – Drill wells and extract various steams, water – U.S. is the world’s largest producer

• Geothermal energy problems – High cost of tapping hydrothermal reservoirs – Dry- or wet-steam geothermal reservoirs

could be depleted – Could create earthquakes

We Can Get Energy by Tapping the Earth’s Internal Heat (cont’d.)

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Fig. 16-30a, p. 428

Production well

Geothermal reservoir

Injection well

Heat exchanger

Steam turbine

Generator

2. Heat from underground spins a turbine to power a generator and produce electricity

1. Hot water or steam is pumped under pressure to the surface from underground

3. Steam from turbine condenses to water and is pumped back down to geothermal reservoir

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16.30 Power plants can produce electricity from heat extracted from underground geothermal reservoirs. The photo shows a geothermal power plant in Iceland that produces electricity and heats a nearby spa called the Blue Lagoon.
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Fig. 16-30b, p. 428

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16.30 Power plants can produce electricity from heat extracted from underground geothermal reservoirs. The photo shows a geothermal power plant in Iceland that produces electricity and heats a nearby spa called the Blue Lagoon.
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Fig. 16-31, p. 430

Geothermal Energy

Advantages Disadvantages

Medium net energy yield and high efficiency at accessible sites

High cost except at concentrated and accessible sites

Lower CO2 emissions than fossil fuels

Scarcity of suitable sites

Low cost at favorable sites

Noise and some CO2 emissions

Trade-Offs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-31: Using geothermal energy for space heating and for producing electricity or high-temperature heat for industrial processes has advantages and disadvantages. (Concept 16-6). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think the advantages of this energy resource outweigh its disadvantages? Why?
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• Hydrogen is a clean energy source as long as it is not produced with the use of fossil fuels – However, it has a negative net energy yield

16-8 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Hydrogen as an Energy Source

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• Hydrogen as a fuel – Eliminates most of the air pollution problems – Reduces threats of global warming

Will Hydrogen Save Us?

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• Some challenges – Chemically locked in water and organic

compounds – net negative energy yield – Expensive fuel cells are the best way to use

hydrogen – CO2 levels dependent on method of hydrogen

production

Will Hydrogen Save Us?

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Fig. 16-32, p. 430

Electrons

Hydrogen gas (H2) in

Polymer electrolyte membrane

Anode

Cathode

Protons

Water vapor (H2O) out

Air (O2) in

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-32: A fuel cell takes in hydrogen gas and separates the hydrogen atoms’ electrons from their protons. The electrons flow through wires to provide electricity, while the protons pass through a membrane and combine with oxygen gas to form water vapor. Note that this process is the reverse of electrolysis, the process of passing electricity through water to produce hydrogen fuel.
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• Production and storage of H2 – Must be produced using other sources of

energy • Hydrogen-powered vehicles – prototypes

available • Can we produce hydrogen on demand? • Larger fuel cells – fuel-cell stacks

Will Hydrogen Save Us? (cont’d.)

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Fig. 16-33, p. 432

Trade-Offs

Hydrogen

Advantages Disadvantages Can be produced from plentiful water at some sites

Fuel cell

Negative net energy yield

CO2 emissions if produced from carbon-containing compounds

No CO2 emissions if produced with use of renewables

Good substitute for oil

High costs create need for subsidies

High efficiency in fuel cells

Needs H2 storage and distribution system

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-33: Using hydrogen as a fuel for vehicles and for providing heat and electricity has advantages and disadvantages. (Concept 16-7). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of hydrogen fuel outweigh its disadvantages? Why?
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• We can make the transition to a more sustainable energy future by: – Greatly improving energy efficiency – Using a mix of renewable energy resources – Including the environmental and health costs

of energy resources in their market prices

16-9 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future?

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• General conclusions: – Gradual shift to smaller, decentralized

micropower systems – Combination of increased energy efficiency

and regulated use of natural gas will be the best way to transition to renewable energy

– Because fossil fuels are cheap we will continue to use them

Choosing Energy Paths

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Bioenergy power plants

Smart electrical and distribution system

Small solar-cell power plants

Solar-cell rooftop systems

Commercial

Fuel cells

Rooftop solar- cell arrays

Residential

Small wind turbine

Stepped Art Industrial Microturbines

Wind farm

Fig. 16-34, p. 433 © Cengage Learning 2015

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-34: Solutions: During the next few decades, we will probably shift from dependence on a centralized electric power system, based on a few hundred large coal-burning and nuclear power plants, to a decentralized power system, in which electricity is produced by a large number of dispersed, small-scale, local power-generating systems that depend primarily on a variety of locally available, low-carbon renewable energy resources.
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• Government strategies: – Keep the prices of selected energy resources

artificially low to encourage their use – Keep energy prices artificially high for

selected resources to discourage their use – Consumer education

Economics, Politics, Education, and Sustainable Energy Resources

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Fig. 16-35, p. 434

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 16-35: U.S. energy production by fuel, 1980–2035. Question: What major conclusions can you draw from these data?
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• We should evaluate energy resources on the basis of: – Their potential supplies – Their net energy yields – Environmental and health impacts of using

them

Three Big Ideas

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• By using a mix of renewable energy sources we could drastically reduce pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity losses – Solar, wind, flowing water, sustainable

biofuels, and geothermal energy

Three Big Ideas (cont’d.)

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• Making the transition to a more sustainable energy future will require: – Sharply increasing energy efficiency – Using a mix of environmentally friendly

renewable energy resources – Including the harmful environmental and

health costs of energy resources in their market prices

Three Big Ideas (cont’d.)

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• Relying on a diversity of direct and indirect forms of solar energy: – Would implement three principles of

sustainability – Recycle and reuse materials to reduce

consumption of energy – Mimic nature’s reliance on biodiversity by

diversifying energy sources

Tying It All Together: Wind Power and Sustainability