energy needs assessment report for...
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ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT for
OBENYEMI CHPS COMPOUND, GHANA
Produced for the UN Foundation
Energy for Women’s and Children’s Health Initiative
By African Solar Designs Ltd
Report number: GH 075
Audit date: 4th June 2015
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Contents
1 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Introduction and Methodology............................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Purpose of document.................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 5
3 Obenyemi CHPS Description ................................................................................................................. 5
3.1 Site location and layout ................................................................................................................ 5
3.2 Medical services ............................................................................................................................ 6
3.3 Women’s and children’s health services ...................................................................................... 6
3.4 Site infrastructure ......................................................................................................................... 7
4 Current Energy Status ........................................................................................................................... 7
4.1 Electrical and thermal energy summary ....................................................................................... 7
Energy sources ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Energy applications ............................................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Electrical energy systems .............................................................................................................. 8
4.3 Electrical energy demand.............................................................................................................. 9
4.4 Thermal energy demand ............................................................................................................. 10
4.5 Other energy demands ............................................................................................................... 11
4.6 Energy systems management ..................................................................................................... 11
5 Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 13
5.1 System recommendation: 5kW Facility-level micro-grid ............................................................. 13
5.2 Technical details of proposed power system ............................................................................. 15
5.3 Estimated cost breakdown ......................................................................................................... 17
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1 Summary
This Need Assessment Report presents an overview of the energy situation at Obenyemi Community-
based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Compound and provides recommendations on the best way
to meet the center’s critical energy loads, particularly those requiring electricity. The assessment takes a
demand-led approach to evaluating potential power solutions, recognizing that energy is a means to
improved health services, not an end in itself. The assessment attempts to capture the full suite of power-
dependent health services at the center, while prioritizing those services and issues most relevant to
women and children. This is in recognition that women and children generally bear the brunt of
inadequate primary health care services, especially in resource-constrained environments.
An on-site audit was carried out at Obenyemi Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS)
Compound , a CHPS health facility1 in Ghana. The facility serves the local community at Obarpa trading
center and its surroundings. It offers family planning, antenatal, delivery, emergency obstetrics and
pediatric services as specialized women’s and children’s health services.
Current energy situation: The facility is off-grid with the nearest connection point located more than five
km from the site. Obenyemi Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Compound therefore
depends on off-grid energy systems for electricity. It currently has two solar photovoltaic (PV) systems
with a total on-site capacity of 0.9 kilowatts (kW), of which 0.7kW is currently operational. The facility has
an estimated current daily electrical demand of 8.7 kilowatt hours (kWh)/day that is only partially met. A
petrol pump is present and is used to pump water into a storage tank.
Proposed solution: Obenyemi Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Compound is
recommended to have a 5kW facility-level micro-grid to meet a future modeled daily energy demand of
about 15.4 kWh/day. The power system voltage should be 48 volts direct current (VDC) for the solar supply
and 240 volts alternating current (VAC) for the power supply. The proposed facility-level micro-grid has a
medium potential of being expanded into a community mini-grid, based on a preliminary assessment of
distance to and number of nearby households and businesses.
It is recommended that all buildings should be connected to the facility-level micro-grid and wired to
240VAC with sockets and fittings. This should be done using appropriately sized cables and sited poles
according to Ghana electrification standards2. Remote monitoring of the system and load limiters in staff
quarters should be used as part of a holistic energy management approach.
The total cost3 of the proposed solar PV system for Obenyemi Community-based Health Planning and
Services (CHPS) Compound is estimated at between US$ 26,150 and US$ 46,100, based on low/high-end
equipment costs for Ghana. The table below summarizes proposed power solutions for this facility.
1 A further description of health facility levels in Ghana is found in the Country Summary. 2 Ghana adheres to International Electricity Commission (IEC) standards, outlined further in the Country Summary. 3 Cost estimates include all power system components, transportation, installation, taxes (if applicable) and a contingency amount. They do not include remote monitoring or any recommended appliance costs.
