energy: fossil fuels€¦ · • pet coke waste from refining process (ex. near chicago and detroit...

Energy: Fossil

Fuels

Power Units Power is the _____ at which work is done/energy is consumed.

Energy= ability to do work. The joule is a unit of both work and energy.

Power = energy/time or work/time Power Units:

o Watt = I Joule/second

o Kilowatt (kW) = 103 W

o Megawatt(MW) = 106 W

o Gigawatt (GW) = 109 W

o Terawatt (TW) = 1012 W

Discuss with your table partner: Rewrite the power formula to solve for energy.

Determine which of the following is a correct unit

for energy and explain why.

A.Watt/hour C. Watt

B.Watt-hour D. Hour/Watt

_____________________

A correct unit for energy is the _________

because ____________________________ .

It is not _________ since this would indicate ___

_________________________________ .

Discuss with your table partner:

If a 75 Watt light bulb is turned on for 4,000 hours per year, how much energy is consumed by this bulb each year?

If energy costs $.11/kwh, how much does it cost to light this bulb each year? (kwh = kilowatt- hour)


Review the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics and the definition of entropy.

First Law of Thermodynamics: ____________________________________________________________________________________

o Energy is___________;

o Einstein showed energy

& matter can be

interconverted; E = mc2

Second Law of Thermodynamics: when energy is

converted from one form to another, ________________

______________________________________________

_____________________________________________

o Entropy____________. Entropy is a measure

of___________; increased entropy means

increased_________________________.

o Degraded energy generally in the form of _______.


More Developed Nations Less Developed Nations

Compare the energy usage in more developed nations to less developed. Review the different types of energy.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Energy Use in the U.S.

The United States is the largest user (&

waster) of commercial energy.

•U.S. has 4.6% of world population, but

uses 24% of the energy;

• 84% of the U.S. energy comes from

nonrenewable fossil fuels

• ______ of the U.S. energy comes from

nuclear power;

• only 7% of the U.S. energy is

renewable sources (hydropower,

geothermal, solar, biomass).

What is Net Energy?

Net energy:

The total useful energy available from a resource

___________________________________________.

• Example: if 8 units of energy are wasted for every 10

units extracted, then there is a net energy of 2 units;

Net energy ratio:

The ratio of useful energy produced to the energy

used to produce it; the higher the ratio the greater

the net energy yield;

•Example: for the above problem the net energy

ratio is 10/8 = 1.25.

Net Energy Ratios

Net energy ratios for various energy systems

used for transportation.

Oil Petroleum or crude oil is a fossil fuel, produced by the

decomposition of deeply buried organic matter.

Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of

sulfur, oxygen, & nitrogen impurities;

• primary oil recovery involves drilling a well & pumping oil that flows

by gravity into the bottom of the well;

• secondary oil recovery involves injecting water in nearby wells to

force remaining heavy oil to the surface;

• tertiary or enhanced oil recovery involves using_____________

___________________________


Which form of oil recovery has the highest net energy? Which has the lowest? Explain your answers.

_________ Oil Recovery has the lowest net energy

because _____________________________________

________________________________________

____________ recovery has the highest net energy.

Oil storage

Oil drilling

platform Oil well Pipeline

Gas well

Mined coal

Pump

Coal seam

Crude oil and natural gas are often found together in

sedimentary rock, with the oil dispersed in pores of the

rock formation.

Crude Oil Refining

• gasoline & aviation fuel are among the most volatile

components;

• heating oil is less volatile, but still burns readily;

• diesel oil is still less volatile, and is a common fuel for trucks,

buses, & heavy machinery;

• grease, wax, & asphalt are the least

volatile, most dense materials separated;

• petrochemicals derived from oil are

used for synthesizing industrial organic

chemicals, pesticides, plastics, synthetic

fibers, paints, medicines, & many other

products.

Low

Boiling

point

High

Boiling

point

The processing of crude oil is called refining. It involves

separating components based on their______________

Lowest Boiling Point

Gases

Gasoline

Aviation

fuel

Heating

oil

Diesel

oil

Naphtha

Heated

crude oil

Grease and

wax

Furnace Asphalt

Highest Boiling Point

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

• In 2006 OPEC produced 43% of the world's oil (down

from 65% in 1973)

• OPEC members: Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia,

Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,

UAE & Venezuela

• Important Non-OPEC oil producers include Mexico and

Canada (oil sand)

14

13

12

11

10 Projected U.S. oil

consumption 9

8

7

6

5

Barr

els

of oil

per

year

(bill

ions)

3

4

2 Arctic refuge oil output

over 50 years

1

0

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year

ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Reserves) potential oil supply

compared to US projected demand.

