energy & fuel users’ journal jul – sept. 2016...

Energy & Fuel Users’ Journal Jul – Sept. 2016

ENFUSEVolume - LXVI Book - 2

July - September 2016

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor :

Madhavan Nampoothiri

Advisors :

Dr. R. Natarajan

Mr. G. Thangaraj(Past President)

Dr. Sulaiman A. Alyahya

Members Ex-Officio:

Mr. S. Ramalingam, President

Capt. Dinesh .T.S.R, Secretary

Mr. S. Sakthivel, Treasurer

Dr. K.Mamallan, Joint Secretary

Mr. S. Jeyaram, Joint Secretary

Members :

Dr. S. Mohana MuruganChairman Academic Interface

Mr. Ramnath S Mani, Vice President, Southern Region

Mr. G.L. Srinivasan, Imm. Past President

Publisher :

Mr. S. RamalingamHonorary PresidentEnergy & Fuel Users’ Association of India

Editorial-cum-Admn. Office :

No. 4, B-1, J.P. Tower7/2, Nungambakkam High Road,Chennai - 600 034. INDIAPhone : 091-44-48502133e-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]

Printer :

EDITORIAL

I

The 66th Annual General Body Meeting of Enfuse was held on17th September 2016, and the well attended meeting saw some greatexchange of ideas and discussions on the various issues pertaining tothe energy sector and also the election of the new Executive Committeefor the year 2016-17. Enfuse Journal thanks the outgoing ExecutiveCommittee for their contributions during the last year and thecongratulates the new committee and wishing them all the best. Moredetails of the Annual General Body Meeting and the various eventsconducted by Enfuse are available in the ensuing pages of the Journal.

As I write this, two major stories are hogging the headlines, andthe impact on these 2 issues on the energy sector is not clear. The firstis an international event – the election of Donald Trump as the Presidentof the United States of America, and at this stage, no one knows whatto expect from him. It is widely believed that Donald Trump’s Presidencywill be good for the oil industry, especially the shale gas industry in theUSA, and there is a fear that subsidies and government support forthe renewable energy sector in the USA will be reduced. None of theseare likely to have any direct impact on the Indian renewable energysector, but we will have to wait and see what the medium term impactwill be. Donald Trump’s election has caused lot of concerns amongthe environmentalists since Trump does not apparently believe inclimate change, and has threatened to quit the global climate deal.

The other event, the demonetisation drive by the Modigovernment has led to cash crunch, and has affected the commonman. However, it is hoped that this drive will help unearth black money,and will be beneficial for the country in the long run. The impact of thisdrive on the energy sector is not clear at this stage, and we will have towait and watch.

This edition of the Enfuse Journal brings to you a variety ofnews on renewable energy from India and across the globe. Articleson Solar include the job generation potential of rooftop solar, and moreimportantly, 4 ways to jumpstart rooftop solar power in India. We alsolook at stories from solar-wind hybrids, wind energy and energy storage.On the technical side, we present an in-depth article on Harmonics,which is very critical for maintaining power quality.

We hope you enjoy reading this edition of the Enfuse Journal.Please let us know if you have any comments or feedback.

MADHAVAN NAMPOOTHIRI


FROM THE PRESIDENT’S DESK

The Executive Committee Members andmyself thank the members of ENFUSE whohave turned up in large numbers for theAnnual General Body Meeting held on 17th

Sept 2016. Needless to mention that theirwholehearted part icipation is h igh lycommendable, and the involvement andsolidarity of the members are the criticalfactors which make the difference for thesuccess of organisations.

Members may recall that there had beeninvolved d iscussions on the futurist icactivities of the organisation during the AGMand my request to all of you for your activeparticipation and unstinted cooperation in allthe future events. Energy conservation andEfficiency upgradation will be key focus inthe coming year besides introducing newertechnologies in the area of power generationand distribution and management of thePower Sector. Enfuse will be concentratingon relevant activities in these areas.

On behalf of the outgoing ExecutiveCommittee I thank the members for theirsplendid cooperation in the activities of theAssociation during the year 2015-16. Also onbehalf of the incoming committee I seek thecooperation and support of the newly elected,for piloting further activities with vigour andenthusiasm during the coming year as well.The list of the newly elected members and

the office bearers are appearing in the otherpages of this journal for your kind information.

As you are aware, ENFUSE has beenorganizing Seminars, Conferences andTraining Programme for the benefit of thestakeholders at regular intervals and a half-day Public Session had been organized onthe subject “ Wind Solar Hybrid PowerGeneration – An Overview” on 17 t h

September 2016 at CPCL RESOT,Chennai.Solar Power Initiat ives in ourcountry, after a strong start, is somewhatlimping at the present juncture facingseemingly insurmountable challenges. Lackof traction for state policies, conflict betweencentre and state policies an lack of RPOenforcement are among the majorchallenges. The increases in PV moduleprices and the depreciation of the IndianRupee against the dollar add up to the listof challenges. But not everything is gloomy.The Solar industry in India appears to beonly slowing down. Now an analysis isattempted whether Solar Energy can bepropped up by hybrid system solar-wind.After touching almost 2 GW in about 3 years,the sector is now confronted by severalchallenges - lack of clarity about the JNNSMPhase 2, Obligation (SPO) by Tamil Nadu,and the enforcement of RPO by Maharashtraand Punjab - are a few to be noted. However,huge power shortage in states like TamilNadu, Andhra Pradesh & Maharashtra areopening up new avenues for solar projectdevelopment. The draft wind solar hybridpolicy released by the central governmentopens up a lot of opportunities as well aschallenges to be worked upon.

It is in the above back drop of the aboveongoing developments, the event, titledWind Solar Hybrid Power Generation hadbeen organized to catalyze and facilitate

II


III

promotion of activities in the domain. Furtherdetails are appearing in the other pages ofthis issue.

India has set the ambitious target ofachieving the capacity of 175 Giga – Watts(GW) from renewable sources of energy bythe year 2022, including 100 GW from solarenergy and 60 GW from wind energy.Research studies have concluded that solarenergy and wind energy are complementaryto each other and as a result, hybridizationof solar and wind technologies would reducevariable costs, optimally utilize infrastructureand land since there are several areas withmoderately to high potential for both solarand wind energy. The Ministry of New andRenewable Energy (MNRE) o f theGovernment of India seeks to provide aframework for proper hybridization of wind

and solar technologies, promote large gridconnected wind – solar photo – voltaic (PV)system for optimal and efficient utilization ofboth infrastructure and land and therebyreduce variable costs and ensure better gridstability. In this regard, the MNRE hasproposed a draft National Wind – SolarHybrid Policy, 2016 (Draft Policy) with thegoal of reaching the target of wind – solarhybrid energy of capacity 10 GW by the year2022. The Draft Policy provides that wind –solar hybrid power plants will be configuredto operate at the same grid connection point.Current issue of the journal presents to youinformation of the draft policy.

With this I will conclude with greetingsto all of you !

S.RAMALINGAM

WIND ENERGY OPERATIONS ANDMAINTENANCE REPORT 2016

The O&M market readiness scorecard ranks the wind O&M industry in 18 countrieson readiness to adapt to the services landscape as wind capacity grows and stakeholders’interests change.

The US is currently ranked by Wind Energy Update as the O&M market with thegreatest market readiness. The US market added 4,000 new turbines for a total of8,598 MW in 2015, and its total installed capacity reached 74,471 MW.

The Chinese market is ranked 3rd despite having the highest potential and strength,with large amounts of installed capacity approaching end of warranty and enteringconstruction.

Mature European markets such as UK, Germany and Denmark made up theremainder of the top five, their industry performance scores were improved by theirmore established service sectors.

The full infographic ranks each of the 18 global markets against O&M marketreadiness, O&M service landscape and also ranks the recommended O&M strategyfor each market ISP Vs OEM Vs In-house.Further information can be viewed in therespective web site.

[email protected]


180 Annual General Body Meeting on 2nd

August 2016 Organised by MCCI:

On Behalf of ENFUSE President and EC Member Mr. S R Pradhish Kumaarattended the 180 th Annual General BodyMeeting o f the Madras Chamber ofCommerce & Industry on 2nd August 2016.

Mr. B Santhanam, President & ManagingDirector, Flat Glass, South Asia, Malaysia,Egypt, Saint Gobain India Pvt Ltd had beenthe Chief Guest for the Public Session.

AVC College of Engineering SEMINAR:

A seminar on Indian Energy Scenariowas conducted on 27.08.2016 at AVCEngineering College, Mayiladuthurai onbehalf of ENFUSE Students Chapter.

Dr. C.Sundarraj, HOD of MechanicalEngineering Department inaugurate theSeminar and explained the importance ofenergy savings in all walks of life.

He also advised the budding Engineersto make use of opportunity given for them toassociate with ENFUSE students chapter.

Dr. D.Ananthanarayanan, Sr. Manager(P&A), CPCL-CBR, made a presentation onIndian Energy scenario to the students andpointed out importance about Energymanagement and conservation.

The seminar was concluded with thevote of thanks de livered by Mr.R.Purusothaman, Asst. Professor andcoordinator of ENFUSE students chapterAVC Engineering college.

A large no. of students and facultymembers of various departments in AVCEngineering College attended the seminar.

Public Session on “Wind- Solar Hybrid

ENFUSE NEWS Power Generation – An Overview” atCPCL RESOT On 17th Sep 2016:

Solar Power Initiatives in our country,after a strong start, is somewhat limping atthe present juncture facing seeminglyinsurmountable challenges. Lack of tractionfor state policies, conflict between centre andstate policies and lack of RPO enforcementare among the major challenges. Thevagaries in PV module prices and thedepreciation of the Indian Rupee against thedollar add up to the list of challenges. Butnot everything is gloomy. The Solar industryin India appears to be only slowing down..After touching almost 2 GW in about 3 years,the sector is now confronted by severalchallenges - lack of clarity about the JNNSMPhase 2, Obligation (SPO) by Tamil Nadu,and the enforcement of RPO by Maharashtraand Punjab - are a few to be noted. However,huge power vagaries/ shortage in states likeTamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh & Maharashtraare opening up new avenues for solar projectdevelopment. The draft wind solar hybridpolicy released by the central governmentopens up a lot of opportunities as well aschallenges to be worked upon. Now ananalysis is attempted whether Solar Energycan be propped up by hybrid system solar-wind.

In the back drop of the above ongoingdevelopments, a half day Public Session,titled Wind Solar Hybrid Power Generation– An Overview is being organized byENFUSE to study and facilitate promotion ofactivities in the domain.

Mr. Gokul Rajan, CEO,The Innovation,Consulting and Engineering organization, adivision of ManageTeam Consulting Inc.,registered in Ontario, Canada, shared someof the various innovation frameworks and itsapplicability in key verticals in Canada andUS. He made the presentat ion at the

IV


Executive Committee meeting held on 10th

June 2016.

The lecture covered few case studiesalong the lines of innovative management ofstrategic initiatives from inception to businessbenefit realization. The presentation coveredsetting up Project/Program ManagementOffice or Result Management Office / Centerof Excellence, driving agile disaster recoverystrategic plans and tactical roadmaps andimplementing e-governance towards efficientoperational management.

These case studies were derived fromMr. Gokul’s direct experience in managingand leading high-profile provincial/federalinitiatives in India to varied industry verticalsin Canada/US. Some of the verticals thatwere discussed are:

1. Forest Department – Andhra Pradesh

2. Oil and Natural Gas – California

3. Telecommunication – Ontario

4. Professional Accounting & ConsultingGroup – Deloitte

Some of the Innovative directives wereimplemented through various frameworks,such as:

1. Portfolio Optimization Techniques

a. Provides organizational executivesstrategic platform to identify, evaluateand run several scenarios basedforecasting dashboard (Resources,Costs, Schedule, Benefits realizationetc…) to drive current projects andfuture pipeline initiatives

2. Project Predictive Analytics

a. A new approach to reducing projectrisks and predicting success. ItAddresses l ikely impacts of anyprojects in these areas (Significantcosts, operational failures, regulatory

V

non-compl iance, customerdissatisfaction or loss of competitiveadvantage… and these impact notonly the project manager, but also theexecut ive sponsors, seniormanagement teams and boards ofdirectors)

3. Demand Management – ForecastingResource availability and management

a. Ab il i ty to quantum manageorganizational resources to theirskillset, qualifications, leadershipcapability, hierarchy, experience andprofessional diversity

4. Enterprise Project Management

a. Managing organizational initiativeswithin the triple constraints of Cost,Scope and Timeline in a structuredef fort to integra te with inorgan iza tional IOT ( Internet ofTh ings) to ensure seamlessintegration between client, vendorand the user

5. Risk and Value Proposition Techniques

a. Specialized techn ique to mapinitiatives based on inherent risks,probability for the risk to realize, valueof the item in question and effectivebenefit to the organization in pursueof the same for strategic growth.