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Table 1.1: Proposed energy solution for critical loads at Obenyemi Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Compound 4
Critical Need Current Energy Situation Immediate Solution (proposed
energy source)
Lighting Solar PV - operational Facility-level micro-grid
ICT Solar PV - operational. Facility-level micro-grid
Staff electricity Solar PV - operational Facility-level micro-grid
Water pumping Petrol water pump Facility-level micro-grid
Refrigeration Solar PV - non operational Facility-level micro-grid
Sterilization No heat-based sterilization LPG
4 Abbreviations used in this table include Information and communications technology (ICT) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
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2 Introduction and Methodology
2.1 Purpose of document This report presents the results of an energy audit and needs assessment conducted for the OBENYEMI
CHPS. It provides a detailed assessment of the center’s energy usage (demand and supply) and makes
recommendations for how to improve the availability and quality of energy services at the facility. The
recommendations offer suggestions on ways to conserve energy/reduce costs, while maintaining reliable
power supply to ensure continued provision of health care services to the community – women and
children in particular. This report was prepared with support from and as part of the United Nations (UN)
Foundation’s Energy for Women’s and Children Health initiative in Error! Reference source not found.,
which seeks to help map the energy needs of government health facilities across Error! Reference source
not found. and design electricity solutions to address those needs.
2.2 Methodology A three-step process was used to develop this report. The first step involved identifying the OBENYEMI CHPS for inclusion in this initiative. The OBENYEMI CHPS was chosen (along with roughly 75 other health facilities) following a consultative process with key energy and health sector stakeholders in Error! Reference source not found.. Criteria included high maternal and child health vulnerability or mortality, as well as low electricity access. The government of Error! Reference source not found. approved the inclusion of the OBENYEMI CHPS in this analysis. The second step involved conducting an on-site energy audit5 on 4th June, 2015, including interviews with
available staff. Auditor teams were trained by African Solar Designs (ASD) prior to the audits and used a
survey tool designed by ASD and UN Foundation specifically for this work. The tool is based on the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID) Powering Health site evaluation tool.
Following the audits, ASD carried out a comprehensive analysis of the data collected on site, using
international best practices to evaluate the most cost effective, sustainable systems to meet the power
needs of health care practitioners and patients.
An accompanying Country Summary report consolidates analysis and recommendations for all facilities in
Error! Reference source not found..
3 OBENYEMI CHPS Description
3.1 Site location and layout OBENYEMI CHPS is located on the outskirts of Obarpa town, Yilo Krobo district, Eastern region. The site
is a CHPS level health facility, and was established in 2006. The surrounding community has a population
of 2,500.
5 Samuel Adu-Asare and Emelia Poku completed the energy audit under the supervision of ASD.
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3.2 Medical services This facility provides outpatient services including reproductive health services, minor operations, and
antiretroviral care. A summary of key operational information is given below.
Table 3.1: Key operational information for the OBENYEMI CHPS
Key Information
Opening hours 24
Days of the week open 7
Number of buildings 1
Full-time medical staff 2
Support staff 1
Number of beds 4
Approximate number of outpatients per month
200
Figure 3.1: Proportion of male and female outpatients treated per month
Figure 3.2: The main buildings at Obenyemi CHPS Compound
3.3 Women’s and children’s health services OBENYEMI CHPS has one community health nurse (CHN) specializing in the care of women and children.
Women’s and children’s health care offered at the facility includes: family planning, antenatal, delivery,
emergency obstetrics and pediatric services. The main health issues reported by women visiting the
facility include malaria and sexually transmitted diseases. The main children’s health issues reported
include malaria, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) and diarrhea.
40%
60%
Male
Female
7
The following is a snapshot of the services available for women at this facility:
Table 3.2: Maternal health care at OBENYEMI CHPS
Maternal Health Summary
Number of maternity beds 1
Number of full time women’s health staff 1
Indicative number of births per month 2
The facility offers both on-site and off-site community outreach services. The services offered are:
antenatal clinics (ANC), post natal clinics (PNC), home clinics and child weighing.
3.4 Site infrastructure Medical services buildings: The site contains one medical building, used in offering all the medical services
provided at the facility.
Staff housing: OBENYEMI CHPS site also includes housing for some of their medical staff. There are three
housing units with electricity supply.
Sanitation: There are three pit latrines and four Kumasi ventilated pit latrines at the site, none of which is
lit at night. Waste is managed through disposal at a dug-out pit.
On-site water services: There is no running water on site. The facility has a borehole from where water is
pumped using a petrol water pump. There is a 2,500 liter raised tank used for water storage.
Transportation: The facility has a motor bike used for transportation needs, including emergency
transportation.
