energy efficiency in buildings nzeb,zeb and ... - iit bombay

Energy Efficiency in Buildings NZEB,ZEB and beyond

A perspective

Rangan Banerjee

Forbes Marshall Chair Professor

Department of Energy Science and Engineering

IIT Bombay

10th August 2020 - Online Faculty Development Programme Nearly Zero Energy Building

What is an energy system?

DESE-IIT Bombay Rangan Banerjee 2

ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM

PRIMARY ENERGY

ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY

SECONDARY ENERGY

TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM

COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS

POWER PLANT, REFINERIES

REFINED OIL, ELECTRICITY

RAILWAYS, TRUCKS, PIPELINES

WHAT CONSUMERS BUY DELIVERED ENERGY

AUTOMOBILE, LAMP, MOTOR, STOVE

MOTIVE POWER RADIANT ENERGY

DISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,COOKED FOOD etc..

FINAL ENERGY

ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS

USEFUL ENERGY

END USE ACTIVITIES

(ENERGY SERVICES)

3DESE-IIT Bombay Rangan Banerjee

4

Energy End Uses

Boiler, GeyserFluid heatedHeating

Fans,AC, refrigSpace CooledCooling

motorsShaft workMotive Power

Cycle, car, train,

motorcycle, bus

Distance

travelled

Transport

Incandescent

Fluorescent, CFL

IlluminationLighting

Chullah, stoveFood CookedCooking

DeviceEnergy ServiceEnd Use

DESE-IIT Bombay Rangan Banerjee

Sustainable ?

Is our present consumption and growth pattern sustainable? Can we continue this into the future?


What is sustainable Development?

6

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Brundtlant Report WCED 1987Development without cheating ourchildren


Global Trends – Unbounded Growth?

www.globalenergyassessment.org


8

Are our energy systems sustainable?


Rockstrom et al, Nature 2009


Long term global temperature record

Rockstrom et al, Nature 2009


Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/graphics/lawdome.gif


Carbon Dioxide Concentrations


Recent Carbon dioxide concentrations


https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/

15

Source: IPCC, 2011


www.ipcc.ch


Metrics for (Un)sustainability

17

• Adverse global impacts – climate change problem – “Tipping point” 2⁰ C – 1.5 ⁰ C

• Adverse local health impact

• Urban Air Quality, Indoor Air Quality

• Land Use and Availability

• Water availability and use

• Equity issues

• Financing and Capital

• Energy Security (In-security)


Carbon Dioxide Emissions

• Kaya identity: Total CO2 Emissions

= (CO2/E)(E/GDP)(GDP/Pop)Pop

CO2/E – Carbon Intensity

E/GDP- Energy Intensity of Economy

• Mitigation – increase sinks, reduce sources-aforestation, fuel mix, energy efficiency, renewables, nuclear, carbon sequestration

• Adaptation


Global Final Energy use in Buildings- Potential


www.globalenergyassessment.org Chapter 10

Buildings- End Use (US)



Share of End-Uses by Appliance in Electricity Consumption in Delhi




What is India’s current energy use pattern?

Energy Balance for India-2017 (Sankey Diagram)

All values are in Exa Joule (EJ)

Data Source: IEA


Development in India


Nature Energy | VOL 4 | December 2019 | 1025–1032 | www.nature.com/natureenergy N.Rao et al

End –Uses Buildings

25

Source: GEA Chapter 10


End Use Electricity by Appliances – New Delhi

26



Building Site Energy Use- Mix

27



Building stock growth


Residential demand scenarios by stock type


Approach for Energy Efficiency in Buildings

A design approach that

integrates architectural and

engineering solutions at an

early design stage is

required for getting an energy-efficient design

Building

Energy

Consumption

Architectural

Design

Building

Envelope

Climate

Building usage:

function, number of

users; period of use etc.

Artificial Lighting,

HVAC, Equipment

and Renewable

Energy


Building Envelope

Most of the cooling load in the buildings originates from solar heat gains and heat transmission

through the envelope (Windows, walls and roof)