6. Management Consult ing too lki tsdesigned to op timize operat ionalmanagement

Annual General Body Meeting:The Sixty Sixth Annual General Body

Meeting of Energy & Fuel Users’ Associationof India (Formerly known as Steam & FuelUsers’ Association of India) was conductedon 17th September 2016 at CPCL RESOT at2.00 p.m. The General Body approved theaudited accounts and statements of Income


and Expenditure for the year 2015 – 2016,besides electing the of Executive CommitteeMembers and Office Bearers. The list ofnewly elected Off ice Bearers with theportfolios and the Executive CommitteeMembers are appearing in the other pagesof the journal.

Student Chapter at Sir Issac NewtonCollege of Engineering & Technology,Nagapattinam on 23.9.2016

The inaugural function started 11.30a.m. with Invocation song. Asst. Prof. P.MalaiSe lvaraja , HOD of Mechanical Dept.welcomed the gathering. Dr. Giftson Samuel,Principal, Sir Issac Newton College ofEngineering gave felicitation and Presidentialaddress.

Shri S.Ramalingam, National PresidentENFUSE came to Nagapatt inam toinaugurate the students chapter on23.09.2016. In his message he advised thebudding Eng ineers to make use ofopportunity given for them. Further heinformed the newly joined students and staffmembers that they are fortunate enoughgetting a chance to associate with ENFUSEand also explained the importance of energysavings in a ll walks of l i fe . Dr.D.Ananthanarayanan, Sr. Manager (P&A),CPCL-CBR, Nagapatt inam made apresentation on Indian Energy scenario to thestudents and pointed out importance aboutEnergy management and conservation.

Asst. Professor Shri N.Raghuvaran,HOD of Electrical and Electronics departmentgave vote of thanks.

Asst. Pro fessor Shri M.Madhan,Mechanica l Engineer ing department,Coordinator ENFUSE students chapter, SirIssac Newton College of Engineering madearrangements for the Inaugural function.

The function concluded with NationalAnthem.

A large no. of students and facultymembers of various departments attendedthe function. A list of students joined inENFUSE students chapter is attached.

Student Chapter at VIT University on 28th

September 2016:

ENFUSE –VIT Student chapter , Facultyco-ordinator:

Dr.A.Peer Fathima, Professor, School ofElectrical Engineering, VIT, Chennai campus

Student President: Mr.Mukul DwivediB.Tech (EEE) Third year

No of students registered: 55 studentsof VIT,Chennai

Activities of ENFUSE in 2016-17:

ENFUSE –VIT Student chapter Fourthbatch inauguration was held on 28/09/16 at VIT University, Chennai campus. Thewelcome address was delivered byDr.A.Peer Fathima, Professor, School ofElectrical Engineering, VIT, Chennaicampus and the faculty co-ordinator of thisENFUSE student chapter. The chapterwas inaugurated by Mr.S.Ramalingam,President- ENFUSE.He was introduced bythe student president Mr.Mukul.ThePresident- ENFUSE delivered a speciallecture on “Renewable energy scenario“ and Mr.S.R.Pradhish Kumar,Director,Praddin Power Pvt Ltd delivereda lecture on “Wind-Solar Hybrid powergeneration” for the benefit of ENFUSEmembers. 55 students of VIT,Chennaiwere registered for the membership andtook part in the discussion session onenergy related issues with the President-ENFUSE and Mr.S.R.PradhishKumar,Member ENFUSE. The programwas concluded with the vote of thanksproposed by the student PresidentMr.Mukul.

VI


A view of audience - StudentChapter at Sir Issac Newton

College of Engineering &Technology

A view of audience - AnnualGeneral Body Meeting

A view of audience - PublicSession on Wind Solar Hybrid

Power Generation - An Overview

A view of audience - StudentChapter at AVC College of

Engineering

Mr.S.Ramalingam, President,ENFUSE delivered a lecture

on Renewable energyScenerio in India at

AVC College of Engineering

VII


CONTENTSPage No.

1. INDIA WILL NEED 1MN TECHNICIANS BY 2022 TO ACHIEVE ROOFTOPSOLAR TARGET 1

2. 4 WAYS TO JUMPSTART ROOFTOP SOLAR POWER IN INDIA 2

3. SOLAR MANUFACTURERS AT EASE OVER WTO RULING UPHOLDING USCOMPLAINT AGAINST INDIA 4

4. WORLD RECORD LOW PRICE ENTERED FOR SOLAR PLANT IN ABU DHABI 6

5. SUZLON TO WORK ON HYBRID WIND-SOLAR MODEL SOON 7

6. REVERSE AUCTION FOR WIND ENERGY: CAN INDIA WEAVE THE SAMBA MAGIC? 8

7. AN OVERVIEW OF ALL THE WIND BASED ENERGY COMPANIES IN INDIA 10

8. INDIA WASTES 15-20% OF ITS RENEWABLE ENERGY DUE TO LACK OF STORAGE:PANASONIC ENERGY HEAD 12

9. CHINA AND INDIA ARE LIKELY TO DOMINATE THE GLOBAL STORAGE MARKETIN THE COMING YEARS 13

10. INDIA WANTS TO BUILD 10 GIGAWATTS OF PUMPED HYDRO STORAGE TOSUPPORT SOLAR 15

11. NORWAY IS EUROPE’S CHEAPEST “BATTERY” 17

12. TESLA WINS MASSIVE CONTRACT TO HELP POWER THE CALIFORNIA GRID 19

13. APPLE COMMITS TO RUN OFF 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY 2114. HARMONICS – CAUSES AND EFFECTS 23

VIII

Please note that effective

1st November 2016 Telephone Number of

Our Office is being changed

to 2820 5553,replacing the existing number 48502133


In order to achieve the 40,000-megawatttarget in rooftop solar installations, India willneed 10 lakh technicians by 2022, IshwarBhavsar, Cha irman, Gu jara t EnergyDevelopment Agency (GEDA), said here onTuesday.

Speaking at the inaugural function of theTrainers’ Workshop under the NationalCertification Programme for Rooftop SolarPhotovoltaic Instal ler (Cert if icat ionProgramme), he said rooftop solartechnology, in spite of its benefits, is acha llenging sector on account of thedistributed and techno-social nature of thesector.

“In spite of both central and state-levelsubsidies, we are st il l facing teethingproblems and the state’s residential rooftopsolar programme has not taken off asexpected.”

A major challenge is ensuring the qualityof equipment and workmanship of the rooftopsolar installation given that an unskilledelectrician can attempt to install a system andthe consumer would be ignorant about thetechnology.

Dr. Omkar Jani, Principal ResearchScientist (Solar Energy), Gujarat EnergyResearch and Management Inst itu te(GERMI), said it is practically impossible forone institute to train soo many technicians.“Hence we are trying to handhold anddevelop capacities in a 100 partneringtraining institutions across the country. Ourtraining partners would train the technicians,while we would standardise the technicalcontent and ensure quality.”

This programme was first launched inJanuary 2015 during the Vibrant GujaratSummit by Minister for Coal, Power andRenewables Piyush Goyal, where GERMIhad s igned a memorandums ofunderstanding (MoUs) with several statenodal agencies, distribution companies, solarindustries and training institutes. The currenttrain ing workshop is the fourth suchworkshop drawing trainers from all over thecountry. These trainers would go back to theirrespective organisations and start trainingtechnicians there. The programme hasachieved close to 100 per cent job placement.

(Source : The Hindu dated September 20,2016)

India wi l l need 1mn technicians by2022 to achieve rooftop solar target

1


2

The Indian government has rightly maderooftop solar power one of its top clean energypriorities – here’s how they can jumpstart thenascent market.

With a bold goal of delivering 100GW ofsolar power by 2022 India is helping to createone of the world’s fastest growing solarmarkets. Impressive strides have been madetowards building out the 60GW of utility-scalesolar power necessary to make good on thegoal. However, the remaining 40GW of rooftopsolar power needs a boost. Getting this marketright can help put a serious dent in the energypoverty suffered by 80 million householdscurrently lacking electricity, and is critical forsupporting the country’s growing middle class.

Rooftop solar power has enormouspotential in India and has experienced steadygrowth in recent years. It offers electricityconsumers a lower electricity bill (on average30% savings for businesses and 18% forindustry), and a reliable alternative tointermittent electricity from the grid. Theproblem is, while the market is growing at a“blistering 300% pace”, even more is neededto get from approximately 1GW today to 40GWin 2022. Anew report from Climate PolicyInitiative (CPI) shows a few ways we canunleash even greater growth.

Support third-party financingA third-party financing model consists of a

rooftop solar developer, a third-party financierand a consumer. The developer installs arooftop solar plant on a consumer’s propertyand the third-party financier invests in theproject. The consumer agrees to purchaseelectricity at a specified price for 15 to 25 years,with no upfront cost except their monthlyelectricity bill. The third-party financing modelremoves the burden of high upfront installation

4 Ways To J umpstar t RooftopSolar Power In India

costs for the consumer, as well as perceivedperformance risk, or the perception that thetechnology may not perform as expected overits lifetime.

The third-party financing model has beena significant driver of growth in the rooftop solarindustry globally, especially in the US whereup to 72% of rooftop solar installations in2014 were third-party-owned. The model hasalso started picking up recently in othercountries, including China and Japan.

But in India it only supports 13% of rooftopsolar installat ions under operation orconstruction. The industry believes that thereis potential to increase the total installedcapacity under the third-party financing modelto more than 20GW by 2022, meaning that itcould unlock more than half of the government’s40GW target.

The third-party financing model is also agood opportunity for investors. Withgovernment incentives, all states in India offerinternal rates of return (IRR) of at least 14%and as high as 42% for rooftop solar projectsfinanced by third parties. And, as the cost ofsolar falls, more sectors in Indian states arebecoming profitable without these incentives.Over 40% of the opportunities already offerIRRs of 14%-34% even without governmentincentives.

Train banks to help unlock local debt

It’s no secret that the solar business iscapital intensive. That means access to debtfinance is critical to its long-term success. Sincethe rooftop solar sector is new and transactioncosts are high (due to the smaller size ofprojects), bankers don’t yet feel comfortablelending to projects. The most significant


3

challenge to the third-party financing modeltoday is low access to debt finance.

To increase access to debt for rooftop solarpower, the Ministry of New and RenewableEnergy (MNRE) can work with developmentbanks to provide a system of trainings tobankers in India to increase their understandingand comfort with rooftop solar loans. Trainingscan include how to assess rooftop solarprojects, how to process solarloans, and thedynamics of the rooftop solar industry andassociated risks.

Given the depth and breadth of the localbanking system, and the $625 million it now hasto solve this problem thanks to the World Bank,high leverage interventions like these can getthe money flowing.

Get DISCOMs in the game

Another important step is addressingconsumer credit risk. Consumer credit risk isthe second biggest challenge to the third-partyfinancing model. Low availability of creditassessment procedures, low enforceability ofagreements, and lengthy and costly legalprocesses in the case of a dispute or paymentdefault all conspire to hold back investment.

One way to reduce consumer credit risk isfor MNRE and state governments to includeIndia’s state-level public electricity distributioncompanies (DISCOMs) as a party to the powerpurchase agreement between the developerand the consumer. While DISCOM balancesheets don’t exactly inspire confidence, theydo have the power to terminate grid supplywhich can provide an effective “stick” to ensurecustomer payment.

DISCOMs are also responsible forimplementing net metering, which is a policythat has been passed in nearly all states thatmakes rooftop solar power more viable byenabling consumers to use solar powergenerated during the day at night. However, atpresent, there is little incentive for DISCOMs

to prioritize net metering implementation whichmeans most rooftop solar companies don’t takeadvantage of it. One way to overcomeDISCOMs’ reluctance would be to incentivizethem to fulfill their Renewable PurchaseObligation (RPO) requirement — a governmentrequirement to install solar power — via rooftopsolar installations, by providing 30% more creditto rooftop solar power generation compared toutility-scale solar power.

Invest in financial innovation

Last but not least, it’s clear that financialinnovation has been key to unlocking cleanenergy abroad, and it is likely to be useful inIndia as well. The India Innovation Lab forGreen Finance, a public-private initiative,administered by CPI and modelled after thesuccessful Global Innovation Lab for ClimateFinance, is currently developing severalinstruments which have the potential to drivesignificant investment into third party financingfor rooftop solar power.

The first, Loans4SME, is a peer-to-peerlending platform that connects investors directlywith borrowers and could help improve accessto debt financing for the rooftop solar industry.The second, the Rooftop Solar Sector PrivateFinancing Facility backed by the IFC, couldincrease access to debt financing for the rooftopsolar industry by creating a warehouse structurethat aggregates and purchases large numbersof small projects helping to inject liquidity intothe market. This also enables an aggregatedeal size large enough and of sufficient creditquality to attract more attention from investors,especially institutional investors.

At the end of the day there really is no onesilver bullet. But taken together, these policyand financial solutions can jumpstart India’srooftop solar industry and put it on track toachieve the government’s target of 40GW ofrooftop solar power by 2022, a goal the wholeworld should get behind.

(Source :GireeshShrimali, Huffington Post,September 15, 2016)


4

Solar manufacturers are unfazed by theWTO’s upholding of the US complaint againstIndia as the ruling was along expected lines,but project developers who import equipmentare worried that the government may retaliateby imposing duties.