4 Current Energy Status
4.1 Electrical and thermal energy6 summary
Energy sources
Obenyemi CHPS does not have grid electricity. Existing off-grid systems at the site are summarized below
and discussed in more detail in Sections 4.2 and 4.4.
Table 4.1: Summary of off-grid energy sources on-site
Energy Source Number of Systems Total Capacity
Solar PV 2 900W
LPG 1 n/a
Petrol 1 n/a
6 Thermal energy sources are associated with heat production and include wood, charcoal, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene, gasoline, etc.
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Energy applications
During the site audit, a census of energy dependent appliances was taken. The table below shows energy
applications at both the medical departments and staff housing. Some appliances have been installed in
anticipation of an eventual grid connection, but as the site is currently without grid power these remain
unused.
Table 4.2: Details of energy consuming appliances on-site
Application Detail7 Qty Current Energy Source
GS PV Ke Ma LPG Petrol Dry cells
NS
Energy Applications at Medical Departments
Lighting Gas lamp 1 Interior (CFL) 19
Interior (CFL) 4
Exterior security 3
Medical equipment
Blood pressure apparatus
1
Scale 2
Infra-red thermometer
1
Refrigeration & cold chain
Vaccine fridge 1
Vaccine carriers 3
ICT and Audio visual
Television 1
Phones 3
Water supply & delivery
Borehole-pump 1
Air conditioning Fans 5
Energy Applications at Staff Housing
Lighting Residential (CFL) 6
Entertainment Phone charging 3
Current energy source codes: GS = Genset, PV = Photovoltaic, Ke = Kerosene, Ma = Manual, LPG = LPG gas, WC= Wood/Charcoal,
SWH = Solar Water Heating, Grid = National Grid. Colored dots: Green = Operational, Red = Not operational
4.2 Electrical energy systems The primary electrical sources at the site are solar PV and petrol generator systems. An overview of the
off-grid power systems is given in Tables 4.3 and 4.4.
7 Abbreviations used here include compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)
9
Table 4.3: Summary of medical department electrical power systems
System Description8 Applications Comments
PV system 1 (Main
building)
-700Wp Solar Modules
-Solar Block (Sonnen Schein)
lead acid batteries
-12V system
-No Inverter
-Artersa charge controller
-Lighting
-ICT and
audio visual
- System is operational.
- Donated by the Spanish
government.
- Installed four years ago.
PV system 2 (main
building)
-200Wp Solar Modules
-Solar Block (Sonnen Schein)
batteries
-12V system
-No Inverter
-Artesa charge controller
-Vaccine
fridge
- System is not operational.
- Donated by the Spanish
govt
- Installed four years ago.
The total installed generating capacity at the Obenyemi CHPS is 0.9kW, of which 0.7kW is currently
operational. See Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1: Installed and working generating capacity on-site
Green = working, Red = not working (faulty)
Figure 4.2: Solar PV modules at the health facility
4.3 Electrical energy demand Lighting is achieved by both gas and solar PV. The solar fridge is non-operational and no heat based
sterilization is currently done.
8 Abbreviations used in Tables 4.3 and 4.4 include watt peak (wP), ampere hours (Ah), and liters (L).
v. fridge, 0.2
lights &ict, 0.7
Total installed solar capacity = 0.9 kW
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Figure 4.3 illustrates the electrical consumption of the equipment audited during the site visit. The total
electricity demand on-site is 8.7 kWh/day.
The critical electrical loads currently powered at this site are:
Lighting – 4-12 hours a day, 20W, solar PV powered lights are working, those installed in anticipation of grid connection are not in use..
Refrigeration - 24hours a day, 100W, not operational.
Figure 4.3: A breakdown of the current electrical demands by application and operational status
Figure 4.4: A solar fridge
Figure 4.5: Solar powered fluorescent tube
4.4 Thermal energy demand This health facility has thermal energy demands in addition to the electrical demands discussed above.
These are detailed in the table below. Site visit indicated that the health facility uses gas and petrol.
Table 4.5: Summary of thermal energy use at the health facility
Thermal source Applications Comment
LPG -Lighting in the
maternity ward
-Fuel funds are provided by the district health
officials.
-Consumption per month is unknown.
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Lighting
ICT andComms
staff housing
Refrigeration
AirConditioning
Daily energy requirement [kWh]
Operational Non-operational
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Thermal source Applications Comment
Petrol -Transportation
-Water pumping
-Used to power an engine to pump water into a
polytank every three months.
