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1 Energy Efficiency Markets Fueling Innovation through Behavioral Strategies November 18, 2009 Behavior, Energy & Climate Change Conference

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Page 1: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Energy Efficiency MarketsFueling Innovation through Behavioral Strategies

November 18, 2009Behavior, Energy & Climate Change Conference

Page 2: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Presentation Format Energy Efficiency Markets: Fueling Innovation through Behavior Strategies

Brief Introduction

Connecticut Context

Energy Efficiency Resource Standard

Residential Market Development

Regulatory Process

Behavior as an Eligible Resource

Lessons Learned from Connecticut for the Nation

MegaWatts on Main Street – Carbon Finance Speaker Series 3

Page 3: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Innovator

Employee

Operations

Fund Manager

State & Society

Customer

Competition

Investor

Biodiversity Water LandAir Energy Society

Innovator

Employee

Operations

Fund Manager

State & Society

Customer

Competition

Investor

Biodiversity Water LandAir Energy Society

Business and the Environment at YalePreparing Leaders for Business and Society to Solve the Problems that Matter

Economic Progress

Environmental Degradation

Efficiency 2.0

Page 4: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Residential Electricity Use in ConnecticutUsage and Costs Continue to Increase Despite Significant Incentives

Nearly 1.5 million residential ratepayers paid over $2.5 billion in electricity costs in 2007!

7,500

8,000

8,500

9,000

9,500

10,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

$700

$800

$900

$1,000

$1,100

$1,200

$1,300

$1,400

$1,500

$1,600

$1,700

$1,800

Electricity Usage (kWh) Electricity Costs ($)

Increase in electricity use of 15‐20% since 2000!Increase in electricity cost of 90% since 2000!!Greenhouse gas emissions of 4 tons per household!!!

~200 MM in Incentives from SB Fund

Page 5: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Global Warming Public OpinionConnecticut

ReferencesAnnual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market Demand Initiatives.  Nexus Market Research (June 2008)

50%

25%

2006 (Q2)

75%

2006 (Q4) 2007 (Q2) 2007 (Q4)

61%

28%

40%

46%33% 

increase

12% increase

18% increase

What actions do you think individuals can take to help reduce global warming? [Energy Efficiency and Conservation]

Page 6: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Energy Efficiency Resource StandardConnecticut’s Class III Renewable Portfolio Standard

Standard – from 1% in 2007 to 4% in 2010

Eligibility – includes (1) customer sited CHP with operating efficiency of 50% installed at C&I facilities, (2) electricity savings from C&LM programs, and (3) systems that recover waste heat or pressure from C&I processes.

Demand – approximately 310,000 MWh (1%) in 2007 to 1,240,000 MWh (4%) in 2010

Price –a floor price of $10 set by statute and a ceiling price of $31 set by regulation (statute allows for $55)

Market size of between $3.1‐9.6 ($17.1) MM in 2007 to          $12.4‐38.4 ($68.2) MM in 2010

Page 7: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Connecticut (#3 in ACEEE 2009 Report Card)Innovative Market‐Based Public Policy for Energy Efficiency 

Most Innovative Public Policy – Connecticut tends towards gutsy moves when it comes to energy policy…We like Connecticut’s energy efficiency certificate market or “white tag” trading program…

For U.S. EEPS policy makers and those seeking to understand the prospects for broader U.S. ESC compliance trading, the ESC trading program in Connecticut merits attention.

Energy Efficiency Markets – A Blog by Reid Smith1

NREL and LBNL2

References1. Energy Efficiency Markets chooses its favorites for 2008.  #2 – Most innovative public policy: Connecticut for the Class III RPS (January 2009)2. Considerations for Emerging Markets for Energy Savings Certificates by NREL and LBNL (October 2008)3. Credits for Cutbacks: Connecticut Hopes to Expand its ‘Efficiency Market’ to Households by Mark Peters in the Wall Street Journal (June 15, 2009)

Connecticut is in the forefront of states developing market incentives to encourage the biggest consumers of electricity – households – to use a little less…Moreover, the program wasn’t designed just with cost savings in mind.  It really is about achieving larger climate‐change and energy goals.  