Last week, the appellate body of theWTO upheld two earlier rulings by a WTOcommittee against the domestic contentrequirement in the Jawaharlal Nehru NationalSolar Mission (JNNSM).

“We had known for the last couple ofmonths that this would be the outcome,” saidHR Gupta, managing director of solarmanufacturer IndoSolar and secretary of theIndian Solar Manufacturers Association. “Itis business as usual for us. There are manyother options to consume manufacturingcapacity produced locally, including that ofdirect procurement by the government.”

Others maintained India had already setabout improving its solar manufacturingcapabilities, so that the ruling would notmatter in the long run. “Many companies, bigand small, are beginning to set up fullyintegrated manufacturing facilities to buildsolar modules from scratch. That is the onlyway forward,” said Pranav Mehta, chairman,National Solar Energy Federation of India(NSEFI). Solar developers, who in any casebuy most of their modules from foreigncompanies, especially Chinese, were alsounfazed.

“PSUs will continue to buy local modulesas they have been doing,” said Sunil Jain,

Solar manufacturers at ease over WTO rul ingupholding US complaint against India

CEO, Hero Future Energies. “But if thegovernment was to retaliate and impose anti-dumping duty on foreign modules, it couldprove a problem for us.” Re-imposing anti-dumping duty on solar modules, which wasabolished in late 2014, would raise their costfor Indian developers, thereby rendering solartariffs less competitive. “The government stillhas 12 months to figure out what to do,” hesaid.

The ministry of new and renewableenergy could not be reached for a response.The JNNSM includes a provision stipulatingthat 10 per cent of the modules used in India’sso lar plants should be domestical lymanufactured. Since India-made modulesare unable to compete with foreign ones, bothon price and technology (and more so afterthe anti-dumping duty was abolished),agencies like NTPC and Solar Corporationof India have been holding separate auctionswith a domestic content requirement (DCR)provision, where the subsidy provided by thegovernment as well as winning tariffs aresignificantly higher than in open auctions.

In 2013, the US complained to WTO thatthe DCR provision in the JNNSM favouredlocal manufacturers and was inconsistentwith the WTO’s Trade Related InvestmentMeasures (TRIMs) agreement, which Indiawas a signatory to.

A three-member dispute settlementpanel of the WTO upheld the US’s charge inAugust 2015. India went in appeal, but thepanel reiterated its decision in February thisyear. Now, India’s subsequent appeal to the


5

appellate body of the WTO has also fallenflat.

“The panel sustained the US’s claimsthat India’s DCR measures are inconsistentwith WTO non-discrimination obligationsunder Article III:4 of the GATT 1994 andArticle 2.1 of the TRIMs Agreement. Thepanel also found that the measures are notcovered by the government procurementexemption under Article III:8(a) of the GATT1994, because the product being procured(electricity) was not in a “competit iverelationship” with the product discriminated

against (solar cells and modules),” theappellate body’s report said.

Days before the judgment, India hadretaliated against the US with a countercomplaint to the WTO, noting that eight USstates had DCR requirements similar toIndia’s in solar products and were thereforealso violating trade rules. But it proved of noavail.

The US’s complaint is also curiousconsidering that its solar exports to India arefairly low.

(Source: Economic Times dated 19 September 2016)

Gautam Adani unvei l s wor ld’s largestSolar Power plant i n Tami l Nadu

Adani Green Energy, part of the Adani Group, today said it has dedicated to thenation the world's largest 648-mw solar power plant in Tamil Nadu entailing an investmentof Rs 4,550 crore.

The solar power plant, producing 648 mw at a single location, was formally dedicatedto the nation, a company statement said.

“The plant is set up at Kamuthi, Ramanathapuram, in Tamil Nadu with an investmentof Rs 4,550 crore. It is part of the state government's ambitious target of generating3,000 mw as per the solar energy policy unveiled by the government in 2012,” it said.

The entire 648-mw plant is now connected with Kamuthi 400 kv sub-station ofTantransco, making it the world's largest solar unit at a single location, it said.

“This is a momentous occasion for Tamil Nadu as well as for the entire country. Weare... happy to dedicate this plant to the nation. A plant of this magnitude reinstates thecountry’s ambitions of becoming one of the leading green energy producers in the world,”said Gautam Adani, Chairman, Adani Group.

“I would like to express our deepest gratitude to chief minister and the governmentof Tamil Nadu...,” he said.


6

Solar prices keep falling. Today, anastonishing bid of 2.42 U.S. cents per kWhhas been entered into a tender in Abu Dhabifor a huge utility-scale plant in Abu Dhabi.The bid was entered into an Abu DhabiElectricity and Water Authority’s (ADWEA)tender by a consortium of JinkoSolar andMarubeni.

The plant is to be built in the town ofSwaihan northwest of Abu Dhabi. A newsettlement is being built in the region and itis need of quick, affordable electricity.Understanding that solar could be thecheapest option, ADWEA invited bids for a350 MW, but allowed bidders to increase thesize of the development.

While the auction has not been won yet,a senior representative of Middle East SolarIndustry Association (MESIA) confirmed

World record low pr ice entered forSolar Plant in Abu Dhabi

with pv magazine that a consortium ofJinkoSolar – acting as the developer – andJapanese company Marubeni entered a worldrecord low price of 2.42 U.S. cents per kWh.The previous world record stood at 2.91 centsper kWh at an auction in Chile in August2016.

pv magazine understands that the bidput forth by Jinko and Marubeni is for aproject that is considerably bigger than the350 MW originally intended.

The winners of the auction have notbeen decided yet, with a number of bidsunder consideration. A bid from a consortiumof Masdar, Abu Dhabi’s energy company,EDF Energies Nouvelles and PAL Group wasalso submitted to ADWEA, and is now underevaluation.(Source :pvmagazine.com dated 19 September 2016)

Amazon Bui lds Giant Wind Farm In TexasThe farm will feature 100 turbines.

This week, Amazon announced a massive new renewable energy project dubbedAmazon Wind Farm Texas. The farm, which will be built in West Texas' Scurry County, willhold over 100 massive wind turbines with a diameter larger than the wingspan of a Boeing747, according to the company.

The project is expected to generate 1,000,000 megawatt hours of wind energy everyyear, enough to power 90,000 American homes for a year.

Amazon already has wind farms in Indiana, North Carolina, and Ohio, and Virginia topower their cloud data servers. Amazon Web Services (AWS) says that 40% of theirinfrastructure will be powered by renewable energy by the end of the year, up from 25% in2015.

Source: Amazon


7

Wind energy f irm Suzlon will startworking on its plans for a hybrid wind-solarmodel next year, a senior company executivesaid. This is the company’s first step inworking towards an integrated model wherewind, solar and storage batteries will be apart of the same renewable energy eco-system.

“It is not about wind versus solar, butwind and solar. We are enthusiastic aboutsolar and will start our research next year,”Duncan Koerbel, CTO, Suzlon Group told ET.“Suzlon is uniquely positioned in India wherewe already have a wind park, and it makessense to put a solar panel park next to thatand connect it to the same grid,” he said.

The company has a team of 2,500people in operations management acrossIndia who could oversee this and find abalance between wind and solar power,depending on the conditions at any giventime.

Similarly, with battery storage at thesame location, it could hypothetically tap intothe energy stored in the batteries and use itto provide power and create a renewableecosystem that balances wind, solar andbattery storage.

Suzlon to work on hybr id wind-solar model soon “We are working on the plan, will see

the first steps at R&D level next year. It’s hardto say when we’d see something in themarket as that would depend on our clientsand the utilities that buy the power,” saidKoerbel.

Suzlon chairman Tulsi Tanti has set histeam an ambitious goal of installing 15 GWof power over the next five years, almost atpar with what it’s done in its first 20 years.Suzlon estimates there is potential to unlock300 GW of wind energy in India.

At present, Koerbel’s focus is improvingthe efficiency of wind turbines to reduce thelevelised cost of energy by 20 per cent overthe next five years. The strategy is built onfour pillars - improving aerodynamics androtor size, taller towers, smarter pitch controland integrated wind control.

Suzlon has created a hybrid towerstructure, which will allow it to increase thetower size from the current average of 88 mto over 120 m.

The wind has more energy at higherlevels and this will permit the company togenerate more energy f rom the sameturbines.

AN APPEALAs you are aware our advertisement tariff had been kept at very low levels for a long time. However

due to run away cost in all activities, the production cost of the journal also has increased tremendously.This has necessitated a reworking of the advertisement tariffs us given hereunder. This Tariff comesinto force with effect from 1.4.2011.

All members are requested to cooperate:BACK WRAPPER - Rs.10,000/- per insertFRONT INNER PAGE - Rs. 5,000/- per insertBACK INNER PAGE - Rs. 5,000/- per insertFULL PAGE (ART PAPER) - Rs. 2,500/- per insertFULL PAGE - Rs. 2,000/- per insertHALF PAGE - Rs. 1,000/- per insert

For Details Please contact:Hon. Secretary, ENFUSE

4, B-1, J.P.Towers, 7/2 Nungambakkam High Road,Chennai - 600 034. Phone: 044-4850 2133


8

The recent reverse auctions for solarprojects conducted by the Ministry of Newand Renewable Energy (MNRE) are lookedat as a raging success. The ministry now hasa new challenge at hand - replicating thatsuccess of reverse auctions for awardingWind Power projects.

Unlike solar power projects, setting upof wind power projects (WPP) requires a lotmore investment and effort by the projectdevelopers. Industry body Indian WindTurbine Association (IWTMA) quotes a reportby Bloomberg New Energy Finance to assertIndian Wind Energy projects are the cheapestin the world.

So, will this low cost of sett ing upprojects prove to be enough to guarantee asuccessful reverse auction? Severalcountries have used reverse auctions topromote deployment of renewable energy.The combination of a competitive mechanismwith a demand for renewable energy shouldreduce costs in achieving deployment goals.

Reverse auctions can be used forrenewable energy deployment at a low cost,but design elements need to be present toprevent underbidding and breach of contract.Brazil is currently the only country wherereverse wind auctions have been successful.

Brazil’s electricity supply is dominatedby renewables. Unlike a number of othercountries with large amounts of greenhousegases they are seeking to abate through atransition to RES, Brazil is blessed withplentiful hydropower resources successfullydeveloped.

Reverse auct ion for wind energy:Can India weave the Samba magic?

According to IRENA, when Brazil’sProgramme of Incentives for AlternativeElectricity Sources (PROINFA) schemebegan in 2002, only 10 per cent of Brazilianelectricity was being generated throughconventional thermal electricity, while 83 percent came from hydropower.

First established in 2002, the PROINFAscheme was an attempt to spur renewableenergy development and increase the shareof renewable energy to 10 per cent of theelectricity supply by 2020. The goal was tostimulate the addition of over 3,300 MW ofrenewables, to be divided equally amongsmall hydro, wind power, and biomass.

Following an energy crisis in 2001-02,regulatory changes were made to Brazil’selectricity sector in 2004. That nation’s firstwind energy auction was held in 2009 where71 projects were contracted for a total of1,800 Megawatts (MW).

Indian planners may gain by a carefulstudy of the pros and cons of the Brazil modelbefore going ahead with their own auctions.In the Brazil model, each of the contractsauctioned had short preparation times — thefirst auction required the projects to be onlinewithin two years and three months, whereasthe second allowed a lead time of three years.The PPAs for these projects were to last 20years.

There were a series of pre-requisites forparticipation in the wind auction in Brazil. Theenvironmental permits needed to be obtainedprior to bidding, the investor had to presentgrid access approval issued by the systemoperator and the investor also had to present


9

measurements of the resource provided byan independent authority.

Brazil’s wind auctions differed fromgeneral auction process for projects in twokey aspects: The price of the auctionedenergy is paid by all consumers as a systemcharge and the government determinesdemand for renewable electricity rather thanthe Discoms, according to Centre forInternational Environment and ResourcePolicy (CIERP), a research organizationbased within The Fletcher School of Law andDiplomacy at the Tufts University in the US.

Another safeguard in place for the windauction was the guarantee. The auction

required a deposit of 1 per cent of thecandidate’s investment costs. This deposit wasto be returned to auction winners when thecontract was signed but they were expected todeposit a 5 per cent guarantee for the project’scompletion. Auction losers were returned thedeposit shortly after the auction.

The requirement that companies cometo the auction with a submitted wind studyand environmental approval helped to keepaway the less serious bidders. This alsoindicated an understanding of potentialpitfalls in a reverse auction process andhelped to address underbidding.

(Source : Economic Times dated September 21, 2016)

MOROCCO’S MOSQUES ARE GOING GREEN

Morocco’s mosques are going green in an effort to improve efficiency, promoterenewable energy and create business opportunities around energy-efficienttechnologies. The first phase of a government-led, four-year project is expectedto install energy-saving lights, and to use solar panel systems to generate power,heat water and provide air-conditioning in places of worship.

