energy energy- the capacity to do work –work- force through a distance joule- amount of work done...
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Energy
• Energy- the capacity to do work–Work- force through a distance
• Joule- amount of work done– 4 Joules = 1 calorie– Calorie- energy to heat 1 g of water 1°C
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Power
• Power- rate of energy flow
• Watt- measure of power– Kilowatt-hour (kwh) 1000 watts exerted for 1
hour.
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World Energy Consumption
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Per Capita Consumption
• 20 Richest Countries Consume– 80% of natural gas– 65% of oil– 50% of coal
• U.S. and Canada consume 25% of available energy
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How We Use Energy
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Fossil Fuels
• Buried organic matter compressed over millions of years
• Lead to global warming
• Examples– Coal– Oil – Natural Gas
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Making Fossil Fuels
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Coal
• Pro– Vast Reserves
• Con– Very dirty– Destructive Extraction
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Coal-fired Power Plant
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Mining for Coal
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A Strip Mine
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Oil• 600 Billion metric tons
– ½ is recoverable– Gone in 30 years
• In 2000, proven reserves = 650 billion barrels– Mostly in Middle East
• Problems– Contains high sulfur– 3-6 million metric tons in ocean/year
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Oil Reserves
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Refining Oil
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Hubbert’s Peak
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Modern Prediction
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Natural Gas
• Third largest commercial fuel
• Only ½ CO2 as oil
• Difficult to store and transport
• Could last 60 years
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Nuclear Power
• Derived from splitting atoms
• Relatively cheap energy
• Problems– Radiation kills– Nuclear waste
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Nuclear Fission
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Nuclear Reactor
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“Renewable” Energy
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Renewable as Part of the Whole
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Solar Energy
• Using energy from the sun to do work
• Very little waste
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Passive Solar
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Solar Oven
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Active Solar
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Photovoltaic Cells
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Fuel Cells
• Use electrochemical reactions to produce electricity
• Hydrogen is hard to store and transport
• About as efficient as the best fossil fuel engines
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A Fuel Cell
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Hydrogen Car
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Biomass
• Wood and other plant matter
• Burns much cleaner than fossil fuels
• Renewable fuel source
• 40% of world’s population uses wood– Leads to deforestation
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Hydropower
• Falling water has a lot of energy
• In 1925, 40% of world’s energy came from hydropower
• Totally destroys ecosystems
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Hydroelectric Dam
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Wind Energy
• Pros– Very Clean– Very Abundant
• Cons– Requires expensive storage
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U.S. Wind Potential
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Wind Generator
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Renewables
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Geothermal, Tidal and Wave Energy
• Geothermal– Only useful in a few places
• Tidal and Wave Energy– Lots of energy, but very hard to harness– Potentially huge environmental impacts
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Geothermal Energy
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Wave Energy