The main building envelope features that influence the cooling thermal energy demand

are as follows

▪ Insulation properties of wall

▪ Insulation properties of roof

▪ Size and location of window openings

▪ Shading system for windows

▪ Window properties

▪ Colour and finish of exterior surfaces

▪ Natural ventilation

▪ Building air-tightness


Reduction of Heat Flow through Walls

150 mm

concrete wall

115 mm brick

230 mm brick

115 mm + 50 mm

cavity +115 mm brick

230 mm + 50

mm cavity

+115 mm brick

200 mm AAC

230 mm brick

+ 65 mm XPS

U= 3.3

W/m2.K

2.8 W/m2.K

2.0 W/m2.K

1.4 W/m2.K

1.1W/m2.K

0.7 W/m2.K 0.4 W/m2.K


CLIMATIC ZONES

HOT - DRY

WARM – HUMID

COMPOSITE

TEMPERATE

COLD

Requirements vary

Design features change


https://www.nrdc.org/issues/prepare-india-extreme-heat

Cool Roofs - Ahmedabad

Shardaben Hospital White Mosaic Cool Roof

https://www.nrdc.org/


Vehicle EfficiencyIndustrial EfficiencyBuilding EfficiencyFuel switchEnergy Intensity

Annual CO2 Emissions (Ahmedabad)M

illio

n T

on

ne

sC

O2

2.32t/capita

8.15t/capita

3.13t/capita

5.63t/capita

2.16t/capita

http://2050.nies.go.jp/report/file/lcs_asialocal/ahmedabad_2010.pdf



BEE Case study-CESE IITK


ECBC Case study- Source BEE


ECBC Case Study –Source BEE


Star Labelling (>50% AC)

Source: BEE


Star labelling <50% AC

Source: BEE


Survey of EPI for different climate

6-020-15 SHUKLA ET AL ECEEE SUMMER STUDY PROCEEDINGS

Radiant Cooling

Example of commercial application of radiant cooling

▪ Radiant cooling for the first time in commercial building in India

▪ SDB-1 (Hyderabad SEZ) has 2 identical halves, one with radiant

cooling and other with conventional air conditioning

▪ This building is today the biggest demonstration of

cooling technology comparison


Schematic of renewable energy options for buildings


http://64.243.182.248/includes/pv%20tutorial.pdf

ModulePanel

Solar Photovoltaics


CII-IBC Building - Hyderabad


Building Integrated PV

http://www.iea-pvps-task2.org/


http://www.iea-pvps-task2.org/

Compute Energy use

• How would you compute?

• Electricity use: Monthly electricity bill:

120 kWh/ month

• Cooking : LPG ~ 1 cylinder / month

• Final Energy use - Elec = 120×3600/ 1000 MJ = 432 MJ

LPG = 14.2 × 42 MJ = 596.4 MJ

Total = 1028 MJ/ month = 12.3 GJ/ year/ Household

Primary energy = 432/0.3+ 596.4/0.9 = 2100 MJ/ month

= 25.2 GJ/ year = 6.3 GJ/ capita/ year


Energy Bill and Carbon

• Electricity Cost = 5×120×12= Rs 7200

• LPG Rs 450×12= Rs 5400 (Rs 10800 - unsubsidised)

• Total Annual: Rs 12600 (Rs 18000)

• Emission factor = 0.89 kg CO2/ kWh

LPG = 65 kg CO2/ GJ

CO2 emissions = 1440×0.89+596.4×12×65/1000

=1281 + 465.2 = 1746 Kg CO2/ year (436 kg CO2/ capita)


Wind Power systems

49

http://www.AurovilleWindSystems.com

2 kW peak rating, weight 120 kg


Solar Cooking

http://gadhia-solar.com/products/community.htm

Double Community Cooker- Rishi Valley School


Solar Cooking - kitchen

mnes.nic.in/solar-stcooker.htm

Solar Kitchen Rishi Valley

http://gadhia-solar.com


52

Cooking with the Sun Concentrators

live.pege.org Balcony system

(Dhule: Ajay Chandak)


Solar Cooking

• Tirumala(Tirupati) – 4 T/day of steam – food for 15000 people

Solar parabolic Concentrators

• Solar cooking – Suitable for Institutions/ Community kitchen

Army mess, Ladakh

• Households- difficult –change in cooking habits


Rice Husk gasifier Cookstoves

54

Anderson, 2012


Oorja stove

55

Mukunda et al, 2010

http://www.firstenergy.in


http://www.firstenergy.in/

Biolite Stove

56


http://www.biolitestove.com


Sampada Biomass Gasifier Stove

57

Source: www.arti-india.org/


Compact Biomass Gasifier

58

Source: www.arti-india.org/

1 m3 – digestor – 2 kg kitchen waste

0.5 m3 – digestor –1 kg kitchen waste


Standard Fan vs Efficient Fan

59

Standard Fan Efficient FanPower 70 W 35 WPrice Rs 1300 Rs 2600

BLDC motorLife : 10years Sweep 1200 mm RPM – 350-400

Similar air delivery 230 m3/min


TEAM SHUNYASOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014


House in Versailles – 26th June, 2014

Team Shunya

70 students 13 disciplines 12 faculty



Electrical Energy Balance

Generation-Consumption Profile for Competition Day 1, June 30th 2014

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1:00AM

3:00AM

5:00AM

7:00AM

9:00AM

11:00AM

1:00PM

3:00PM

5:00PM

7:00PM

9:00PM

11:00PM

Demand (Wh) Supply (Wh)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

Pow

er i

n k

W

Feed in Grid Load PV

Generation Consumption Profile for the competition duration

Performance:• PV Supply = 281 kWh, Demand = 146 kWh• Net Energy Positive, 135 kWh in 12 days• Energy payback analysis% for PV = 2.4 years