The eco-friendly project, done as a collaboration with the German government,will be first undertaken in 600 of the country’s estimated 15,000 mosques. Ninety-nine percent of Morocco’s over 33 million people are Muslim. The renovations areexpected to cut power usage in prayer spaces by 40% and to create hundreds ofjobs. To increase the social impact of green energy, the project will also engagemedia outlets, religious leaders and schools as part of a public sensitizationcampaign.

Over the last few years, Morocco has set on an ambitious path to embracerenewable energy. The country is now home to the world’s largest concentratedsolar power plant, which started work in February this year. The North Africannation is also on track to exceed its goal of generating 42% of its power fromrenewable sources by 2020. That target was extended last year so as to develop52% of energy from solar, wind and hydropower by 2030.

In November, the country will also host COP22, the latest UN-sponsoredclimate talks, in the city of Marrakech. The green mosque initiative is expected totake a prominent role as part of the country’s leadership to agitate for change inclimate matters.


10

Wind Energy in India, unlike all otherforms of energy, is run by only PrivateCompanies. ETEnergyWorld presents anoverview of the key players in the greenenergy sector.

Suzlon Energy Limited

Suzlon is ranked among the top fivemanufacturers of wind turbines worldwide. Itis a Pune-based MNC and a market leaderin Wind energy industry in India. Suzlon wasformed in 1995 and has a global presencewith operations in more than 30 countries andinstallation capacity of 23,000 MW.

Wind World India limited

Wind World India is a Mumbai-basedcompany formed in 1994. Wind World isinvolved in the manufacturing of concrete andsteel Wind Turbine Generators which aremanufactured at facilities located in Damanwhereas concrete towers are manufacturedat Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujaratemploying more than 5,000 people.

Regen Powertech private limited

ReGen is a wind turbine manufactureroperating from Chennai. Established in 1994,ReGen has its manufacturing facility locatedin Tada, Andhra Pradesh. ReGen offersvarious wind power generation relatedservices which includes manufacturing,consultancy, supply, erection, operations,commissioning and maintenance.

Inox Wind limited

Inox Wind is a wind energy companybased in Noida. Inox began operations in2006 and are engaged in the manufacture

An Overview of Al l the Wind BasedEnergy Companies in India

of WTG. Its major services include siteacquisition, wind resource assessment,erection and commissioning, infrastructuredevelopment and maintenance. I tsmanufacturing facil i ties are located inAhmedabad, Gujrat and Una, HimachalPradesh.

Orient Green Power Limited

Chennai-based wind generationcompany, Orient Green is a joint venturebetween Shri ram EPC and BessemerVenture Partners. The company, formed in2006, is a leading player in renewable energysector in the country and producer of bio-gas,biomass, wind energy and hydroelectricprojects. The Company has annual capacityto produce 466 MW electricity and plans toexpand to 1,000 MW.

Indowind Energy Limited

Indowind Energy Ltd is a Wind energycompany, which offers various services inwind power sector such as developing windfarms for sale and generating wind power.The company has its headquarters inChennai and has branch offices located atMumbai and Madurai.

International Players:

Vestas India

Denmark-based Vestas is the largestwind turbine manufacturer in the world.Vestas was founded in 1945 in Aarhus,Denmark. Vestas started running operationsin India in 1979 in the manufacturing anddevelopment of wind energy f arms.Established in 1979, the company is a marketleader in Wind energy generation in the world


11

and has existence in more than 70 countriesand installed 57 GigaWatt. The company hasover 24 branch offices employing over 17,000employees worldwide.

In India, Vestas has wind farms inKarnataka.

Enercon India Pvt limited

Enercon is a wind Energy companyfounded in 1983 and has a power generationcapacity of around 28 GW. Based inGermany, the company offers services suchas Power Genera tion , Technica l andBusiness Support, Process & Industrial andNew Plant Services. In India, Enercon runsits operations under the Banner Wind WorldLtd.

Gamesa wind turbines private limited

Gamesa was formed in 1976 and is aglobal manufacturer of wind turbines and amarket leader in construct ion anddevelopment of wind farms. Headquarteredin Zamudio (Spain), it is ranked fourth largestmanufacturer of wind turbines in the world.Gamesa has its wind projects located inKarnataka and Tamil Nadu.

GE Wind Energy Limited

Global wind turbine manufacturer GEWind Energy Ltd. was incorporated in theyear 1980 in Fairfield, U.S. The Companymainly makes 26 GW of low and medium-voltage frequency converters which areinstalled on wind turbines.

(Source : Economic Times dated September 7, 2016)

The Contribution of Renewable Energies to aSustainable Energy Economy- An Observation

Since the beginning of industrialization, energy consumption has increasedconsiderably more rapidly than the world population. In addition to the limited resources,exhaust gases resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels have adverse effects on theworld climate and the health of its population. Sustainable and socially acceptabledevelopment is, therefore, only possible if more rational and technologically advanceduse of conventional energy carriers is combined with an increasing contribution ofrenewable energy sources to the total energy consumption. Renewable energies arecharacterized by a diversity of resources and technologies for power ranging from a fewWatts to hundreds of Megawatts. Their characteristic technologies, their potential andtheir present/future cost structures are described in this paper. These technologies canbe adapted to any kind of energy service and are compatible with modern energy supplysystems. With extended networks of centralized and decentralized power plants and heatsupply systems, security of supply can be ensured. Because of the foreseeable increasein conventional energy prizes, a forceful strategy for accelerated introduction of renewableenergy sources is not only a requirement for sustainable growth, but also an economicallysound policy.

For further informatin: Professor H. Müller-Steinhagen, Institute of TechnicalThermodynamics, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Stuttgart, Germany.


12

The variations in wind and solar energy,and the lack of adequate electricity storagefacilities, result in about 15-20 per cent of allrenewable energy generated in India going towaste, according to a top official in PanasonicIndia’s energy division.Grid management

“On average, if 24 hours is the potential ofelectricity generation, then you can easily saythat 15-20 per cent is wasted because the gridcan’t manage the kind of variation in theelectricity sourced from wind and solargeneration,” Atul Arya, Head, Energy Systems,Panasonic India told The Hindu in an interview.

The variability of generation f romrenewable sources—where wind changesdirection and speed on an hourly basis and solarintensity can vary by the minute—is not thatbig a problem if renewable energy forms a smallproportion of the overall grid, as it does currentlyin the national grid, Mr Arya said.

“But if you look at state-specific grids, thenthe picture changes,” he added. “For example,look at the Tamil Nadu grid. Percentage-wise,wind is pretty high in the Tamil Nadu grid andthat is what is creating problems for them. Withwind changing its speed and direction, itbecomes horrible from a grid stability point ofview.”Discarding Power

The typical strategy in India at the moment,Mr Arya said, is to simply discard the unstablepower without it ever entering the grid.

“So you are generating but not using it inthe grid,” he said. “It gets wasted. Electricity issomething you either use immediately, or youcannot use it at all.”

That’s where storage technology comesin.

Storage technology can ensure that nomatter the wind or solar generation, what you

India wastes 15-20% of i t s renewable energydue to lack of storage: Panasonic Energy head

get out of the generation-cum-storage unit is auniform output, “which is great for the grid”,according to Mr Arya.

As far as battery technology goes, lithium-ion batteries—the kind used in cellphones—have emerged as the technology of choicesince they outperform all the other competingtechnologies in terms of size, capacity,efficiency, and environmental impact.

“Lithium-ion does not seem to be goinganywhere in the next decade,” Mr Arya said.“And if you include the fact that even electriccars use that battery, then you can expectgreater R&D and investment in this technologyin the future.”Sector Incentives

The Central government has been pushingrenewable energy hard since it came to power,but there it is still moving relatively slowly onstorage technologies, something that a fewpolicy decisions could rectify, according to MrArya.

“There is an amount of realisation in thegovernment and the ministries in understandingthe subject, but yes, it is quite new,” he said.“Maybe it will sti ll take some time (forgovernment policy to gain traction).”Viability-gap funding

Apart from announcing tax incentives forstorage technology manufacturing, such as isbeing done for the IT sector, other steps likeviability-gap funding can also boost the sector.

“The government currently only recognisesgas-based plants as the service providers toboost generation whenever it falls short ofdemand,” Mr Arya said. “But it doesn’t recogniseenergy storage for this purpose, something thatis already happening in the western world.”

(Source : The Hindu dated September 14, 2016)


13

Forget Germany or America. India andChina are set to lead growth in worldwideenergy storage between now and 2024, anew study says.

The Global Energy Storage Forecast,2016-24, published by Bloomberg NewEnergy Finance (BNEF), predicts the AsiaPacific region will host a majority of the 45gigawatts and 81.3 gigawatt-hours of nonpumped-hydro storage due to be installedworldwide by 2024.

By then, the Asia-Pacif ic region willaccount for 53 percent of the world’s totalcapacity in megawatts. Three Asian countries— Japan, India and China — will be amongthe world’s top f ive markets for energystorage.

The top five markets, which also includesthe United States and the whole of Europeapart from Germany, Italy and the U.K., willmake up 71 percent of all storage installed.

Japan, which currently leads the worldin terms of gigawatt-hours of storage, willremain the world leader up to 2024, accordingto BNEF.

The Asia-Pacific region also coversAustralia and South Korea. Both arebecoming important markets, but will lagbehind China and India in growth.

“Less policy and regulatory supportexists in China and India, and the 2016market size for energy storage is small,”writes Logan Goldie-Scot, the author of thereport. “However, rap idly increasingelectricity demand and increasing levels ofrenewable energy penetration help spurenergy storage adoption.”

China and India are l i kely to dominate theGlobal Storage Market in the coming years

Across Asia-Pacific, there are “verydifferent markets,” said Goldie-Scot, head ofenergy storage analysis at BNEF. “Japan isan early adopter and was the largest small-scale energy storage market in the world asof 2015.

“That ’s an already large marketcontinuing to grow. Potentia lly moreinteresting are India and China. You’re seeingpolicy steps, and the drivers are in place fortaking these markets f rom not beingnoteworthy at the moment to potentially thebiggest in 2024.”

The annual rate of installations indi f fe rent markets is due to changesubstantially in the coming years. This yearBNEF expects the U.S. to lead the world inenergy storage installations, followed bySouth Korea.

But while the U.S. is expected to showcontinued growth going forward, with 1.2gigawatts of capacity being installed in 2024,South Korea’s deployments are forecast totaper off when the country hits a 500-megawatt frequency regulation target in2017.

Despite an initial proposed target of 1.7gigawatts of storage in South Korea, BNEFis pessimistic about the prospects for furthergrowth in the market beyond 2017, citing alack of visible policy support and no realincentive for behind-the-meter installations.

Instead, the real energy storageheavyweights in 2024 are expected to beIndia and China, installing 2.2 gigawatts and1.8 gigawatts of capacity, respectively. India


14

and China wi l l a lso lead worldwideinstallations in terms of gigawatt-hours.

Worldwide, annual installation rates willhave risen from just under 2 gigawatt-hoursthis year to more than 16 gigawatt-hours in2024.

And while the BNEF report does notbreak down installations by technology, thebelief is that the overwhelming bulk ofdeployments will be of lithium-ion batteries.

This is simply a function of the massivelithium-ion production capacity being rampedup to supply the global electric-vehiclemarket.

By 2024, BNEF predicts annual demandfor lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicleswill hit 163 gigawatt-hours, or more than 10times the capacity needed for stationarystorage.

As a result, says the analysis firm: “Evenif the whole stationary energy storage marketin 2024 was lithium-ion, this would make uponly 10 percent of annual electric vehiclelithium-ion sales.

“Lithium-ion has been the preferredtechnology to date and was used in 90percent of utility-scale projects, based onpower output, in 2015. We expect it to remaina key technology over this period.”

Despite falling costs for lithium-ion,BNEF still expects $44 billion to be investedin storage between now and 2024, with $8.2billion flowing into the market in the final yearof the period.

The investment is a small fraction of the$3.9 trillion likely to go into power generationcapacity over the same period, however.

(Source : Greentechmedia.com dated September 9,2016)

ISE achieves 30.2% efficiency for siliconmulti-junction solar cell

Germany’s Fraunhofer ISE has collaborated with Austrian company EV Groupto achieve the record-breaking efficiency for silicon-based multi-junction solarcells.

Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) haveconfirmed today the successful creation of a silicon-based multi-junction solarcell that has achieved a record 30.2% efficiency.

In collaboration with Austrian company EV Group (EVG), the researchersexceeded the theoretical limit of silicon solar cells using a direct wafer bondingprocess to transfer a few micrometers of III-V semiconductor material to silicon.

For further information: http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/fraunhofer-ise-achieves-302-

efficiency-for-silicon-multi-junction-solar-cell_100026850/#ixzz4PqEo3RiA


15

India is embarking on a plan to build outgigawatts of pumped hydro facilities to helpstore the massive levels of renewable energyit will be producing within a decade.S.D. Dubey,chairperson of India’s Central ElectricityAuthority, last month confirmed plans for 10gigawatts of pumped hydro storage across thecountry. The plan will cost 80,000 crore rupees(about $17.2 billion) over the next five to sixyears according to The Economic Times.Dubey said pumped hydro storage costs couldbe a fraction of the cost of lithium-ion batteries.He said the capital costs of the plants would bebetween 6 and 8 crore rupees ($1.3 million and$1.7 million) per megawatt.

