energy / power from accelerators · limit for a cyclotron. cyclotrons give continuous beam. • the...
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Energy / Power From Accelerators
Dr. K. P. Singh
Department of Physics
Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014
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Energy Sources (Various Options)
• Thermal energy (from coal)
• Hydro energy
• Wind energy
• Solar energy
• Nuclear Energy
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NUCLEAR ENERGY IS A GOOD OPTION
Uranium is a good source of energy
Competitive Costs
No Climate-change Releases
Proven Record
Concentrated Form of Energy
Thorium is also very good source of
nuclear energy for future
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Production of Nuclear Energy • Energy for research
• Nuclear Reactions with charged particles
• Nuclear Reactions with neutrons
• Reaction by bombarding photons on targets
• For Commercial Purposes
• Fission and Fusion Processes in Reactors
• Nuclear Energy from Accelerators for Commercial purpose (in progress)
• Many other applications of Nuclear Energy
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Some Issues of Fission Reactors:
For future growth of nuclear power, it will be
necessary to satisfactorily address the
troublesome issue of disposal of the nuclear
waste, in particular, long-lived transuranic
elements (TRU), e.g. Pu, Np, Am, Cm etc. and
fission products (FP), e.g. 129I, 135Cs, 99Tc, 93Zr,
107Pd etc.
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Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) can solve the
Disposal Problem of TRU and transmutation of FP to keep the
environment free from radioactivity.
The ideas on the use of high intensity accelerators in nuclear
energy Development was proposed a few decades ago which
demonstrate that a commercial nuclear power plant of
adequate power can also be built provided it can be fed
externally with required intensity of accelerator-produced
neutrons.
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Nuclear fuel resources : India
5
Uranium: up to 60,000 metric tons
(deposits require elaborate mining operations for extraction)
Natural Uranium contains 0.7% isotope U-235 for use as fuel (with or
without enrichment).
Thorium: ~290,000 metric tons
(Available in beach sands -requiring minimum mining
operations for extraction)
Thorium contains no fissile isotope, but it can breed into
U-233 by absorbing a spare neutron available in a nuclear
reactor, which fissions on subsequent neutron absorption.
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WHAT IS AN ACCELERATOR?
A particle accelerator is a device/machine that
uses electric fields to accelerate electrically-
charged particles to high speeds (energies)
and then to control them (beam).
An ordinary CRT television set is a simple
form of an accelerator.
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Types of Accelerators
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Linear Accelerators
V. G. Accelerator, Tandem Accelerators,
LINAC etc
Cyclic Accelerators
Cyclotrons, Synchrocyclotrons and isochronous
cyclotrons, Betatrons, Synchrotrons, Electron
synchrotrons, Storage rings, Synchrotron
radiation sources etc
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Main Accelerators in India
Popular in Scientific community
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Indian Accelerators
14 MV Pelletron, joint BARC-TIFR facility located at TIFR.
15 UD Pelletron at Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi.
Normally the performance of these machines is optimum for
8-14 MV. The next stage of booster, a super-conducting linear
accelerator has pushed energies of heavy ions from 5 to 10
MeV/nucleon for medium weight nuclei at both the Pelletron
accelerators.
3 MV Pelletron at Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar.
3 MV Tandetron accelerator at Hyderabad (CCCM, DAE) National
Facility for Analytical Sciences to cater the growing demand of
compositional characterization.
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1 MV Tandetron accelerator set up at IGCAR,
Kalpakkam.
6 MV Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) at
BARC, Mumbai.
Variable Energy Cyclotron at Kolkata (now being
upgraded as Super Conducting Cyclotron to provide
accelerated ions up to 80 MeV/nucleon energy.
Low-Energy Variable Energy Cyclotron at
Panjab University, Chandigarh
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Principle of Acceleration at IUAC, New Delhi
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Energy Produced By Accelerators
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Presently Accelerators are generally not used for the
production of energy for commercial purposes. The
reason for this is that the energy produced by them
during Nuclear Reactions is of very small value and is
used generally for research purposes and applications in
some other fields etc.