Wall Street Journal – Environment Section by Mark Peters3

Page 8: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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From Statute to RegulationAdvocating for Residential Sector Market Participation 

2008 Estimated 2008 Electric Demand (MWh)

ACP Price2 Max Cost of Clean Energy and Energy 

Efficiency Public Policy on Ratepayers

Average Household Cost 

of  Public Policies 3,4

CL&P and UI 1 31,363,000

Class I RPS @5.0% 1,568,150 $55.00 $86,248,250 $24.75

Class II RPS @3.0% 940,890 $55.00 $51,748,950 $14.85

Class III RPS @2.0% 627,260 $31.00 $19,445,060 $5.58

Total Costs $157,442,260 ~$45.18

References1. Estimated annual electric demand for 2008 based on the Connecticut Siting Council’s “Review of the Ten Year Forecast of Connecticut Electric Loads and Resources” for CL&P and UI2. Maximum price if the Alternative Compliance Payment (ACP) price set by statute (i.e. Class I and II) and regulation (i.e. Class III).   The actual cost to the ratepayer is somewhere between the ACP and the market price.  Based on Evolution Markets July 2008 price data, the Class I, II and III RPS would cost about $15.00 per household.3. Class I RPS Cost = $0.00275/kWh, Class II RPS Cost =$0.00165/kWh, and Class III RPS Cost = $0.00062/kWh4. Average household energy usage is 9,000 kWh/year

The Department will allow independently funded residential projects of 100 kW or greater to receive 100% of the value of the Class III RECsgenerated by the projects.  The Department will allow aggregation of residential installations, with a minimum aggregation of 100 kW.  All residential energy efficiency or demand response projects shall adhere to the M&V standards established in Docket No. 05‐07‐19, Decisions dated February 16, 2006 and June 28, 2006.  In addition, the project aggregator and the residential participants shall sign affidavits attesting that the customers’ energy efficiency or demand 

response installations have not received C&LM funds for the project.

Page 9: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Policy Decision Attracts Private SectorRegulator and Utilities Didn’t Expect This! 

Docket No. 09‐01‐18 – Earth Markets (lighting);

Docket No. 09‐01‐22* – Efficiency 2.0 (behavior)

Docket No. 09‐02‐18 – Cool NRG (lighting);

Docket No. 09‐03‐03 – Global Climate Strategies (lighting);

Docket No. 09‐04‐23 – CPower (retail products); 

Docket No. 09‐06‐15 – Greendiesel Company (lighting); and

Docket No. 09‐10‐23 – Global Climate Strategies (lighting).

Public policy succeeds in attracting private sector investors, however, utilities get defensive and argue 

policy intended to fund system benefit fund

Page 10: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Energy Savings CertificateResidential Aggregation Case in Point – Micro Project Finance through Lighting

Take‐Out and Recycle20 (80 W) ICLs

Replace with20 (20 W) CFLs

(‐) (+)

(=)

Electricity Savings1,000 kWh’s or 1 ESC

Independent M&V

(+)

(x)

CASH OUT‐FLOWS

CASH IN‐FLOWS

ESCs Over the UsefulLife of the Measure

(=)

If Positive NPV then Planet‐Profit Model 

INVESTMENT RETURN

Page 11: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Measurement & Verification StandardizationRegulatory Approval Process and Timeline for Declaratory Ruling 

Docket No. Initiate Complete Time Result

09‐01‐18 01‐18‐09 06‐24‐09 5 months Approved, discounted, no‐go

09‐01‐22* 01‐22‐09 12‐16‐09 11 months In process, draft decision 11‐20‐09

09‐02‐18 02‐18‐09 07‐15‐09 5 months Approved, discounted, no‐go

09‐03‐03 03‐03‐09 ? ? No indication – assume approved

09‐04‐23 04‐16‐09 12‐09‐09 8 months Draft decision 11‐23‐09

Average 7 months

ProcessDeclaratory Ruling – (pre‐project) request for declaratory ruling, interrogatories, hearing, late file exhibits, brief, reply brief, draft decision, written exceptions, oral arguments, and final decision; and/or

Application as an Eligible Renewable Resource – (post‐project) independent 3rd party PE certification of M&V plan and application.

Timeline for Declaratory Ruling

Page 12: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Enter Behavior with Efficiency 2.0 Docket No. 05‐02‐19RE02 (from 09‐01‐22*) 

Request – (1) allow behavior‐based strategies an opportunity to participate in the Class III RPS, (2) provide access to utility bill information, and (3) acknowledge large‐scale data analysis as a form of M&V –intervention vs. control, and baseline vs. performance.

Docket Issues – also includes market participation of utility‐run system benefit fund

Page 13: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Docket No. 05‐07‐19RE02 Timeline Regulator Struggles to Make a Decision Delays at Least 5 Times!