This compares to a per-megawatt capitalcost for solar projects between 5 and 6crore rupees ($1.1 million and $1.3 million).India has a potential for up to 90 gigawatts ofpumped hydro storage, said the report.

Although supporting solar is a goal, Indianrenewable energy analyst MadhavanNampoothiri said the pumped hydro reserveswould be a boon for the grid ingeneral. “Considering a target of 175 gigawattsof renewables capacity by 2022, India will needto be ready with all technologies at its disposalto manage the grid, which will have to handle aprogressively increasing quantum ofintermittent solar and wind energy,” hesaid. ”These 10 gigawatts of pumped storagewill complement, and not replace, chemicalstorage. Both can co-exist.”

Pumped hydro would be useful not just forstoring excess renewable energy, he noted, buteven thermal power produced during periodsof solar or wind overload.”In addition toproviding grid flexibility, these plants can usecheap off-peak power to pump up the water

India Wants to Bui ld 10 Gigawat ts ofPumped Hydro Storage to Support Solar

and generate power during peak hours, athigher rates,” he said.

Brett Simon, energy storage analyst withGTM Research, said there were advantagesand drawbacks to the pumped hydroconcept. ”Today, pumped hydro accounts forthe bulk of deployed electrical energy storagecapacity worldwide and is often cheaper thanother forms of storage, such as batteries,” hecommented.

“However, pumped storage is location-dependent, and unlike battery systems, cannoteasily be expanded. Also, given the permittingprocess needed for pumped hydro, suchprojects often have a longer developmenttimeline compared to other forms of energystorage.”

For now, it is unclear which locations arebeing studied for pumped hydro developmentby the Indian government, although a numberof projects are already underway, and theconcept has been alive in India since well beforethe current solar boom.

For instance, in Tamil Nadu, India’s topstate for PV installations, “pumped storageprojects were envisioned long before solarbecame mainstream in India, and wereapparently meant for storing excess windpower,” Nampoothiri said. “Wind has a 20-yearhistory in India, and specifically in Tamil Nadu,which was the pioneer.”

One of the most significant pumped hydrostorage projects currently underway isSillahalla, a 7,000-crore-rupees ($1.5 billion),2-gigawatt plant in the Nilgiris District of TamilNadu.

The plant is being developed by the TamilNadu Generation and Distribution Corporation


16

and involves construction of a dam across theSillahalla River and a 2.75-kilometer tunnelconnecting it to the existing Avalanche-Emeraldreservoir.

The dam is scheduled for completion in2018 or 2019, while the rest of the project isdue to start operation in 2022, according tonews reports last year. A tender is currentlyopen for laboratory tests on borehole core andbedrock samples at the site.

Other pumped hydro projects known to beunder consideration include the 1-gigawattTurga project in West Bengal, the 600-

megawatt Upper Indravati plant in Odisha, anda 450-megawatt development based aroundthe existing Kundah hydro stations in TamilNadu.

Storage is likely to become a pressingissue across the country as it moves forwardwith ambitious solar targets. According to GTMResearch’s latest Global Solar DemandMonitor, India is set to have a cumulative PVdemand of 46.1 gigawatts between 2016 and2020.

(Source : Greentechmedia.com – September 12, 2016)

ATTRACTIVE INCENTIVES FOR TAKERS OF SOLAR ENERGYThe New and Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NREDCAP)

has set on the task of mobilising user agencies in domestic, commercial, industrial and governmentbuildings for installation of solar power panels.

Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu is keen that the government offices take the lead intapping the solar power that can become the game-changer in the power scenario.

An energy audit of government offices in West Godavari district had revealed that around 50per cent of the energy could be saved if these offices opted for solar power. After this, the NREDCAPofficials embarked on the task of persuading government offices, from panchayat-level to the State-level, to have solar panels installed.

To provide impetus to its Grid-Connected Rooftop and Small Solar Power Plants Programme,the Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has scaled up the budget from Rs. 600 croreduring the 12th Five Year Plan to Rs. 5,000 crore for implementation over a period of five years upto 2019-20 under the National Solar Mission.

“To encourage institutions, organisations and individuals to embrace solar power, an attractiveincentive scheme has been rolled out by the government. Under this, a government office, it couldbe a Ministry, a department, organisations of both the Central and the State governments or PSUs,is entitled to an incentive of Rs. 18,750 per kw of solar power installed,” said Mr. K. Srinivasa Rao,Krishna District Manager of NREDCAP.

Private agencies have been roped in for installation of the solar units and these agencies willcharge only Rs. 6.40 per unit of power against Rs. 7.20 per unit charged by the power distributioncompanies, informed Mr. Srinivasa Rao, adding: “The user does not have to worry about tariffescalation either.”

The Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC) has opted for 500 kw plant which entitles it to anincentive to the tune of nearly Rs. 50 crore. In addition, the Corporation has also identified 25 moreplaces for installation of solar panels, said Mr. Srinivasa Rao.

Andhra Pradesh is in the first place in use of solar pump sets at the national-level. Mr. SrinivasaRao expressed hope that the success tale would repeat in the case of rooftop panels also.

NREDCAP Krishna District Manager says government offices or PSUs are entitled to an incentiveof Rs. 18,750 per kw of solar power installed


17

“Germany has installed a great deal ofsolar and wind-power in its energy system.So much, in fact, that the country will soonneed better access to generation sourcesthat can be switched in rapidly when the sundisappears or the wind doesn’t blow,” saysMagnus Korpås, scientific advisor in SINTEFand professor at NTNU. Together withcolleagues from SINTEF, he has calculatedwhat it would cost to meet Germany’s needsfor backup power – or “balance power” asthe experts call it.

The scientists calculated the costs of twocompeting solutions.

Germany could either build rapid start-up gas-fired power stations that can bequickly switched on and off to deal with peakloads – or use Norwegian hydropower as a“battery” by importing power from Norwaywhen it is in short supply in Germany andlater send back surplus power that can pumpwater back up into Norwegian reservoirs (seefact-sheets).

These are currently the two most likelyalternative solutions.

“It is not certain what the price of naturalgas and CO2 emissions in Europe will be inthe future. But for most of the combinationsof assumptions that we used in ourca lcu lat ions, import ing Norwegianhydropower would be cheaper than local gas-fired electricity generation. In the centralscenario, the cost differential would be 40 –50 øre per kilowatt hour in Norway’s favour,”says Korpås.

New subsea cablesNorway is planning to build two new

subsea power cables; one to Germany and

Norway is Europe’s cheapest “Bat tery”

the other to the UK. The German cable willcome into operation in 2018. The cable tothe UK will be the longest subsea cable of itstype in the world, and will be operational in2020. Norway a lready has elect ricalconnections with the Netherlands, Denmark,Sweden, Finland and Russia.

“Our conclusions are also valid for theexport of balance power to the Netherlandsand the UK, two nations that are going in forwind-power. According to the InternationalEnergy Agency (IEA), Europe needs 100 GWof new peak energy to ensure the continuityof its energy supplies. Norwegian hydropowercould meet at least a quarter of this need,”says Korpås.

For Europe, balance power f romNorwegian hydropower plants would meanthat this part of the world would have accessto a completely green “battery”.

On the Norwegian side of the equation,this country will receive an increased incomeby providing power when it is most needed,which is expected to be far greater than thecosts of buying back power and pumpingwater back up into its reservoirs. Increasedpower capacity in hydro plants would alsohave a large value in themselves, no matterwhether new pumps are built or not.

Pumped storage plants

Supplying balance power from Norwaywould require a number of investments.

Several hydropower generating stationswould need to expand their capacity, andsome would have to be turned into pumpedstorage power stations.This means that theywould be fitted with reversible turbines that


18

would enable them to pump water back upinto reservoirs when cheap solar or wind-power is available on the market.

For pumping of this sort to be madeavailable to a sufficient extent, tunnels wouldhave to be bored between reservoirs that arenot linked at present. New subsea powercables to the Continent would be needed, andthe Norwegian national grid would have tobe strengthened.

All of these factors have been taken intoaccount in the calculations, and Norwegianhydropower would still be the least expensiveoption, say the SINTEF/NTNU scientists.

Batteries may be on the way

Korpåsemphasises that in the course oftime, new energy-storage technologies will

emerge, and that these can be competitivewith hydro-based balance power.

“In theory, it is perfectly possible to meetmuch of the need for back-up power in solarand wind-power countr ies by storingelectricity in batteries or by converting it tohydrogen. But at present, such methodswould be far too expensive. Nor are thesetechnologies sufficiently mature yet, althoughthere is plenty of room here for improvement,so much can change in the future. However,Germany will need to increase its balance-power capacity fairly soon, which means thateither importing hydropower or gas-firedgeneration wil l be the most l ike lyalternatives.”

This article is originally published at Gemini.no -Science news from NTNU and SINTEF

(December 2014)

INDIA to promote solar powered charkhas,rickshaws

The government is looking at promoting solar powered charkhas as well

as rickshaws in the country and has invited views from stakeholders on designand costing of the products. ”Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) isconsidering to promote ‘Solar Powered Charkhas’ and ‘Solar Rickshaw’ under

off grid and decentralised solar programme. Suggestions are invited from thestakeholders on…technical specifications,” a MNRE official said. The officialfurther said that manufacturers and developers of solar powered charkhas

and solar rickshaw have been requested to send their comments on thetechnical specifications with design by November 22, 2016..

“Manufacturers of solar charkhas, who have developed the product/interested in developing an improved product may please send their comments,”the official said.


19

Tesla just won a bid to supply grid-scalepower in Southern California to help preventelectricity shortages following the biggestnatural gas leak in U.S. his tory. ThePowerpacks, worth tens of millions of dollars,will be operational in record time—by the endof this year.

Tesla Motors Inc. wil l supp ly 20megawatts (80 megawatt-hours) of energystorage to Southern California Edison as partof a wider effort to prevent blackouts byreplacing fossil-fuel electricity generation withlithium-ion batteries. Tesla’s contributionis enough to power about 2,500 homes for afull day, the company said in a blog post onThursday. But the real significance of the dealis the speed with which lithium-ion batterypacks are being deployed.

“The storage is being procured in arecord time frame,” months instead of years,said Yayoi Sekine, a battery analyst atBloomberg New Energy Finance. “ Ithighl igh ts the maturi ty of advancedtechnologies like energy storage to becontracted as a reliable resource in anemergency situation.”

Here’s a chartshowing theacceleration of energy-storage deployment asbatteries gain popularity.

Bloomberg New EnergyFinance

The deal fits into TeslaChief Executive OfficerElon Musk’s long-termvision of transforming

Tesla Wins Massive Cont ract to HelpPower the Cal i fornia Gr id

Tesla from an an electric car company to aclean-energy company. That’s the samemotivation behind his pending deal to acquireSolarCity Corp., the rooftop solar companyfounded by his cousins, of which he is alsochairman and the largest shareholder.

In total megawatt hours, the Teslabatteries will make up the biggest lithium-ionbattery project in the world, though it will soonbe surpassed by others under contract,according to data compiled by BloombergNew Energy Finance.1 A Tesla spokeswomandeclined to comment on the value of the 20megawatt deal. According to Tesla’s website,a 2-megawatt Tesla battery system costsabout $2.9 million, and any contracts greaterthan 2.5 megawatts must be negotiateddirectly with the company.

Last fall’s natural gas leak at AlisoCanyon, near the Los Angeles neighborhoodof Porter Ranch, released thousands of tonsof methane before it was sealed in February.In its wake, SCE and other utilities arepursuing energy storage deals. To alleviatethe risk of blackouts, regulators ordered the


20

installation of systems to store electricitywhen demand is low and deploy it whenusage spikes, especially during the winterheating season.

Although Sempra Energy plugged itsmassive gas leak in February, use of its AlisoCanyon complex, California’s biggest gasstorage f ield, remains restricted. Grid-storage projects are now being fast-trackedand built in less than four months, comparedto an average of three and a half years inprevious procurements, according to datacompi led by Bloomberg New EnergyFinance.

In August, Cal ifornia regulatorsapproved two contracts for AES Corp. to build37 megawatts of grid-scale energy storagesystems to address anticipated powershortfalls stemming from the Aliso Canyonleak. Canadian energy company AltaGas Ltd.also won a 20 megawatt (80 megawatt-hour)contract with Southern California Edison tobe completed this year.

“This isn’t a Tesla-only story,” Sekinesaid. “This is a broader energy win.”

(Source : Bloomberg.com dated September 15, 2016)

SOUTH KOREA GIVE BOOST TO ENERGY STORAGE ASPART OF RENEWABL ES SPENDING SPREE

The South Korean government announced an initiative that provides incentives forutility-scale solar operators to install energy storage units alongside the PV plants, whilealso outlining plans to invest $US27 billion in renewable energies over the next five years.