Conventional Oil: Advantages

• Ample supply for 42–93 years

• Low cost

• Easily transported within & between countries

• Low land use

• Technology is well developed

• Efficient distribution system

Conventional Oil: Disadvantages

• Releases CO2 when burned

• Can cause water pollution

• Pollutes air when produced and burned

• Nonrenewable. Will need to find substitute in the future

• Large government subsidies

• Environmental costs not included in

market price

• Artificially low price encourages waste and

discourages search for alternatives

Background: Mining Terms

Overburden: The layer of material that __________ the

mineral resource.

Spoil: The material (overburden) that ___________

________________ from over a mineral resource.

Tailings: The material ____________ from a mineral

resource (ore).

Overburden

Mineral

Resource

Spoil

Tailings

Oil Sand

• Oil sand, tar sand

-contains bitumen

• Canada and Venezuela:

-oil sand have more oil than in Saudi Arabia

• Extraction

– 4 metric tons of overburden removed to produce 1 metric ton of bitumen

– Each barrel of oil requires _______________

– Releases _ times as much CO2 as conventional oil

– Low net energy yield

Oil Sand

Video on Oil Sands: http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1225047n

http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1225047n

Oil Shale

• Oil shales contain kerogen

– After distillation: shale oil

• 72% of the world’s reserve is in arid areas of western United States;

– Lack of water needed for extraction and processing

– Low net energy yield

Video on Oil Shale: http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4221813n


Oil Sands and Oil Shale: Advantages

• Moderate cost (oil sand)

• Large potential supplies, especially oil

sands in Canada

• Easily transported within and between

countries

• Efficient distribution system in place

• Technology well-developed (oil sand)

Oil Sands and Oil Shale: Disadvantages • _______________________ needed for processing

• Severe ______________

• Pet coke waste from refining process (ex. near

Chicago and Detroit neighborhoods)

• Severe water pollution

• More flammable than traditional crude (recent train

fires)

• Low net energy yield

• Environmental costs not included in market price

Oil Spills

- volatile organics can kill

many aquatic organisms

(especially plankton & larvae),

- floating oil coats birds &

marine mammals,_________

_______________________,

- heavy oil sinks to ocean

bottom & washes into

estuaries where it

contaminates crabs, oysters,

etc.

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill March 24, 1989, Exxon Valdez spilled oil in Prince William Sound

Over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of shoreline was coated

Exxon ruled negligent in 1991 federal lawsuit, and paid $1 billion to Alaska in fines

Exxon ruled guilty in 1994 lawsuit, and awarded $5 billion in damages to fishing industry, landowners, and AK residents

Preventing Oil Spills A __________________ may have prevented the Valdez catastrophe

All new tankers must have a double hull, and all single-hulled tankers are supposed to be phased out by 2015, but the oil industry is working to weaken these requirements.

Oil Protection Act of 1990 was supposed to regulate supertankers, but oil companies have found a way around the law by operating barges instead of tankers

Deep Horizon Oil Spill: Gulf of Mexico

• On April 20th, 2010,

methane in a deep water

oil well caused an

explosion.

• For 3 months oil gushed

into the deep ocean

before being capped

• An estimated 200 million

gallons spilled.

Methods of Cleaning-up Oils

Clean-up efforts included:

• Skimming

• Burning

• Removal from beaches

• Sorbents (Pads to absorb oil)

• Use of dispersants (______

________________________)

Booms to contain spill, sorbents and

other materials must be disposed of

as a hazardous waste.

Deep Horizon Oil Spill: Gulf of Mexico Corexit was the primary dispersant used and was highly

controversial.

Corexit is a carcinogen with the potential to

bioaccumulate.

The OSHA Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) states:

“No toxicity studies have been conducted on this

product.”

On May 19th, the EPA gave BP 24 hours to choose a

less toxic dispersant.

By July 30th, about 1.8 million gallons of dispersant,

mostly Corexit, had been deployed.

Deep Horizon Oil Spill: Gulf of Mexico

Deep Horizon Oil Spill

Methane: About 200,000

tons of CH4 were released

• As of Sept. 2010, most of

the methane appeared to be

gone.

• Methane-eating microbes

(methanotrophs) are

probably responsible

• Downside:___________

_____________________,

so waters became

________ depleted.

CAFE Standards: Corporate Average Fuel Economy

• After the 1973 Oil Embargo, the US Energy Policy &

Conservation Act of 1975 set standards for the

average fuel efficiency for each _______________

• From 1990-2010, the CAFE standards were 27.5 mpg

for passenger vehicles and 20.7 mpg for light

trucks/SUV’s

• Increases in standards through both the EISA (Energy

Independence and Security Act in 2007 and Obama

Administration regulations. Increases to __________

average for (new) passenger vehicles by 2025.