Event DateBeginning of the Docket

Written Comments Due 05/20/09

Reply Comments Due 05/29/09

Interrogatories Sent 06/22/09

Interrogatories Response Due 07/07/09

Hearing ‐ Confirmed 07/14/09

Late File Exhibits Due 07/22/09

Late File Exhibits Hearing 07/28/09

Briefs Due 08/25/09

Reply Briefs Due 09/01/09

Distribution of Draft Decision 11/20/09

Written Exceptions Due 11/30/09

Oral Arguments 12/07/09

Final Decision 12/16/09

Event Date

Distribution of Draft Decision 09/09/09

Distribution of Draft Decision 09/23/09

Distribution of Draft Decision 10/07/09

Distribution of Draft Decision 10/14/09

Distribution of Draft Decision 10/28/09

Distribution of Draft Decision 11/20/09

Page 14: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Energy Efficiency Resource Standard Challenges Connecticut Experience and US Climate and Energy Legislation

Utility Caps – establish caps on how much market participation the utility system benefit funds can have in an EERS – suggest 25% of the market;

Transparency – require system benefits funds to be 100% transparent with how many ESCs they are registering and selling into the market; and

Measurement & Verification – allow various forms of M&V (i.e. deemed savings, large‐scale bill analysis, and dataloggersampling), but don’t permit program savings documentation to serve as independent verification of savings – require independent 3rd party verification of savings!

Page 15: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Carbon Finance Speaker Series at Yale MegaWatts on Main Street

GHG Emissions – residential sector emits 20% of US GHG emissions;

Webinar – free at noon (EST) – sign‐up to be put on the list serve;

Topics – finance, technology, policy, and marketing‐behavior; and

ScheduleDecember 3rd – Jonathan Koomey (LBNL, Stanford, Yale);

December 8th – Anthony Leiserowitz (Yale); and

December 10th – Yerina Mugica (NRDC).

Page 16: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Yale Center for Business and the EnvironmentContact Information

For further information, please contact:

Bryan GarciaProgram DirectorYale Center for Business and the [email protected](203) 432‐3736www.yale.edu/cbey

Page 17: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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…to Many Things=

=Move People from One Thing…

By getting them on the “food chain”of sustainable energy usage

17

Pathway to a Clean Energy FuturePolicy, Finance, Technology and Behavior?

Page 18: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Participation of Utility‐Run Incentive Programs Market Challenges #1 – Over‐Supply Controls Market Price

REMEDY – establish a cap on how much utility‐run incentive programs can participate in the market – suggest 25%

ReferencesEstimate by UI of Class III REC Demand and Supply (2009‐2011) in Docket No. 05‐07‐19RE02.

Page 19: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Participation of Utility‐Run Incentive Programs Market Challenges #2 – Transparency

REMEDY– do not allow protective orders to conceal supply  of ESCs from utility‐run programs, require complete transparency

Deemed Savings – $98.2 MM in system benefit funds saved an estimated 355,400 MWh in 2007 (235,600 MWh from C&I and 119,900 MWh from residential);

ESC Revenues – estimated $2 MM in initial budget projections, however, received $3.9 MM – no mention in annual report of how many ESCs the ratepayer supported system benefit fund sold; and

Case in Point – deemed savings of 355,400 MWh exceeds the Class III RPS compliance requirement of 310,000 MWh by nearly 50,000 MWh.  What percent of the market do the utility‐run programs control – supply and ESC price?

Page 20: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Participation of Utility‐Run Incentive Programs Market Challenges #2 – Measurement & Verification

REMEDY – measurement methodology does not constitute verification, so require independent 3rd party verification of deemed energy savings…even for utility‐run programs!

Page 21: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Energy Efficiency Potential in ConnecticutSystem Benefit Fund (CEEF) and Class III RPS in 2007 – An Opportunity Lost?

ReferencesBrief by Earth Markets in Docket No. 05‐07‐19RE02 (August 25, 2009)

Page 22: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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Present Price for Energy EfficiencyConnecticut Ratepayer Contributions Over Deemed Electricity Savings

ReferencesBrief by Earth Markets in Docket No. 05‐07‐19RE02 (August 25, 2009)

Page 23: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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NPV of Class III vs. System Benefit FundPrivate Sector Can Deliver More Cost Effective Energy Efficiency

ReferencesBrief by Earth Markets in Docket No. 05‐07‐19RE02 (August 25, 2009)

Page 24: Energy Efficiency Markets - Stanford University · Brief Introduction ... Annual Report for the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund’s Public Awareness, Education, and Voluntary Market

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New England End Use EnergyApplied to Connecticut Electric Demand for 2007 (percent – kWh usage)

HVAC17.6% ‐ 1,613

Lighting13.2% ‐ 1,210

Water Heater8.0% ‐ 733

Kitchen Appliances32.6% ‐ 2,987

Laundry Appliances8.6% ‐ 788

Home Electronics11.3% ‐ 1,036

ReferencesU.S. Household Electricity Report by EIA for New England (2005)