With Asia now leading the way in solar manufacturing and development it seems thatSouth Korea does not want to be left behind, as it outlines fresh incentives for solar plusstorage and commits to large-scale renewable spending over the coming years. The Ministryof Trade, Industry and Energy made the announcements amidst Asia Power Week, whichis currently taking place in South Korea’s capital Seoul.

The new storage scheme looks to encourage solar developers and large-scale operatorsto install storage systems alongside utility-scale solar plants by offering additional pointson assessment of their renewable energy certificates. The program, which will begin in2017, is part of the government’s efforts to support and enhance the country’s renewableenergy market, specifically by developing the necessary infrastructure and support forrenewable energy deployment.

The large-scale energy storage market in South Korea is currently experiencing adramatic incline with 240 MWh installed by the end of 2015, and the Korean ElectricPower Corporation (KEPCO) working with Korean battery provider Kokam for more large-scale storage projects. With this incentive, the government expects there will be 440 billionwon (USD391.6 million) of new demand for energy storage by 2020.

In addition to the incentives for energy storage, the Energy Ministry also announcedthat the country had committed to invest USD 27 billion in renewables energy over thenext five years. This is to help the country achieve its target of having 6% of its energy mixcarbon-free by 2020, and to reduce its carbon emissions by 37% by 2030.

Source: PV Magazine. Reproduced with permission.


21

Apple commi ts to run off 100%Renewable Energy

Many of Apple’s Chinese parts suppliers have also committed to use 100%renewable energy in the production of Apple products

–Lucas Mearian

Apple announced that it has committedto running all of its data centers and corporateoffices on renewable energy, joining a groupof other corporations committed to the sameclean energy goal.

Apple said it has joined RE100, a globalinitiative by influential businesses committedto using 100% renewable electricity. To date,RE100 has amassed membership from 77corporations.

Other RE100 members include HewlettPackard Enterprise, VMware, Rackspace andWells Fargo.

Apple ’s announcement is most lysymbolic at this point. The company isalready powering its operations in the U.S.,China and 21 other countries with 100%renewable energy, and, in 2015, powered93% of its operations around the world withrenewable energy.

Apple has invested in renewable energyfor several years. Lisa Jackson, Apple’s vicepresident for Environment, Policy and SocialInitiatives, said Monday that the companycompleted const ruct ion on its latestrenewable energy project — a 50-megawatt(MW) solar farm in Arizona, Apple workedwith local utility Salt River Project on the solararray, which will provide renewable power toApple’s global command data center in Mesa,Arizona. The solar farm provides power equalto the energy use of more than 12,000Arizona homes.

Last year, Apple announced it wouldinvest $850 million in a solar power plantthrough a partnership with First Solar, one ofthe nation’s largest photovoltaic (PV)manufacturers and a provider of utility-scalePV plants. Through a 25-year purchasingagreement, App le wil l get 130MW(megawatts, or million watts) from the newCalifornia Flats Solar Project.

The First Solar deal rocketed Apple pastWalmart as the largest corporate user ofsolar power.

On the same day Apple joined RE100,Bank of America also announced it wascommitting to RE100.

America’s top tech companies havebeen going green in a big way, so much sothat the availability of clean energy resourcesis a key consideration in where they locatecorporate offices and data centers. The moveis designed to save them millions of dollarsin long-term energy costs.

“We believe energy is the future of ourbusiness, ” Josh Henret ig, di rector ofenvironmental sustainability at Microsoft, saidin an earlier interview with Computerworld.

Last year, Google announced it wouldpurchase 842 megawatts (MW) of cleanenergy, nearly double the clean energy it hadalready purchased -- taking the company to2 gigawatts (GW) of clean energy.


22

Put in context, 1 megawatt (MW) canpower roughly 200 homes, so Google’spurchase could power about 168,000 homes.Google has pledged to triple its renewableenergy purchases by 2025.

Last year, Apple also joined with 12 ofthe largest companies in the U.S. to launchthe American Business Act on ClimatePledge, a White House initiative to havecorporat ions commit to reduce the iremissions, increase low-carbon investments,deploy more clean energy, and take otheractions to build more sustainable businessesand tackle climate change.

Despite only being a few months old, theRE100 col labora tive al ready boastscorporate signups from companies in India,China, Europe and the U.S.

“Research shows that in the U.S. alone,doubling energy productivity by 2030 couldsave $327 billion annually in energy costs andadd 1.3 million jobs to the economy, whilecarbon dioxide emissions would be cut byapproximately 33%,” RE100 stated on itswebsite.

“We’re happy to stand beside othercompanies that are working toward the sameeffort,” Jackson said during remarks atClimate Week in New York City on Monday.“We’re excited to share the industry-leadingwork we’ve been doing to drive renewableenergy into the manufacturing supply chainand look forward to partnering with RE100to advocate for clean-energy policies aroundthe world.”

Apple is also a member of The AdvancedEnergy Economy (AEE), a trade associationrepresenting the renewable energy industry.

“We’re thrilled that Advanced EnergyEconomy member Apple has committed to

run on 100% renewable energy and also seesthe need to improve policy,” AEE CEOGraham Richard said in a statement Tuesday.“They are upping the ante as they managetheir energy needs, a trend we are seeingamong our corporate energy buyermembers.”

Last month, Apple glass supplier LensTechnology in Beijing announced it would runits Apple operations entirely on renewableenergy. The clean energy commitment byLens was combined with a zero wastecompliance agreement for all of its finalassembly sites.

Solvay Specialty Polymers, whichsupplies Apple with antenna bands for theiPhone, also pledged to use 100% renewableenergy for all of its Apple production. Thecommitment will cover 14 manufacturingfacilities across eight countries by the end of2018.

Catcher Technology, one of Apple’slargest aluminum enclosure suppliers, alsois targeting 100% renewable power for itsproduction of Apple goods by the end of2018.

Al together, Apple suppl iers’commitments to date will represent more than1.5 billion kilowatt hours per year of cleanenergy used in the manufacturing of Appleproducts by the end of 2018, equal to theamount of electricity consumed by more than1 million Chinese homes.


23

Harmonic load currents are generatedby all non-linear loads. Harmonics originateas currents but generate harmonic voltagesas they flow through the impedances in thesystem, and these harmonic voltagespropagate through the installation. Clearly,customers cannot be allowed to add pollutionto the system to the detriment of other users,so in most countries the electrical supplyindustry has established regulations limitingthe magnitude of harmonic current that canbe drawn. A range of design strategies andmitigation techniques is available to mitigatethe effects of harmonics in installations andto comply with any harmonic pollutionregulations. Each successful strategy toprevent future problems will be a combinationof good design practice, the right electricalequipment and good maintenance.

Harmonic currents and voltagescause many problems in electricalinstallations, including overheating ofequipment and cabling, reducedenergy e ff iciency and reducedfunct ionali ty due to loss ofelect romagnetic compatibi l i ty.Harmonic currents from installationsf low back into the network andpropagate as voltage harmonics,distort ing the supply waveform,increasing network losses andreducing the reliability of equipment.

Harmonic currents have beenpresent in the electricity supplysystem for many years. Initially theywere produced only by the mercury arcrectifiers used to convert AC to DC currentfor railway electrification and industrial DCvariable-speed drives, and by direct half-

HARMONICS – CAUSES AND EFFECTS– David Chapman

wave rectification used in radio and televisionsets. More recently, the range of types andthe number of units of equipment causingharmonics have risen sharply, and willcontinue to rise. Designers and specifiersmust now consider harmonics and their sideeffects very carefully to ensure the safety andresilience of installations and to meetharmonic emission limits.

What are Harmonics?

Harmonic f requencies are integralmult iples o f the f undamenta l supp lyfrequency: that is, for a fundamental of 50Hz, the third harmonic would be 150 Hz andthe fifth harmonic would be 250 Hz; theseare referred to as the third order and fifthorder harmonics, respectively. Fig. 1 showsa fundamental sine wave with third and fifthorder harmonics.

Figure 2 shows a fundamental waveformwith 70% third order and 50% fifth orderharmonics added. In practice, most distortedwaveforms will be much more complex than

2

1

–1

–2

Fundamental5th Harmonic

(50%)

270 609000

3rd Harmonic (70%)

Figure 1: Fundamental Frequency with Third and FifthHarmonics


th is example , conta ining many moreharmonics with a more complex phaserelationship. This waveform is clearly not asine wave, and that means that someeveryday measurement equipment, such asaverage-reading rms-calibrated multi-meters,will give inaccurate readings. There are sixzero-crossing points per cycle instead of two,so any equipment that uses zero crossing asa reference may malfunction.

Harmonics originate as currents butgenerate harmonic voltages as they flowthrough the impedances in the system, andthese harmonic voltages propagate throughthe installation. It is important to clearlydifferentiate between voltage andcurrent distortion measurements,conventionally, current distortionmeasurements are suffixed with ‘I’and voltage distortion figures with‘V’.

When investigating problemsthat may be due to harmonics, it isnecessary to know the harmonicspect rum because the ef fectsdepend on the harmonic order.Simple total harmonic distortion(THDI, THDV) measurements are oflittle use for diagnostic purposes.

Types of Equipment That GenerateHarmonics

Harmonic load currents are generatedby all non-linear loads. These include:

Single-phase loads, for example,

Switched mode power supplies(SMPSs) – virtually all electronicdevices

Electronic f luorescent l ight ingballasts

Small uninterruptible power supply(UPS) units

Three-phase loads, for example,

Variable-speed drives

Large UPS units

Single-Phase Loads

Switched mode power supplies

The majority of modern electronic unitsuse SMPSs. These differ from older units inthat the traditional step-down transformerand rectifier are replaced by direct, controlledrectif ication of the supply to charge areservoir capacitor from which the directcurrent for the load is derived by a methodappropriate to the output voltage and current

2

1

–1

–2

00 360270185

90

Figure 2: Distorted Composite Current Waveform

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 170

20

40

60

80

100

Harmonic number

% M

agni

tude

wrt

fund

amen

tal

Figure 3: Harmonic Spectrum of a Personal Computer

24


required. The advantages are that the size,cost and weight are significantly reduced andthe power unit can be made in almost anyrequired form factor. The disadvantage isthat, rather than drawing continuous currentfrom the supply, the power supply units drawspulses of current, which contain largeamounts of third and higher order harmonicsand significant high-frequency components.A simple filter at the supply input to bypassthe high-frequency components (see Figure3) from line and neutral to ground but it hasno effect on the harmonic currents that flowback to the supply.

For high-power units there has beena recent trend towards the so-calledpower-factor-corrected inputs. The aimis to make the power supply load look likea resistive load so that the input currentappears sinusoidal and in phase with theapplied voltage. It is achieved by drawinginput current as a high-frequencytriangular waveform, which is averaged bythe input filter to a sinusoid.

Single-phase UPS units exhib itcharacterist ics very similar to those ofSMPSs. For high-power units there has beena recent trend towards the so-called power-factor-correctedinputs. The aim is to make thepower supply load look like aresistive load so that the inputcurrent appears sinusoidal andin phase with the appliedvoltage, it is achieved bydrawing input current as ahigh-f requency t riangularwaveform, which is averagedby the input filter to a sinusoid.Th is ext ra level ofsophistication is not yet readilyapplicable to the low-cost unitsthat make up most of the loadin commercial and industrial installations.

Fluorescent lighting ballasts

Electronic lighting ballasts have becomepopular in recent years, claiming improvedefficiency. Overall they are only a little moreefficient than the best magnetic ballasts, and,in fact, most of the gain is attributable to thelamp being more efficient when driven at ahigh frequency rather than to the electronicballast itself. Their chief potential advantageis that the light level can be maintained overan extended lamp lifetime by feedbackcontrol of the running current – a practicethat reduces the overall lifetime efficiency.Their great disadvantage is that theygenerate harmonics in the supply current. Athigher ratings, the so-called power-factor-corrected types are available, which reducethe harmonics problem, but at accost penalty.Smaller units usually go uncorrected.Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are nowbeing sold as replacements for tungstenfilament bulbs. An electronic ballast, housedin the connector casting, controls a foldedsmall-diameter fluorescent tube. CFLs ratedat 11 W are sold as replacement for 60 Wfilament lamps and have a life expectancy of8000 hours. A typical harmonic currentspectrum is shown in Figure 4.

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 170

20

40

60

80

100

Harmonic number

% M

agni

tude

wrt

fund

amen

tal

Figure 4: Harmonic Spectrum of a Typical CompactFluorescent Lamp

25


These lamps are being widely used toreplace filament bulbs in domestic propertiesand especially in hotels, where seriousharmonic problems have suddenly becomecommon.

Three-Phase Loads

Variable-speed controllers, UPS unitsand DC converters in general are usuallybased on the three-phase bridge, also knownas the six-pulse bridge because there are sixpulses per cycle (one per half cycle perphase) on the DC output. The six-pulsebridge produces harmonics at an order of 6n= 1, that is, at one more and one less thaneach multiple of six. In theory, the magnitudeof each harmonic is the reciprocal of theharmonic number, so there would be 20%fifth harmonic and 9% eleventh harmonic andso on. A typical spectrum is shown in Figure 5.