Natural Gas

•Natural gas is a mixture of 50–90%

methane (CH4), with other

hydrocarbons and the toxic gas

hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

•When a natural gas field is tapped,

propane (C3H8) & butane (C4H10)

gases are removed as liquefied

petroleum gas (LPG).

•Natural gas is typically transported

in ________________.

Transporting Natural Gas Pipelines extend for hundreds of

miles, which can be hazardous Pipelines can also leak _______

_____________________ into the atmosphere.

Natural Gas is also transported in ships and trucks

Conventional natural gas is_____________________.

• Russia has largest reserves of conventional natural

gas.

Unconventional natural gas is found in coal beds,

tight sands, dissolved in deep hot water, and frozen on

the ocean floor.

• US has large reserves of unconventional natural gas

Fracking: Hydraulic Fracturing New technology uses high pressure water and chemicals injected horizontally into deposits to fracture and release the gas.

Environmental Concerns:

• ___________________________________________ ____________________________________

• ___________________________________________ ____________________________________

Marcellus Shale is a major deposit of natural gas in the NE (Pennsylvania, New York)

Videos on Fracking: http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=50137954n




Natural Gas: Advantages

• CO2 emissions per unit energy produced is

__________________ for natural gas

compared to other fossil fuels.

• _________________than other fossil fuels

• Easily transported by pipeline

• Low land use

• Ample supplies

Natural Gas: Disadvantages • Nonrenewable resource

• Releases CO2 when burned

• Environmental costs not included in price

• ____________________________________

• Difficult to transfer from one country to another

• Can be shipped across ocean only as highly explosive

LNG

• Groundwater pollution from fracking

Coal

Coal is a fossil fuel,

produced from the buried

remains of swamp plants

that died during the

Carboniferous period

(geologic era ending 286

million years ago).

Stages in the

formation of coal

over millions of

years. Note the

three types of coal.

Coal Sources & Uses

Largest reserves of coal are in United States, the

former Soviet Union countries, and China.

•Coal provides about 25% of the world's

commercial energy (22% in U.S.)

•Used to generate 64% of world's electricity

(57% in U.S.)

•Used to make ___________________

•China gets ______________ from coal, largest

user.

Waste heat

Coal bunker Turbine Cooling tower

transfers waste heat

to atmosphere

Generator Cooling loop

Stack

Pulverizing

mill

Condenser Filter

Boiler

Toxic ash disposal

Mountaintop Removal Mining

Coal is naturally contaminated with mercury, which is

released when it is burned.

Coal-burning power plants and industrial boilers are the

greatest contributor to mercury pollution.

Mercury Emissions from Coal

Air Pollution from Coal: Acid Rain and Soot Coal contains sulfur and nitrogen impurities. Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are emitted from coal burning. These

molecules react in the atmosphere to form_________________

______________________________.

2/3 of all SO2 and ¼ of all NOx comes from electricity generated

by fossil fuels (especially coal).

East coast uses a greater percentage of

coal and has more acid rain.

Recent NASA Images of China’s Air Pollution

http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/01/15/unbelievable-photos-of-how-bad-beijings-air-has-gotten/



















Air Pollution from Coal: Soot

Carbon soot both contributes to global warming and is a harmful air pollutant (fine particulate matter.)

Methods of Reducing Air Pollution:

____________ ____________

____________

Videos on Coal: http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4969902n








Scrubbers can reduce Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

TRADE-OFFS

Coal

Advantages Disadvantages Severe land

disturbance, air

pollution, and water

pollution

Ample supplies (225–900

years)

High net energy yield

Environmental costs

not included in

market price

Low cost

Large government

subsidies Well-developed

technology High CO2 emissions

when produced and

burned

Air pollution can be

reduced with improved

technology

Severe threat to human

health when burned

Radioactive particle and

toxic mercury emissions

Conversion of solid coal to

-Synthetic natural gas (SNG) by coal gasification

- Methanol or synthetic gasoline by coal liquefaction

Synthetic fuels Advantages Disadvantages

Large potential

supply

Low to moderate net

energy yield

Higher cost than coal

Vehicle fuel Requires mining 50%

more coal

Environmental costs not

included in market price

Moderate cost High environmental impact

Large government

subsidies

High water use Lower air pollution than

coal when burned Higher CO2 emissions

than coal

Methane Hydrates

Methane hydrates are methane molecules (CH4) encased in an ice lattice

Stable only at __________ _______________________

Boils off at STP, and is extremely volatile

Not currently safe methods to extract

Videos on methane hydrates: http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4205577n



energy: fossil fuels€¦ · • pet coke waste from refining process (ex. near chicago and detroit...

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