SDC Dezhou 2018 China


Team Shunya

63

Plan Layout

64



A portion of the ELU map of Ward A of MCGM

Corresponding Satellite Imagery for the area from Google Earth

Analyzed in QGIS 1.8.0To determine-Building Footprint Ratios- Usable PV AreasFor Sample Buildings

66

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.50:0

1-

1:0

0

1:0

1-

2:0

0

2:0

1-

3:0

0

3:0

1-

4:0

0

4:0

1-

5:0

0

5:0

1-

6:0

0

6:0

1-

7:0

0

7:0

1-

8:0

0

8:0

1-

9:0

0

9:0

1-1

0:0

0

10:0

1-1

1:0

0

11:0

1-1

2:0

0

12:0

1-1

3:0

0

13:0

1-1

4:0

0

14:0

1-1

5:0

0

15:0

1-1

6:0

0

16:0

1-1

7:0

0

17:0

1-1

8:0

0

18:0

1-1

9:0

0

19:0

1-2

0:0

0

20:0

1-2

1:0

0

21:0

1-2

2:0

0

22:0

1-2

3:0

0

23:0

1-2

4:0

0

MU

sJan, 2014 Typical Load Profile vs

PV Generation

1-AxisTracking @Highest eff.

1-AxixTracking @Median eff.

19 deg. FixedTilt @ Highesteff.

19 deg. FixedTilt @ Medianeff.

0.115

0.125

0.135

0.145

0.155

0.165

0.175

0.185

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Capacity Factor for Mumbai

1-Axis Tracking

Fixed Tilt @ 19deg.

Annual Averagewith 1-AxisTracking


Target area

Weather data, area details

Identification and Classification of different end uses by sector (i)

Residential (1)Hospital (2) Nursing

Homes (3)Hotels

(4)Others (5)

POTENTIAL OF SWHS IN TARGET AREA

Technical Potential (m2 of collector area) Economic

Potential (m2 of collector area) Market Potential (m2 of

collector area) Energy Savings Potential

(kWh/year) Load Shaving Potential (kWh/ hour for

a monthly average day)

* Factors affecting the adoption/sizing of solar water heating systems

Sub-class (i, j)

Classification based on factors* (j)

Single end use point

Potential

Base load for

heating

Electricity/ fuel savings

Economic

viability

Price of

electricity

Investment

for SWHS

Technical

PotentialSWHS

capacity

Constraint: roof

area availability

Capacity of

SWHS (Collector

area)

Target

Auxiliary

heating

Single end use point

Micro simulation using

TRNSYS

Hot water

usage pattern

Weather

data

SIMULATION

Auxiliary heating requirement

No. of end

use points

Technical

Potential

Economic

Potential

Economic

Constraint

Market

Potential

Constraint: market

acceptance

Potential for end use sector (i = 1) Potential

for i = 2

Potential

for i = 3

Potential

for i = 4

Potential

for i = 5


Model for Potential Estimation of Target Area

Load Curve Representing Energy Requirement for Water Heating

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

En

erg

y C

on

sum

pti

on

(M

W)

Typical day of January

Typical day of May

Total Consumption =760 MWh/day

Total Consumption = 390 MWh/day

53%

Electricity Consumption for water heating of Pune

Total Consumption =14300 MWh/day

Total Consumption = 13900 MWh/day

Total Electricity Consumption of Pune


Dhariwal and Banerjee, Building Simulation, Springer Nature (2017)

Building model methodology


Building Orientation and inputs



70


Building Correlations developed



Solution Procedure



Microgrid Sizing

Insolation at New Delhi: (a) weekly average annual data and

(b) hourly average daily data for a winter day

For a remote village (a) Seasonal variation of load for the year, (b) hourly variation of load

For a remote welding shop instantaneous

variation in load for an hour

Microgrid Sizing


Microgrid Sizing

❑ Rate of Energy stored in storage device,

𝑑𝑄𝑠

𝑑𝑡= 𝑃 𝑡 − 𝐷(𝑡) 𝜂𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 P(t) – Source Power, D(t) – Load Power

Or 𝑄𝑠 𝑡 + Δ𝑡 = 𝑄𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑡𝑡+Δ𝑡

𝑃 𝑡 − 𝐷(𝑡) 𝜂𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑

❑ For a very small time interval ‘Δt’

𝑄𝑠 𝑡 + Δ𝑡 = 𝑄𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑃 𝑡 − 𝐷(𝑡) 𝜂𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑

❑ Constraints

1)For the entire time horizon, T Qs(t=0) = Qs (t=T)

in order to maintain the days of autonomy condition and hence sustainability of system.