-Used in a motorbike during emergencies and in
outreach programs.
Figure 4.6: A gas lantern used in the maternity Figure 4.7: A petrol pump used for pumping water into a
storage tank
4.5 Other energy demands Obenyemi CHPS offers community outreach services on-site and off-site. The off-site community outreach
offers immunization and health education. For transportation, it has access to a health facility motorbike.
Portable cold boxes are used to ensure vaccinations and other treatments are kept cold.
4.6 Energy systems management A brief assessment of the current procedures and challenges for managing the off-grid energy systems
follows.
Table 4.6: Management and maintenance of existing energy systems
Parameter Site Assessment
Existing system meets health facility needs No, one system is faulty
Spare parts available on site or by request No
Training on equipment use provided upon installation No
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Parameter Site Assessment
Manual(s) available for use of system No
Procedure in place for repair / replacement of parts Yes,
Specific person on site responsible for system maintenance No
Budget available for system maintenance Yes, at the district health office.
Guard or other security on site to protect from system theft Staff members on site.
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5 Recommendations
5.1 System recommendation: 5kW Facility-level micro-grid
System design overview
Obenyemi CHPS has an estimated current daily electrical demand of 8.7 kWh/day that is only partially
met. Future modeled daily energy demand9 will be about 15.4 kWh/day. The following system is
recommended to meet the forecasted demand:
Table 5.1: Proposed system overview
Parameter Value
Electricity demand 15.4 kWh/day
Type of configuration Facility-level micro-grid
System size (kW) 5 kW
System voltage Power supply: 240VAC
DC System: 48VDC
Mini-grid potential Medium potential for community mini-grid.
9 This figure is based on a modeled future load in which six essential energy demands were identified for all sites: lighting (interior, security and medical), refrigeration, medical equipment, ICT (phone charging and computer), staff housing and water pumping. Site-specific characteristics determined calculations on what these loads – even if not presently on site – might be in future. The figure includes a 20% growth factor, with an additional 25% to account for system losses. More detail regarding the load modeling is in the Country Summary.
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Figure 5.1: Indicative layout of the proposed system
Summary of services to be supplied by proposed energy system
Table 5.2: Proposed energy for essential services on site
Key Energy Service Proposed Energy System Recommended Appliance Upgrades
Lighting Facility-level micro-grid All current lighting systems should be
converted to 240VAC LED. Security, general
lighting and specialized high intensity LED
delivery lamp to be supplied.
Security lighting [2]
General lighting [6]
High density delivery lamp [1]
ICT Facility-level micro-grid 240VAC sockets for cell phone charging and
two lap tops. [Three sockets per medical
building].
Refrigeration Facility-level micro-grid An energy efficient 240VAC fridge should be
supplied. If compatible, the present fridge
should be used.
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Key Energy Service Proposed Energy System Recommended Appliance Upgrades
Water pumping Facility level micro-grid A water pump should be considered to replace
petrol water pumping.
Sterilization LPG sterilization should be
introduced and be used in the
long term. The facility-level
micro-grid cannot supply
power for sterilization.
Steam sterilizer.
Staff electricity
needs
Three staff houses to be
connected to 240VAC facility-
level micro-grid.
Load limiters should be installed in staff quarters for energy management purposes.
[limit to one socket per staff quarter]
5.2 Technical details of proposed power system
This section describes in more detail the 5 kW facility-level micro-grid proposed for the site. The solar PV10
array has been sized to provide sufficient energy to meet the future modeled daily energy demand. Aback-
up diesel generator has been included in the system design to allow for 100% power reliability for those
days where solar resource is limited yet the facility still requires power.
Power System Equipment
The proposed off-grid solution consists of a solar PV array generating DC electricity into a DC bus where a
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) charge controller charges the batteries. Through a pure sine wave
inverter the DC electricity is converted into AC for the final delivery to the health facility. A generator is
included as an optional feature in the event the site wants to provide backup for full-time power11. The
following diagram illustrates the two main components of the proposed system:
Power system equipment (blue dotted line) and
Different consumption units (loads) that the power system provides power to (red dotted line)
10 Ghana has strong solar resources and less well understood wind resources. Wind is highly site specific and was not assessed as part of this work. 11 For backup power to a PV/battery system, a diesel generator is generally preferable as it is dispatchable (available on demand), can be used to recharge existing batteries in times of low solar resource, and is more cost effective than additional batteries for the same purpose. For the limited portion of the time that the solar resource isn't available (e.g. rainy days), a small generator is most effective.
