energy flow and chemical cycles objectives discuss energy flow through different ecosystems trace...
TRANSCRIPT
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Energy Flow and Chemical Cycles
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Objectives
• Discuss energy flow through different ecosystems
• Trace cycles of Carbon, Nitrogen, and water
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Ecosystem
All the energetic interactions and material cycling that link organisms in a community with one another and with their environment
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Energy and Production
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Laws of Thermodynamics
Energy is not created or destroyed. It changes form and place
When energy changes form some of it is lost as entropy (heat)
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Production
Primary Production = energy accumulated by plants
Gross Primary Production = total photosynthesis
Net Primary Production = energy remaining after Respiration and stored as organic matter.
NPP=GPP-R
Standing crop biomass = accumulated organic matter on a given are at a given time
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Difference in productivity
• Species efficiency• Efficiency = NPP/GPP• Corn .85• Deciduous trees .42• Prairie grass .66
• Physical environment– Water
– Heat
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Secondary ProductionAnimals
Energy, once consumed goes to maintenance, and waste. Little is left for production.
10% rule .
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Homeotherms
High assimilation, high metabolism, thus low production efficiency
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Poikilotherms
Low metabolism, low assimilation, thus even lower production efficiency
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Food Chains and Food Webs
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Definitions
Food Chain– series of steps by which energy stored in plants is passed through an ecosystem
Fig. 5.14
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Definitions
• Food web – several interrelated food chains
Fig. 5.15
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Components
• Producers – plants
• Herbivores – convert plant tissue into animal tissue
• Carnivores – eat other animals, levels
• Omnivores – eats both plants and animals
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Components
• Scavengers – animals that eat dead plant and animal matter
• Saprophytes – plant and fungi that absorb dead material
• Decomposers – everything is a decomposer
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Another way of viewing energy relationships
(Heterotrophs)
Biophages – use living matter
Saprophages – use nonliving matter
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Two Major Food Chains
• Grazing food chain – energy flows through the biophages
• Detrital food chain – energy flows through the saprophages.
Fig. 23.3
Fig. 23.4
Fig. 23.5
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Water cycle
• Fig. 16.3
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Water Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
• Fig 5.16
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Carbon Cycle
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Nitrogen cycle
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The End
Have a good weekend!