But recently scientists are working on production of
commercial energy using accelerators.
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Some Applications Of Energy from
Accelerators in Various Fields
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Basic Nuclear Physics Research
Applied Research
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.
Materials modification and characterisation.
Use of microbeam for biological studies.
Accelerated cluster beam research.
Production of some radioisotopes for use in medical
diagnosis.
Energy for Commercial purpose
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MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION & MODIFICATION
BY ION BEAM ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
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The ion beam analysis techniques include:
Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA)
Scattering techniques and Channeling
Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE)
Proton induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE)
Microbeam system for RBS, PIXE and NRA
External Microbeam facility
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ACCELERATOR-BASED MASS SPECTROMETRY (AMS)
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AMS is used to quantify an isotope (10-12 - 10-15) amidst
an enormous abundance of its stable isotope.
The large sensitivity of the AMS method originates from
High energy of ions and a combination of specific
ionization properties of atoms and molecules and
nuclear physics detection techniques.
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Accelerator Produced Isotopes can be used in various fields
• Cyclotron was devised by Lawrence and initially it was used to produce charged particles like protons, deuterons and alpha particles. These particles are accelerated to high energy and are bombarded on the target material. Some of the important isotopes produced by Cyclotron are given below.
1. 18F Half life: 110 min Target(s): H218O / Ne
2. 11C Half life: 20 min Target(s): N2
3. 13N Half life: 10 min Target(s): H2O
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4. Isotope to be produced: 15O
Half life 2 min
Target N2
Reactions 14N (d, n) 15O
5. Isotope to be produced : 67Ga
Half life 78 h
Target 68Zn/65Cu
Reactions 68Zn (p, 2n) 67Ga
65Cu (α, 2n) 67Ga
6. 124Te(p,2n) 123I 13.3 hours
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Radioisotope production VEC Chandigarh
• A facility to produce short lived radioisotopes was developed and successfully tested at VEC Chandigarh.
• 116Cd(d, p)117Cd 2.4 hours with 4.00 MeV beam
• 45Sc(p, n)45Ti
• 63Cu(p, n)63Zn
• 79Br(p, n)79Kr
• 4.6 MeV proton beam was used.
• The lifetimes of these isotopes were 3.08 hours, 38.8 minutes and 34.9 hours , respectively
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Commercial Energy Production
Using Accelerators
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Commercial Energy Using Accelerators
If we examine all possibilities by which electricity
generation can be expanded, the nuclear power
appears to be an inevitable option. As of now, fission
chain reaction is the only way known to produce
nuclear power, while the naturally occurring uranium
and the manmade plutonium are the two key
elements that are serving as nuclear fuel.
Accelerators have extraordinary potential to address
these energy and environmental challenges.
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To meet rapidly growing demand for energy and preserve
the environment for coming generations, future energy
sources must be abundant, safe, clean and economical.
Nuclear energy is a reliable and abundant source of
electricity that does not emit greenhouse gases and
reduces dependence on foreign oil. Tremendous
opportunities, largely untapped, exist for deploying
accelerator technology to achieve sustainable and safe
nuclear energy sources with manageable waste.
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Accelerator Driven Systems is also called as Hybrid Sub- critical
Reactor. A sub-critical reactor is a nuclear fission reactor in
Which the chain reaction is not sustained itself. In this kind of
reactor, additional neutrons from outside source are used.
