energy storage technologies and their applications · rotor power & energy duration...

Copyright – TGT Energy Ltd.

Energy storage technologies and their Applications

By C.D.Tarrant

Technical Director TGT Energy Ltd.


Energy Storage TechnologiesHigh Energy Low Cycling• Conventional Battery

technologiesi) Lead Acidii) NiCadiii) Li Ioniv) Sodium Sulphur

• Flow Battery Technology

i) Vanadium Redoxii) Zinc Bromineiii) Sodium bromide, sodium

poly-sulphide

High Cycling Low Energy• Super-capacitors• Flywheels

i) Steel Flywheelsii) High Speed Composite

Flywheels


Comparison of cycling capability of various Energy Storage technologies

> 90%Up to 2000Lithium Ion60 to 85%Up to 10000NiCad

45 to 75%100 to 1000Lead Acid (VRLA & Flooded Cell)

Up to 89%Up to 3000Sodium Sulphur

Up to 95%10,000,000High Speed Composite Flywheels

Up to 95%500,000High Power Super Capacitors

No DataNo DataSodium bromide, sodium poly-sulphide

Up to 90%Up to 2500Zinc Bromine Flow BatteryUp to 90%+15,000Vanadium Redox FlowUp to 80%Up to 2000Nickel-Metal Hydride

EfficiencyCycling capabilityTechnology


Cycling Capability Against Stored Energy

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Stored Energy MWh

No.

of C

ycle

s

Lead Acid

NiCad

NaS

VRB

Super Caps

Flyw heels


Power against Energy storage for various technologies

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Energy stored MWh

Pow

er M

W Lead Acid

NaS

Vanadium Redox

ZBB

Composite Flywheel

Ni Cad


Flow Battery System Concept


Comparison of cycling capability and Efficiency of Flow batteries

90%As aboveVanadium Redox technology

Sumitomo Electric Industries1500kW for 1hr(1.5MWh)

Problems related to scaling up led to the current situation

Good cycling capability

Sodium bromide and sodium polysulphide

Regenesys:-

90%15,000 +Vanadium Redox technology

VRB-ESS:-250kW for 8hr(2MWh)

90%2500 due to electrode damage

Zinc Bromine compounds

ZBB:- 200kW4 hr (0.8MWhr)

EfficiencyCycling capabilityElectrolyteName


• Low speed

• Heavy-steel• Large• Require regular maintenance• Mechanical interface

Traditional Flywheels


High speed Composite Flywheels Static system

• Very High Speed( 630m/s

surface speed)• Lower Weight• Electrical Interface• No Maintenance

Bearings• High Levels of Power• High Cycling Capability


The UPT KESSThe UPT KESS……Top bearingTop bearing

Steel Steel containercontainer

StatorStator

Bottom bearingBottom bearing

Rotor

Power & Energy Duration Characteristic

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 50 100 150 200 250

Duration seconds

Pow

er k

W

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Ener

gy M

J


Super-Capacitors


Comparison of Flywheels & Super Capacitors( 1MW System)

95%1:1Up to 40C( due to Power Electronics)

27MJ900MJ/h>107High Speed Composite Flywheels

90%1:0.2Not effected16.5 MJLimitedThermally>107

Low Speed Flywheels

95%1:1Air conditioning required to give life

7MJ220MJ/h5 x 105Super-Capacitors

EfficiencyCharge/Discharge Ratio

EffectsOfTemp

EnergyContent

Energy Exchange per hour

CyclingCapability

Technology


Applications

Conventional BatteriesFlow BatteriesComposite FlywheelsSuper Capacitors


Battery systems installed between 1986 & 1997

Power Quality

Grid stabilization19971.31MetlakatlaLead Acid

UPS

Peak Shaving19963.53.5Vernon(USA)Lead Acid

Spining reserve

Power Quality19941420Puerto RicoLead Acid

Demonstrator

Multi-purpose199141Kyushu(J)Zn-Br

UPS

Peak Shaving198974South AfricaLead Acid

Demonstrator

Multi-purpose1988 - 19974010Chino(USA)Lead Acid

Demonstrator

Multi-purpose198641Tatsumi(J)Lead Acid

Spining reserve

Power Quality1986 - 19951417Berlin(D)Lead Acid

OperationMWhMW

PurposeYear EnergyPowerTechnology

Copyright – TGT Energy Ltd.UPSAlaska(USA)