2) Storage charge level Qs(t)≥0 for all time values

3) Generation should not exceed maximum power that can be produced from renewable source during that period.

𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =max(𝑄𝑠)

𝐷𝑜𝐷


Modelling of Energy Systems

Quadratic fitting for the boundary

points of the design space of

stand-alone welding shop (a)

Hydrogen storage, (b) VRLA

battery and (c) Supercapacitor

0.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

PV size

7.5

(t

=1ye

ar)

1

(t=0

)3

(t

=15

min

ute

s)

5

(t=1

day

)

tim

e (i

n lo

g sc

ale

) 0

10

20

30

Feasible regionInfeasible

region

Energ

y

cumulative generation

cumulative load

mismatch

Sho

rt-t

erm

Dat

a in

se

con

d

Mid

-ter

m

Dat

a in

ho

ur

Lon

g-te

rm

Dat

a in

wee

k

P1 P2

S1

M1

L1

S2

M2

Energ

y

Time

Design Space for hybrid energy storage (kWh)Pinch for ‘P1’ PV size

Pinch Point

Pinch Point

Pinch Point

Infeasibleregion

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Infeasible

region

Feasible region

Energ

y

Feasible region


COE (₹/kWh) for the different configurations of remote rural

village case study (a) using present cost (b) using US DOE

target cost for hydrogen storage

Case

Study

Optimum ConfigurationCOE

(₹/kWh)PV

(kWp)

Fuel Cell

(kW)

Electrolyse

r (kW)

Hydrogen tank

(m3)

VRLA battery

(kWh)

Supercapacit

or (Wh)

Case 1 –

Rural

Village

65 12 65 12.3 165 - 35

Case 2 –

Telecom

tower

40 6 40 5.2 58 - 33

Case 3 –

Welding

Shop

2 0.32 2 0.27 0.78 3.5 24

Case 4 –

Backup

for lift

1 - - - 2.7 69 30

77

Building Energy Simulation and Model Prediction for real-time control

Summary

• New Buildings stock – green, passive, net zero buildings – potential to transform cities

• Increased Renewable share

• Performance Metrics –buildings, areas, city

• Level playing field for Efficiency and DSM, Demand response

• Intelligence – forecasting supply and demand variability – scheduling, deferring loads, bringing storage on line

• Building modelling,optimization, Smart Buildings

• Transform housing and energy sector

• Need for innovation, research , technology development

78

End-Note

http://www.ubmfuturecities.com/document.asp?doc_id=523792

79

References

• Pillai and Banerjee, Methodology for estimation of potential for solar water heating in a target area, Solar Energy, 81,

pp. 162-172, 2006.

• UNEP,2011: Cities Investing in energy and resource efficiency, Towards a Green Economy, United Nations

Environment Programme, 2011.

• UN Habitat 2013: State of World’s Cities 2012-13 Prosperity of cities, United Nations Human Settlements

Programme (UN-Habitat), Kenya, 2013. < www.unhabitat.org> last accessed October 28, 2013.

• S.Guttikunda and P.Jawahar, 2011, Shakti Foundation

http://shaktifoundation.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Urban-Air-Pollution-Analysis-in- India.pdf

• ICLEI, Agra Solar City Master Plan, 2011: Development of Agra Solar City, Final Master Plan, supported by MNRE,

New Delhi, ICLEI, South Asia.

• Reddy and Balachandra, IGIDR, WP-2010-023, Working Paper,2010.

• Reddy, IGIDR, WP-2013-02, Working Paper,2013.

• Singh, R., and Banerjee, R., Estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential of a city, Solar Energy, Vol. 115, 589-

602, May 2015.

• https://www.nrdc.org/issues/prepare-india-extreme-heat

Thank [email protected]

Acknowledgement: Balkrishna Surve,Brijesh Pandey, Rhythm Singh, Jay Dhariwal,Ammu Jacob, Team Shunya

80

energy efficiency in buildings nzeb,zeb and ... - iit bombay

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