These additional neutrons are generated by spallation produced
By high-energy protons from accelerator bombarded of a heavy
metal target inside the reactor. These neutrons can be utilized
for maintaining nuclear fission reactions in the reactor core and
achieving the purposes of the introduction of ADS
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IN ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SYSTEMS
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•Fast neutrons are used to fission out all transuranic elements
•Fuel Cycle is based on thorium (minimum nuclear waste)
•Lead as target to produce neutrons through spallation. Also acts as
neutrons moderator and heat (energy) carrier
High-current, high-energy accelerators are able to produce neutrons
from heavy elements by spallation. In this process, a beam of high-
energy protons (around 1000 MeV) is directed at a high-atomic
number target (e.g. tungsten, tantalum, uranium, thorium, zirconium,
lead, lead-bismuth, mercury) and up to one neutron can be produced
per 25 MeV of the incident proton beam.
.
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The spallation neutrons have only a very
small probability of causing additional fission
events in the target. However, the target still
needs to be cooled due to heating caused by
the accelerator beam
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In such a system, the neutrons produced by spallation would
cause fission in the fuel, assisted by further neutrons arising
from that fission. An ADS can only run when neutrons are
supplied to it because it burns material which does not have
a high enough fission-to-capture ratio for neutrons to
maintain a fission chain reaction. One then has a nuclear
reactor which could be turned off simply by stopping the
proton beam, rather than needing to insert control rods to
absorb neutrons and make the fuel assembly subcritical.
Because they stop when the input current is switched off,
accelerator-driven systems are seen as safer than normal
fission reactors.
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For India, which has abundant reserves of thorium, ADS is relevant because one can also exploit its potential to design hybrid reactor systems that can produce nuclear power with the use of thorium as the main fuel. The 232Th–233U fuel cycle has the added advantage that it minimizes the production of troublesome long-lived actinide waste. The ADS-based thorium burners may need only small and limited quantities of uranium
and plutonium fuel to serve as starter seeds. In general, the additional degree of freedom provided by the
external neutron source in ADS can enable one to design reactor systems which primarily burn thorium fuel as well as make a more efficient use of the uranium fuel. Therefore, ADS seems to have the potential to provide an additional route to an efficient and economic nuclear power generation with the available uranium and thorium resources.
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Energy balance in ADS
Accelerated protons
Subcritical Core
GRID
~ 10 MWt
~ 280 MWe
Accelerator
(LINAC or Cyclotron)
Fra
cti
on
(1
-f)
of
the
en
erg
y
~20 MWe
Sp
allati
on
targ
et
neu
tro
ns
Targ
et
Fraction f of the
energy back to
drive accelerator
Energy extraction
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Thorium utilizing ADS Scheme
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ADS configuration to utilize Thorium fuel (Principal Elements of ADS concepts)
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Schematic of ADS system for nuclear energy generation.
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Types of accelerator for ADS
• Basically, there are two types of proton accelerator systems for application to ADS – separated sector or orbit proton cyclotron and proton linear accelerator (LINAC). Both these high-intensity accelerator systems do not require new scientific principles to evolve but need consolidation of technologies already in application at somewhat less demanding levels. The basic characteristics of these two types, which need developments in varying technology regimes, can be summarized as follows
• Designs of separated sector cyclotrons have been proposed to achieve a 10-MW beam power, but this is generally seen as upper limit for a Cyclotron. Cyclotrons give continuous beam.
• The high-energy proton LINACs built so far have been designed for pulsed beam current operation. At the present technological level, it seems feasible to achieve proton energy of 1 GeV or more and produce as much as 100 mA beam current from this type of accelerator.
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Chandigarh Cyclotron
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Oscillator, Main Magnet and D-system
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Analyser Magnet
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Scattering Chamber Area (PIXE & PIGE)
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Control Room and Quadrupole magnet power supplies
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Proposal for a New Accelerator at Panjab University
A new accelerator called Tendetron (5 MV) was
technically approved by various committee constituted by
DST. This machine is capable of producing very high beam
intensity which can be used to produce some isotopes.
Almost all elements can be accelerated by this machine
but light ions are more useful for production of
radioisotopes.
Nowadays a new proposal is with DST for 6 MV Tendetron
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LAYOUT OF TANDETRON ACCELERATOR SYSTEM
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THANKS
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