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Figure 5.2: Proposed system design
Technical description of power system
Table 4.3: Details of the proposed system
TECHNICAL PARAMETER 5kW
Solar Photovoltaic Array Capacity (Watts) 5000 (W)
Total Inverter Nominal Capacity (Watts) 5000 (W)
Total Inverter Maximum Capacity (Watts) 6000 (W)
Charge Controller Size To match max current from solar array + 25%
Total Battery Bank Capacity @ C10 (Ah) 1302 (Ah)
Battery Bank Voltage (Volts) 48 (V)
Diesel Generator Size (kVA) 6.5 -7.5 (kVA)
The above table details the solar array peak capacity in Watts, the total nominal and maximum capacity of inverter(s) in Watts, the battery bank capacity for 2.5 days of autonomy (Amp-hours) and the DC bus system voltage. The charge controller size (Amps) should be 25% greater than the current coming from the solar array to allow potential overcurrent flows while protecting the equipment.
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Detailed technical standards for equipment accompany the Country Summary document.
Appliance and wiring upgrades
All buildings should be connected to the facility-level micro-grid and re-wired from the existing 12VDC to
240VAC with sockets and fittings. This should be done using appropriately sized cables and sited poles.
Ghana electrification standards12 should be followed. Internal 240VAC wiring should be completed for:
The main building
Three staff houses
Water pump
Toilet block
Operational features of system
A brief description of expected service levels and parameters follows; full technical specifications are
provided in the Country Summary:
Solar power should provide 100% of the power supply.
Systems should be equipped with online monitoring equipment that will allow remote assessment of operational status and energy use.
Systems should be designed so they can be expanded if necessary.
The distribution system should be designed for eventual connection to the national grid. In particular the cable size will have to match the local country standards for grid interconnectivity.
5.3 Estimated cost breakdown
The total cost, including taxes, of the proposed solar PV system for Obenyemi CHPS ranges from US$
26,150 to US$ 46,100. Table 5.4 provides a cost breakdown for the main components of a solar PV
installation per unit (Watt) of power.
Table 5.4: Cost breakdown of proposed system
Item USD/Watt USD/kWh
Lower limit Higher limit
EQU
IPM
ENT
PV Modules 0.75 1.00
Structure/Mounting 0.20 0.35
MPPT Charge Controller 0.30 0.40
Battery bank 1.27 2.20 100 170
Inverter 0.25 0.35
Balance of System 0.20 0.60
Distribution costs 0.10 0.60
OTH
ERS Transportation 0.30 0.40
Installation 0.40 0.50
12 Ghana adheres to International Electricity Commission (IEC) standards, outlined further in the Country Summary.
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Item USD/Watt USD/kWh
Lower limit Higher limit
Contingencies 0.20 0.60
TOTAL BEFORE TAXES 3.97 7.00
TAX
ES VAT (17.5%) 0.69 1.22
Duties 0.57 1.00
Total taxes 1.26 2.22
TOTAL AFTER TAXES 5.23 9.22
TOTAL COST FOR A 5KW SYSTEM US$ 26,150 US$ 46,100
The generator capital cost has been provided in a separate table below, as this power system equipment
is optional equipment that allows for 100% power reliability to the health facility but at relatively high
operating cost for fuel. Costs for remote monitoring systems vary depending on the level of data
collection, and as such have not been included in the above calculations. A typical facility-level micro-grid
monitoring system is usually under US$1,000.
BACK-UP GENERATOR Lower Value (USD) Upper Value (USD) Cost per KVA 1,000 1,200 Cost for a 6.5-7.5 kVA Generator 6,500 9,000
Notes
1. PV Modules are monocrystalline or polycrystalline. 2. Battery bank – Flooded Lead acid. 3. Balance of System (BoS) – 10% = 15% of the
equipment total costs. Includes all electrical accessories required for installation – wiring, switches. 4. Transportation costs calculated according
to the distance of the HC from the capital – Accra. 5. Installation costs calculated per country local costs. 6. Contingencies -5% - 10% of the total
system costs. 7. VAT =17.5%. 8. Duties = Batteries-32%-35%, Charge controller- 30%, Inverter-30%. 9. PV Modules were duty exempt at the
time this study was done. 10. Generator costs have not been included