energy-efficient ship case studies
TRANSCRIPT
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Peaceboat Charrette Case studies, energy-efficiency opportunities, key cost
indicators and water and electricity end-use
Hamburg, 22 April 2014
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Ships (case studies)
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owner Carnival Corporationyard Financtieracapacity 1848 passengers
engine 3x 16 cylinder + 2 x 12 cylinder Sulzer ZAV40S diesel engines (Wärtsilä) + GELM2500 gas turinbe
propulsion 2x 17.62MW ABB Azipodestimated cost ~$400M
HAL MS Oosterdam
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owner Celebrity Cruisesyard MeyerWerftcapacity 2852 passengersengine 4x Wärtsilä 16V46 diesel enginepropulsion 2x 20.5MW ABB Azipodestimated cost ~$750M (Wikipedia)
Celebrity Eclipse
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owner Scandlinesdesign FutureShip (GL company)capacity 1500 people, 96 trucksengine 8300kW fuel cells
2400kWh battery, to keep fuel cells at constant power outputfuel storage 140mestimated cost n/a
Scandlines zero-emissions ferry (to be constructed)
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Viking Line’s Viking Grace
owner Viking Lineyard STX Finlandcapacity 2800 passengers, 1275m trucks, 500m passenger cars, 880 cabinsengine dual fuel engines (HFO, diesel or LNG) (Wärtsilä)fuel storage 2 x 200mcontrol system ABB EMMAestimated cost €240M
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Ethereal
owner n/ayard Royal Huisman Shipyardscapacity 12 passengers + 10 crewengine 2x ~650kW diesel enginesfuel storage 46m3 for dieselgenerators 90kW, PF=0.8 + 155kW, PF=0.8estimated cost n/a
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Lessons learned during study of USS Princeton
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Retrofit opportunities aboard USS Princeton (1/2)
• Improve motor, pump, and fan efficiency via whole-system design.
• Use VSDs on variable loads.
• Improve duct and pipe pressure drops and entering/leaving conditions.
• Improve power factor and understanding of its importance.
• Improve electrical power generation efficiency.
• Improve propulsion power efficiency.
• Improve pumping efficiency.
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• Improve fan efficiency.
• Improve space cooling systems equipment and operations.
• Thermal integration, reusing “waste” heat for space heating, refrigeration, flash evaporation for potable water, laundry, cooking.
• Improve energy efficiency of potable water production.
• Improve lighting efficiency and quality.
• Improve air compressor efficiency.
• Upgrade systems sensors, monitoring and controls.
Retrofit opportunities aboard USS Princeton (2/2)
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Technologies Limited number—other speakers will elaborate
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Propulsion: skysails
Skysails deploys kites up to 320m2 to reduce fuel consumption of cargo ships.
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Propulsion: flettner rotor
E-Ship1, owned by wind turbine manufacturer Enercon, uses Flettner rotors. The cylinders are rotated by a motor (not the wind!) and create a force perpendicular to the direction of the wind (called the Magnus effect).
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Hull: robotic shape
Protei is an oil-cleaning sailboat with a shape-shifting hull, leading to a lower loss when the ship’s nose turns through the wind.
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Key cost indicators
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type value unit
Fuel Natural Gas 700 $/ton
Energy content 55 MJ/kg
Efficiencies four-stroke 0.35
two-stroke 0.5
generator 0.9
Capital engine 828 $/kW
generator 414 $/kW
amortization period 30 years
hours of operation/year 2000 hours
Calculation 4.81 kWhe/kg fuel
fuel cost 0.15 $/kWh
capital 0.02 $/kWh
1kWh of delivered electricity 0.17 $/kWh
Delivered electricity costs
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Potable water coststype value unit
On-shore water Europe 4.1 $/m3
South America 25 $/m3
Flash evaporation 13.8 $/m3
Reversed osmosis 6.9 $/m3
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Space-cooling coststype value unit explanation
COP 3.00System efficiency 0.33 kWhe/kWh thermal
Power requirement thermal 3.52 kW assumption: 1 ton-hour per hour
electric 1.17 kW
Energy requirement electric 1.17 kWh
Electricity costs 0.19 $/kWh
Capital costs all equipment 2760.00 $/kW €5M / 2500kWother 0.00 $/kWamortization period 15.00 yearshours of operation/year 7000.00 hours
Calculation capital costs 0.03 $/ton-hourelectricity costs 0.23 $/ton-hour
1 ton-hour of delivered cooling 0.26 $/ton-hour of cooling
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End-use of electricity and water
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Electricity end-use
miscellaneous motors15%
water-heating6%
space-heating12%
cooking15% electronics
10%
space-cooling34%
lighting10%
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Water end-use (liter / person*day )
deck-washing65
dish-washing15
clothes-washing25
bathing125
cooking15
drinking5