The magnitude of the harmonics issignificantly reduced by the use of a 12 pulsebridge. This is effectively two six-pulsebridges fed respectively from a star and adelta transformer winding, providing a 30ophase shift between them. The 6n harmonicsare theoretically removed, but in practice, theamount of reduction depends on thematching of the converters and is typicallyby a factor between 20 and 50. The 12n

harmonics remain unchanged. Not only isthe total harmonic current reduced, but alsothose that remain are of a higher order,making the design of the filter much easier.

A further increase in the number ofpulses to 24 achieved by using two 12-pulseunits in parallel, with a phase shift of 15 obetween them, reduces the total harmoniccurrent to about 4 .5%. The ext rasophistication increases the cost, of course,so this type of controller would be used onlywhen absolutely necessary, to comply withthe electricity supplier’s harmonic emissionlimits.

Theoretical Background – How HarmonicsAre Generated

In an ideal, clean power system, thecurrent and voltage waveforms are puresinusoids. In a simple circuit containing only

linear circuit elements – resistance,inductance and capacitance – thecurrent that flows is proportional to theapplied vol tage (a t a part icularfrequency), so that if a sinusoidalvoltage is applied, a sinusoidal currentwill flow.

Any cyclical waveform, such as thenon-sinusoidal current waveform,can be deconstructed into asinusoid at the fundamentalfrequency plus a number of

sinusoids at harmonic frequencies. Thusthe distorted current waveform can berepresented by the fundamental plus apercentage of second harmonic plus apercentage of third harmonic and so on,possibly upto the 30th harmonic.

In practice, non-sinusoidal currentsresult when the current flowing in the load isnot linearly related to the applied voltage. Anexample is where the load is a simple full-wave rectifier and capacitor, such as the input

Harmonic number1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

0

20

40

60

80

100

% M

agni

tude

wrt

fund

amen

tal

Figure 5: Harmonic Current Spectrum of a TypicalSix-Pulse Bridge.

26


stage of a typical SMPS. In this case, currentflows only when the supply voltage exceedsthat stored on the reservoir capacitor, that isclose to the peak of the voltage sine wave.

Any cyclical waveform, such as the non-sinusoidal current waveform, can bedeconstructed into a sinusoid a t thefundamental frequency plus a number ofsinusoids at harmonic frequencies. Thus thedistorted current waveform can berepresented by the fundamental plus apercentage of second harmonic plus apercentage of third harmonic and so onpossibly up to the 30 th harmonic. Forsymmetrical waveforms, that is, where thepositive and negative half cycles are of thesame shape and magnitude, all the evenorder harmonics have a magnitude of zero.Even order harmonics are now relatively rarebut were common when half waverectification was widely in use.

Source impedances are very low, so theharmonic voltage distortion resulting from aharmonic current is also low and often hardlyabove the network background. This ismisleading because it gives the impressionthat a harmonic problem is not likely to bethere when in fact large harmonic currentsare present. Whenever harmonics aresuspected, or when trying to verify theirabsence, it is the current that must bemeasured.

Harmonic generators are sometimesshown as voltage generators, if this were truethen the source impedance would have noinfluence on the magnitude of the harmonicvoltage across the source. In reality,however, the magnitude of this voltage isproportional (over a limited range) to thesource impedance indicating tha t thegenerator behaves as a current source.Source impedances are very low, so theharmonic voltage distortion resulting from a

harmonic current is also low and often hardlyabove the network background. This ismisleading because it gives the impressionthat a harmonic problem is not likely to bethere when in fact large harmonic currentsare present. Whenever harmonics aresuspected, or when trying to verify theirabsence, it is the current that must bemeasured.

Problems Caused by Harmonics

Harmonic currents cause problems bothon the supp ly system and wi thin theinstallation. The effects and the solutions arevery different for both these cases and needto be addressed separately, the measuresthat are appropriate to controlling the effectsof harmonics within the installation may notnecessarily reduce the distortion caused onthe supply and vice versa.

Harmonic problems wi thin theinstallation.

There are several common problemareas caused by harmonics

l Problems caused by harmonic currents

Overloading of neutrals

Overheating of transformers

Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers

Overstressing o f power f actorcorrection capacitors

Skin effects

Problems caused by harmonic voltages

Voltage distortion

Additional losses in induction motors

Zero –crossing noise

Problems caused when harmoniccurrents reach the supply

Each of these areas is discussed brieflyin the following sections

27


Problems Caused by Harmonic Currents

Neutral conductor overheating

In a three phase system, the waveformof the voltage in each phase to the neutralstar point is displaced by 120 o from thevoltage waveforms of the other phases, sothat when all the phases are equally loaded,the combined current in the neutral is zero.When the load a not balanced, the net out-of-balance current flows in the neutral in thepast, installers (in accordance with thestandards) had taken advantage of this fact

by installing half-sized neutral conductors inthree-phase circuits. However, although thefundamental currents cancel out, the ‘triple-N’ harmonic currents – those with an orderthat is an odd multiple of three – do not infact these harmonic currents add in theneutral as shown in Figure 6. In this diagram,the phase currents, shown at the top, areintroduced at 120 o intervals. The thirdharmonics of all three phases are identical,being at a frequency 3 times the fundamentaland on-third of a (fundamental) cycle offset.The effective third harmonic neutral currentis shown at the bottom in this case, a 70%third harmonic current in each phase resultsin a 210% current in the neutral. Case

studies in commercial buildings generallyshow neutral currents of magnitude between150% and 21)% of the phase currents, oftenin a half-sized conductor.

There is some confusion as to howdesigners should approach the sizing of theneutral conductor for ma three-phase circuitfeeding single-phase loads.

In the case of circuits wired using singlecore cables, it is a simple matter to use aneutral cable with a larger cross-section.However, since the current, and therefore theheat dissipation, in the cable environment ishigher than for a standard phase circuit,some derating is appropriate based onstandard grouping factors.

Multi-core cables are rated assumingthat three cores only are loaded – that is,the load is balanced and the neutralconductor carries no current. (For examplessee IEC 60364 -5-523 Table 52 and BS 7671Appepndix 4). Since a cable’s current-carrying capacity is determined society bythe amount of heat that it can dissipate atthe maximum permitted temperature, itfollows that cables carrying triple-N currentsmust be derated in the example illustratedabove, the cable is carrying five units ofcurrent – three in the phases and two in theneutral – whereas it was rated for three units.It should be derated to about 60% of thenormal rating.

IEC 60364-523 Annex C (informative)provides a table giving the derating factorsfor various levels of triple-N harmonic currentpresent in the phase currents. Figure 7presents this data in graphical form, togetherwith the derating factor derived from thermalconsiderations.

In practice, for a fully loaded transformersupplying a load comprising it equipment thetotal transformer losses would be twice as

Figure 6: Triple-N Harmonic Currents Add in theNeutral

28


high as for an equivalent linear load. Thisresul ts in a much h igher operatingtemperature and a shorter life. In fact, undersuch circumstances the l ifetime woulddecrease from around 40 years to more like40 days!

Effects on transformers

Transformers are affected in two waysby harmonics. First, the eddy current losses,normally about 10% of the losses at full load,increase with the square of the harmonicnumber in pract ice, for a fully loadedtransformer supplying a load comprising ITequipment the total transformer losses wouldbe twice as high as for an equivalent linearload. This results in a much higher operatingtemperature and a shorter life. In fact, undersuch circumstances the l ifetime woulddecrease from around 40 years to more like40 days! Fortunately, few transformers arefully loaded with PC loads, but the effect mustbe taken into account when selecting plantequipment. The second effect concerns thetriple-N harmonics. When reflected back toa delta winding they are all in phase, so thetriple-N harmonic currents circulate in thewinding. The t rip le-N harmonics areeffectively absorbed in the winding and donot propagate onto the supply, so deltawound transformers are useful as isolating

transformers. Note that all other, non-triple-N, harmonics pass through. Thecirculating current has to be taken intoaccount when rating the transformer.

Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers

Residual current c ircuit breakers(RCCB) operate by summing the currentsin the phase and neutral conductors and,if the result is not within the rated limit,disconnecting the power from the load.Nuisance tripping can occur in thepresence of harmonics for two reasons.

First, the RCCB, being an electromechanicaldevice, may not sum the higher frequencycomponents correctly and therefore tripserroneously. Second, the kind of equipmentthat generates harmonics also generatesswitching noise, which must be filtered at theequipment power connection. The filtersnormally used for this purpose have acapacitor from line and neutral to ground, soleak a small current to earth. The current islimited by standards to less than 3.5mA, andis usually much loer, but when a lot ofequipment is connected to one circuit theleakage current can be sufficient to trip theRCCB. The situation is easily overcome byproviding more circuits, each supplying fewerloads. Nuisance tripping of miniature circuitbreakers (MCB)usually occurs because thecurrent flowing in the circuit is higher thanthat expected from calculation or simplemeasurement due to the presence ofharmonic currents. Many portable measuringinstruments do not measure true rms valuesand can underestimate non-sinusoidalcurrents by up to 40%.

Over-stressing of power factor correctioncapacitors

Power factor correct ion (PFC)capacitors are provided in order to draw acurrent with a leading phase angle to offseta lagging current drawn by an inductive load

Figure 7: Cable Derating for Triple-N Harmonics

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.40 10 20 30 40 50 60 60

% Triple-N harmonics

Cab

le d

erat

ing

fact

or

Thermal rating

IEC recommendation

29


such as induction motors. The impedanceof the PFC capacitor decreases as frequencyrises, whereas the source impedance isgenerally inductive and increases withfrequency. The capacitor is therefore likelyto carry quite high harmonic currents and,unless, it has been specifically designed tohandle them, damage can result.

A more serious problem is that thecapacitor and the stray inductance of thesupply system can resonate at or near oneof the harmonic frequencies (which, ofcourse, occurs at 100 Hz intervals). Whenthis happens very large voltages and currentscan be generated, often leading to acatastrophic failure of the capacitor system.By adding an inductance in series with thecapacitor the resonant frequency can becontrolled in such a way that resonance isavoided while also acting as a low-impedancepath – a shunt passive filter – for harmoniccurrents.

Skin effect is normally ignored becauseit has very little effect at power supplyfrequencies, but above about 350Hz that is,the seventh harmonic and above, skin effectwill become significant, causing additionallosses and heating. W here harmoniccurrents are present, designers should takeskin effect into account and deratecables accordingly.

Skin effect

Alternating current tends to flow onthe outer surface of a conductor. Thisis known as skin effect and is morepronounced at high frequencies. Skineffect is normally ignored because it hasvery l i t t le eff ect at power supp lyfrequencies, but above about 350Hz,that is, the seventh harmonic and above,skin effect will become signif icant,causing additional losses and heating.Where harmonic currents are present,

designers should take skin effect into accountand derate cables accordingly. Multiple cablecores or laminated bus bars can be used tohelp overcome this problem. Note also thatthe mounting systems of bus bars must bedesigned to avoid mechanical resonance atharmonic frequencies.

Problems Caused by Harmonic Voltages

Because the supply has sourceimpedance, harmonic load currents give riseto harmonic voltage distortion on the voltagewaveform (this is the origin of ‘flat topping’)

Figure 8 shows a final circuit feeding alinear and a non-linear load. The distortedcurrent drawn by the non-linear load causesa non-sinusoidal voltage drop in the circuitimpedance, resulting in a distorted supplyvoltage waveform. This distorted voltagewaveform causes distorted current flow inlinear loads, which may affect the irperformance or efficiency.

The solution is to separate the circuitssupplying harmonic generating loads fromthose supplying loads that are sensitive toharmonics, as shown in Figure 9. Hereseparate circuits feed the linear and non-linear loads from the point of commoncoupling (PCC), so that the voltage distortion

Point ofcommon coupling

Cable Impedance

Linear Load Non-linear Load

Supply VoltageWaveform

Supply waveformapplied to Load

Current inLinear Load

Load Current

Figure 8: Voltage Distortion Caused by a Non-linear Load

30


caused by the non-linear load does not affectthe linear load.

Note that the voltage distortion at thePCC is assumed to be zero in these figures.This is far from the truth; the supply networkhas impedance and carries distorted currentsso the supply voltage is always distorted. Inreality, the voltage distortion seen in theinstallation will be the complex sum of thedistortion on the supply and that generatedin the installation. Source impedance of thesupply network is very low, so distortion levelsare also relatively low. However, if the loadis transferred to a UPS or a s tandbygenerator during a power failure, the sourceimpedance and the result ing vo ltagedistortion in the installation will be muchhigher.

Where local transformers are installed,they should be selected to have sufficientlylow output impedance and sufficient capacityto withstand the additional heating in otherwords, an appropriate ly oversizedtransformer should be selected. Note that itis not appropriate to select a transformerdesign in which the increase in capacity isachieved simply by forced cooling – such aunit will run at higher internal temperatures

and have a reduced service life,. Forcedcooling should be reserved for emergency

use only and never relied upon for normalrunning.

