ENERGY MANAGEMENT

and CONSERVATION

HANDBOOK

Edited by Frank Kreith

D. Yogi Goswami

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business

Contents

1 Introduction to Energy Management and Conservation Frank Kreith 1-1 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 Barriers to Energy Conservation 1-8

2 Outlook for U.S. Energy Consumption and Prices

in the Midterm Andy S. Kydes ., 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-2 2.2 Key Energy Issues to 2025 2-2 2.3 Economic Growth 2-3 2.4 Energy Prices 2-6 2.5 Energy Consumption 2-8 2.6 Energy Intensity 2-10 2.7 Electricity Generation 2-11 2.8 Energy Production and Imports 2-12 2.9 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 2-14 2.10 Summary of the AEO2006 Reference Case Protection 2-15 2.11 Overview Impacts of the AEO2006 High-Price Case 2 -23 Acknowledgments 2 -34

3 Economics Methods Rosalie Ruegg and Walter Short 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Making Economically Efficient Choices 3-2 3.3 Economic-Evaluation Methods 3-4 3.4 Risk Assessment 3-8 3.5 Building Blocks of Evaluation 3-16 3.6 Summary 3-23 Glossary 3-23

4 Energy Audits for Buildings MoncefKrarti 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Background 4-1 4.3 Energy Audit Procedures 4 -4 4.4 Energy Management Programs 4-5 4.5 Energy Conservation Measures 4-8 4.6 Summary 4-18

5 Electrical Energy Management in Buildings Craig B. Smith and Kelly E. Parmenter 5-1 5.1 Principal Electricity Uses in Buildings 5-1 5.2 Strategies for Electricity End-Use Management 5-4 5.3 Closing Remarks 5-32

6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Control Systems

Jan F. Kreider, David E. Claridge, and Charles H. Culp 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Modes of Feedback Control 6-3 6.3 Basic Control Hardware 6-8 6.4 Basic Control System Design Considerations 6-15 6.5 Example HVAC Control Systems 6-25 6.6 Commissioning and Operation of Control Systems 6-36 6.7 Advanced Control System Design Topics: Neural Networks 6-39 6.8 Summary 6-43

7 Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Their Applications in the

Commercial and Residential Sectors Barbara Atkinson, Andrea Denver, James E. McMahon, and Robert Clear 7-1 7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Design of Energy-Efficient Lighting Systems 7-2 7.3 Lighting Technologies: Description, Efficacy, Applications 7-3 7.4 Efficient Lighting Operation 7-16 7.5 Current Lighting Markets and Trends 7-16 7.6 Lighting Efficiency Standards and Incentive Programs 7-18 7.7 Cost-Effectiveness of Efficient Lighting Technologies 7 -21 7.8 Conclusion 7 -21 Glossary 7-22 Acknowledgments 7 -22

8 Energy Efficient Technologies: Major Appliances and Space Conditioning

Equipment James E. McMahon, Peter Biermayer, Alex Lekov, James Lutz, Stephen Meyers, and Greg Rosenquist 8-1 8.1 Introduction 8-1 8.2 Description of Major Appliances and Space Conditioning Equipment 8-2 8.3 Current Production 8-5 8.4 Efficient Designs 8-5 8.5 Conclusion 8-10 Acknowledgments 8-10

9 Heat Pumps Katherine Johnson, and Frank Kreith 9-1 9.1 Basic Principles 9-1 9.2 Solar-Assisted Heat Pump Systems 9 -4 9.3 Geothermal Heat Pumps 9-5 9.4 Conclusions 9-13 Definition of Terms and Abbreviations 9-13

1 0 Industrial Energy Efficiency and Energy Management Craig B. Smith, Barney L. Capehart, and Wesley M. Rohrer Jr., 10-1 10.1 Introduction 10-1 10.2 Industrial Energy Management and Efficiency Improvement 10-4 10.3 Improving Industrial Energy Audits 10-12 10.4 Industrial Electricity End Uses and Electrical Energy Management 10-23 10.5 Thermal Energy Management in Industry 10-47 10.6 The Role of New Equipment and Technology in Industrial Energy Efficiency 10-64 10.7 Conclusion 10-71

1 1 Electric Motor Systems Efficiency Anibal T. de Almeida, and Steve Greenberg 11-1 11.1 Introduction 11-1 11.2 Motor Systems Efficiency 11-3 11.3 Energy-Saving Applications of ASDs 11-15 11.4 Energy and Power Savings Potential; Cost-Effectiveness 11-18

1 2 Energy Storage Technologies Roel Hammerschlag and Christopher P. Schaber 12-1 12.1 Overview of Storage Technologies 12-1 12.2 Principal Forms of Stored Energy 12-3 12.3 Applications of Energy Storage 12-3 12.4 Specifying Energy Storage Devices 12-4 12.5 Specifying Fuels 12-6 12.6 Direct Electric Storage 12-7 12.7 Electrochemical Energy Storage 12-8 12.8 Mechankal Energy Storage 12-13 12.9 Direct Thermal Storage 12-15 12.10 Thermochemical Energy Storage 12-19

1 3 Demand-Side Management Clark W. Gellings and Kelly E. Parmenter 13-1 13.1 Introduction 13-1 13.2 What is Demand-Side Management? 13-1 13.3 Demand-Side Management and Integrated Resource Planning 13-2 13.4 Demand-Side Management Programs 13-3 13.5 Case Studies 13-11 13.6 Conclusions 13-20

Appendices Kitin Goel Appendix 1 The International System of Units, Fundamental Constants,

and Conversion Factors A l - 1 Appendix 2 Solar Radiation Data A 2 - 1 Appendix 3 Properties of Gases, Vapors, Liquids and Solids A 3 - 1 Appendix 4 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants A 4 - 1

Index 1-1