energy measurement energy is one of the most important physical quantities in any branch of science...
TRANSCRIPT
Energy measurement
Energy is one of the most important physical quantities in any branch of science and engineering and especially in electrical engineering. Energy exchange processes lead to the study of electrical networks from the physical point of view and allow an in-depth knowledge of power transfer within the electrical world and between electric and other forms of energy.
The definitions of energy and power represent the starting point for any successive study.
1. Energy is the amount of work that the system is capable of doing.2. Power is the time rate of doing work.
Energy can be mathematically defined as the definite integral of the power over a given time interval.
The power available in a two-terminal section of a generic electric circuit is given by the product of the voltage across the terminals and the current flowing through the section itself (p = vi). The electric energy (E) flowing through the same section is defined by the integral of the power over the observation interval
Electrodynamic DC - meter
Dc electric engine, without metal
Aluminium disc with
permanent magnet
Ac induction energy meter
Electronic energy metres
preamplifiers
Completely digital energy metres
Analog filter
Frequency and Periodic Time measurement
T (sec)
Measuring frequency
Resonance method:
-mechanical
-AC RLC circuitsC1 1u R1 1k
L1 1m
R2 1
k
+ VG1
A+AM1
frequency
measured current
Resonance at f_0 frequency
CLf
21
0
Frequency conversion method
Effective U of the pulse signal proportional to frequency of the sinus signal
Digital frequency measurement
Reference nown frequency, 10hz F_r
Divided frequency, 1hz F_r/N
T_k = 1/(F_R/N)=N/F_R
N_x=F_x*T_k
Error curves, relative error comes from relative error of the ref oscillator (h_x) and relative error of the counting 1/N_x
Extention of the range
Measuring of the periodic time
Gate is controlled by the measured signal.
Measuring time – intervall between to pulses
Comparator cirquits are give start and stop signal to the gate.
Measuring phase shift from time-intervall
What is phase, what is phase shift?
Digital phase-shift measurement