Induction motors

Harmonic voltage distortion causesincreased eddy current losses in motorsin the same way as in transformers.However, additional losses arise due tothe generation of harmonic fields in thestator, each of which is trying to rotatethe rotor at a different speed eitherforwards or backwards. High-frequencycurrents induced in the rotor furtherincrease the losses. Where harmonicvoltage distortion is present motors

should be derated to take account of theadditional losses.

Zero-crossing noise

Many electronic controllers detect thepoint at which the supply voltage crosseszero volts to determine when loads shouldbe turned on. This is done because switchingreactive loads at zero voltage does notgenerate transients, thus reducingelectromagnetic interference (EMI) andstress on the semiconductor switchingdevices. When harmonics or transients arepresent on the supply, the rate of change ofvoltage at the crossing becomes faster andmore difficult to identify, leading to erraticoperation. There may in fact be several zero-crossings per half cycle.

Harmonic Problems Affecting the Supply

When a harmonic current is drawn fromthe supply it gives rise to a harmonic voltagedrop proportional to the source impedanceat the PCC and the current. Since the supplynetwork is generally inductive, the sourceimpedance is higher at higher frequencies.The voltage at the PCC is already distortedby the harmonic currents drawn by other

Supply VoltageWaveform

Voltage Waveformapplied to Linear-Load

Current inLinear Load Load Current

Voltage Waveformapplied to Non-linear

Load

CableImpedance

CableImpedance Non-Linear Load

Linear LoadCable

Impedance

Point ofCommonCoupling

Figure 9: Separation of Linear and Non-linearLoads

31


consumers and by the distortion inherent intransformers, and each consumer makes anadditional contribution.

Clearly, customers cannot be allowed toadd pollution to the system to the detrimentof other users, so in most countries theelectrical supply industry has establishedregulat ions l imit ing the magnitude ofharmonic current that can be drawn. Manyof these codes are based on the UK.Electricity Association’s G5/4 (2001), the firstversion of which was developed in the 1950s.Limits are placed on the absolute current thatcan be drawn for each harmonic order as wellas the contribution the site will make tovoltage distortion on the supply.

Meeting the requirements usual lynecessitates the application of one or moremitigation measures.

Harmonics Mitigation Measures

Harmonic mitigation measures arerequired to

Meet local harmonic emission limits

Reduce overloading of, for example,cables and transformers

Improve resilience of equipment byreducing voltage waveform distortion

Some mitigation measures have alreadybeen mentioned, correct sizing of neutralconductors and transformers will eliminatethe risk of overheating, whereas carefulcircuit separation will help minimize voltagedistortion. These are wise and necessarysteps to take to protect the installation, butthey do not help to meet the local emissionlimits for which further steps are necessary.

For large inf rastructure items, forexample, a large variable-speed ventilationfan, it could be advantageous to select a unitwith built-in harmonic reduction in the formof a filter or an ‘active front end’ Since this

particular load is now electrically nearly linear,it causes no problems in the installation andhas no effect on the supply.

This is also a practical approach if theinstallation is made up of a large number ofsimilar items, such as a data centre, wherethere is now a wide choice of equipment withlow-distortion power supplies and carefullycontrolled maintenance and purchasingpolicies are in place. However, generally, itis not practical to rely solely on equipmentse lect ion because purchjasing andreplacement cannot be sufficiently controlledand therefore other mitigation measures areneeded.

Mitigation methods fall broadly into threegroups passive filters, isolation and harmonicreduction transformers and active solutions.Each approach has advantages anddisadvantages, so there is no single bestsolution.

Passive shunt filters

Passive filters are used to provide a low-impedance path for harmonic currents so thatthey flow in them filter and not in the supply.The filter may be designed for a singleharmonic or for a broad band depending onrequirements.

Sometimes it is necessary to design amore complex filter to increase the seriesimpedance at harmonic frequencies and thusreduce the proportion of current that flowsback onto the supply.

Shunt filters reduce the harmonic currentflowing back on to the supply, but do notreduce (and may increase) the effect ofharmonic current in neutrals or the effect ontransformers. Usually, shunt f ilters aredesigned to control a few lower orderharmonics and are integrated with the powerfactor correction equipment.

32


The use of multiple shunt filters in asingle installation can be problematic and isusually avoided.

Passive series filtersSimple series band stop f ilters are

sometimes proposed, either in the phase orin the neutral. A series filter is intended toblock harmonic currents, rather than providea controlled path for them, so there is a largeharmonic voltage drop across it . Thisharmonic voltage appears across the supplyon the load side. Since the supply voltage isheavily distorted, it will no longer be withinthe standards for which equipment wasdesigned and warranted. Some items ofequipment are relatively insensitive to suchdistortion, but others are very sensitive.Series f i lters can be useful in certaincircumstances but should be carefullyapplied, they cannot be recommended as ageneral-purpose solution.

Isolation transformers

As mentioned prev iously, tr ip le -Ncurrents circulate in the delta windings oftransformers. Although this is a problem fortransformer manufacturers and specifiers –the extra load has to be taken into account –it is beneficial to system designers becauseit isolates triple-N harmonics from the supply.

Delta and zig-zag transformers reduceonly triple-N harmonic.

Because the AHC is a digital device, itis very flexible and can be programmed asrequired. It is, for example, possible to setthe device to reduce specific harmonics orall harmonics. Since the harmonic current iscontinuously measured, the conditionerquickly responds to changes in the nature ofthe load.

Active harmonic conditionersThe active harmonic conditioner (AHC)

is a shunt device. A current transformer

measures the harmonic contents of the loadcurrent and controls a current generator toproduce an exact replica, which is fed backon to the supply on the next cycle. Since theharmonic current is sourced from the activeconditioner,. Only the fundamental current isdrawn from the supply in practice, harmoniccurrent magnitudes can be reduced by 90%and, because the source impedance atharmonic frequencies is reduced, voltagedistortion is reduced.

Because the AHC is a digital device, itis very flexible and can be programmed asrequired. It is for example, possible to setthe device to reduce specific harmonics orall harmonics. Since the harmonic current iscontinuously measured, the conditionerquickly responds to change in the nature ofthem load.

Several AHCs can be installed within aninstallation – each measures and respondsonly to its own output current, so there is norisk of mutual interference.

Virtually all modern electrical andelectronic equipment involves some form ofpower control ad thus becomes a non-linearload. Linear loads are comparatively rate –undimmed filament bulbs and uncontrolledheaters being the only common examples.

A range of design stra tegies andmitigation techniques is available to mitigatethe effects of harmonics in installations andto comply with any harmonic pollutionregulations. Each successful strategy toprevent future problems will be a combinationof good design practice, the right electricalequipment and good maintenance.

(Reproduced from the article from Mr.David Chapman, Electrical ProgrammeManager for the Copper DevelopmentAssociation in UK.)

33


34

ENERGY & FUEL USERS’ ASSOCIATION OF INDIAOFFICE-BEARERS’ ADDRESSES - 2016 - 2017

1. Mr.S.RAMALINGAM, CMD, CPCL (Retd.), National President 96770 11766Anand Apartments, 262/11 Poonamallee High Road,Kilpauk, CHENNAI-600 010.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

2. Mr. K.SADASIVA CHETTY Vice President-HQ 98410 46289G-4, Ground Floor, Kala Flats,New No.15, Old No.18/19, Kamatchipuram 2nd Street,West mambalam, CHENNAI - 600 033.Email : [email protected] / [email protected]

3. Mr. RAMNATH S. MANI, Managing Director Vice-President – 98400 62118Automation Excellence Pvt. Ltd. Southern Region 91-44-28266227Technology for Smart ManufacturingNew No.27, Old No.14, Josier Street, 2nd Floor,Nungambakkam, CHENNAI-600034.Email:[email protected]

4. Capt. DINESH .T.S.R, Director, Secretary 98842 03213Praddin Energy Pvt. Ltd., No.4, N.S.K. Street,Eswaran Nagar, Pammal, CHENNAI-600 075.Email: [email protected]

5. Mr. S.SAKTHIVEL, Deputy Director of Boilers, Treasurer 94431 49993A5/1, BHEL Quarters, Kailasapuram, TRICHY-620 014.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

6. Dr. K MAMALLAN Joint Secretary 044-25944181Senior Engineer(ISO-SHEQ) 9444307980CPCL, Manali, CHENNAI 600 068E-mail : [email protected]

7. Mr. S.JEYARAM Joint Secretary 97910 20132New No. 34 Mannaar Second Street,Nerkundrum Pathai, Vadapalani, CHENNAI 600 026Email: [email protected]

8. Mr. MADHAVAN NAMPOOTHIRI Enfuse - Journal Editor 89397 24520New No.7 Malleeswarar Koil St.,Mylapore, CHENNAI 600 004.Email : [email protected]

9. Mr. R.RAJU PANDI Chairman-Power 94449 22954Flat No.9, 3rd Floor, Hemamanor, Generation Sector23, Branson Garden Street, Kelly’s, CHENNAI-600 010.Email: [email protected]

10. Dr. S. MOHANAMURUGAN Chairman - 93805 90534Principal, Jayalakshmi Institute of Technology, Academic InterfaceNH-7 Salem Main Road, THOPPUR 636 352Email: [email protected]


11. Mr. G.THANGARAJ Chairman - Rural Energy 98402 6197881 South West Boag Road,T.Nagar, CHENNAI 600 017.Email: [email protected]

12. Mr. S.R. PRADHISH KUMAAR Chairman- New 99401 50530Director, Praddin Power Pvt Ltd., Renewable EnergyNo.4 N S K Street, Eswaran Nagar, Pammal,CHENNAI 600 075.Email: [email protected]

13. Mr. K.R. GOVINDAN Task Group Member 94443 82649New No.22, Janakiram Street, West Mambalam,CHENNAI 600 033.Email: [email protected]

14. Mr. B. SREERAMA SREENIVASU Coordinator - Pune 099701-94339Flat No. 603, Block D-2, Mahalaxmi Vihar,Vishrantwadi, PUNE - 411 015.Email: [email protected]

15. Mr. D. ANANTHANARAYANAN Coordinator - Ph. 04365 -Sr. Manager (P&A) - Chennai Petroleum Corpn Ltd. Narimanam Region 256403Cauvery Basin Refinery 94430 71432Panangudi, Nannilam Taluk, NAGAPATTINAM-611 002.Email: [email protected]

16. Mr. G.L.SRINIVASAN Member - Immediate 94449 07738New No. 6/2, Old No. 17/2, Past PresidentRaghu Veda Apartments, Jagadeeswaran Street,T.Nagar, CHENNAI-600017.Email: [email protected]

17. Mr. S. ARUL Member 98408 70075Principal ConsultantArul Design, MEP ConsultantNew No.42/1 Old No.44/1 Ponniamman Koil StreetBesant Avenue Road, AdyarCHENNAI 600 020. Email: [email protected]

18. Mr. T. DORAIVEL Member 94441 85424No.5 First Street, East AbhiramapuramCHENNAI 600 004Email: [email protected]

19. Mr. L. JOSEPH FRANCIS Member 9486191643 /Associate Professor, Dept. of Mech. Engg 9486604709Hindustan UniversityP.B.No.1, Rajiv Gandhi Salai,KelambakkamCHENNAI 603103.Email : [email protected]

35


20. Mr. V.KANNIAPPAN Member 098403 045338 Sylvan Lodge Colony1st Cross Street, CHENNAI 600 010Email: [email protected]

21. Dr. B.V.S. LAKSHMI Member 098481 99200G-2,5-10-197/2, Hill Fort Road, Adarsh Nagar,HYDERABAD-500 004.Email: [email protected]

22. Mr. S.PANDARINATHAN, G M (Dev), CPCL (Retd), Member 94443 90012#7, Nathamuni 2nd Cross Street, Naduvankarai,Anna Nagar, CHENNAI 600 040.Email: [email protected]

23. Dr. A. PEER FATHIMA Member 9444022777 Professor, School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT)VIT, Chennai,Vandalur-Kelambakkam RoadCHENNAI - 600 127.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

24. Mr. A. RAJENTHRAN Member Ph. 26564181Block No.C1, Pranavam Apartments 94441 45833Plot No.3, Kamadhenu 2nd Street, Mogappair East,CHENNAI-600 037. Email: [email protected]

25. Dr. D. SOLOMON RAJ Member 9566374460Associate Professor of Economic,Pope’s College, SawyerpuramTUTICORIN 628 251Email: [email protected]

26. CAPT M. SINGARAJA Member 94441 27704Ratnabala Designs & ConsultantsNew No.90, Rama Naicken Street,NungambakkamCHENNAI 600 034.Email: [email protected]

27. Dr. R.SARAVANAN Member Ph. 2220 3269Head. Refrigeration - Institute of Energy Studies D. 2220 3268Anna University Chennai 91767 94329Sardar Patel Road, CHENNAI-600 025.Email: [email protected]

36

energy & fuel users’ journal jul – sept. 2016...

Documents