load levelling20031040Fairbanks Ni-Cad

UPSSemicond pl

load levelling20027.21ChichibuNaS

UPS

Peak Shaving20017.21EbinaNaS

UPS

Peak Shaving20017.21KanagwanaNaS

Load Levelling200114.42ShinagawaNaS

Load Levelling200014.42TsunashimaNaS

Load Levelling200081OdakaNaS

Load Levelling1999122SaitamaNaS

Substation

Load Levelling1999486OhitoNaS

Spinning reserveSubstation

Load Levelling1998486TsunashimaNaS

OperationMWhMW

PurposeYear EnergyPowerLocationTechnology

Systems Installed 1998 to 2004


10MW, 40MWh Lead Acid System


The Worlds Largest Battery

This NiCad based system is designed to give network protection to the Golden Valley Cooperative in Fairbanks Alaska.The system is rated at 40MW for 7minutes or 27MW for 15minutes of active Power & 46MW reactive power.Its anticipated life is 20years and it occupies more than 4000m2.


The Worlds Largest Battery at Golden Valley Fairbanks Alaska


Performance

29,05439 min2March 20058,45820 min2Feb 2005

286,598529 min562004

11,12224 min32003

No. of consumers protected

Total Outage Time

Outages Prevented

Year


Flow Batteries


Flow battery

load leveling20040.80.2AustraliaZn_Br

Smoothing,UPSUtah (USA)Flow battery

Wind Power200420.25Castle ValleyVanadium Redox

UPSFlow battery

Peak Shaving20011.51.5SumitomoVanadium Redox

Demonstrator

Multi-purpose199141Kyushu(J)Zn-Br Flow

Battery

FLOW BATTERY INSTALLATIONS

ApplicationDateEnergyPowerLocationTechnology


ZBB Battery ready for shipping


Schematic layout of the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery at Castle Valley Utah


High Cycling Low Energy Technologies

CapacitorsElectrolytic CapacitorsElectrochemical Capacitors (Super-capacitors)

FlywheelsSteel FlywheelsComposite Flywheels


Electrochemical Capacitors(Super-capacitors)

Applications:-Mobile energy storage systems on all electric and hybrid vehicles for recovery of braking energy in conjunction with batteriesThese systems protect the batteries from the effects of the large numbers of braking operations


Mobile Flywheels for on board recovery of Braking Energy On

Heavy Vehicles


Multi-system hybrid Low-floor tram 37m, 60 tonsFlywheel system 2 x 250 kW/3kWh.

Prime mover: 3 x 200 kW. Diesel engine.


Intermediate Transport Vehicle 24m, 23 tonsFlywheel system 300 kW/4 kWh.

Prime mover: LPG passenger car engine 80 kWcontinuously.


Static Flywheel Applications• Urban Metro Power supply reinforcement• Wind Power Smoothing• Wind /Diesel power smoothing at remote sites• Wind/ Hydro/Diesel Network Stability• Network stability in distributed generation

applications• Mining & High Speed Lift Applications• Dockside / floating grab cranes• Container handling


Urban Metro Power supply reinforcement

• Load swings of up to +/- 50% in >90s

• Wide voltage fluctuations

• High peak loads reflected back into the grid

• Typically low levels of regenerative braking energy recovered

• Train movements limited by weak supplies

• New trains requiring higher peak power levels


Substation Load data


London Underground Proof of Principle

• Dedicated test track on the Piccadilly Line

• Small scale installation at substation

• Three 100 kW machines

RESULTSProof of principle demonstratedAccuracy of Modelling confirmedDemonstrated a 28% Energy Saving


Voltage Support Case Study

Far Rockaway Installation at New York City Transits Test track

NYCT have ordered 800 new trains to replace their current aging stock. These new trains take significantly more power to drive them as well as being fitted with re-generative braking. As a result NYCT need to upgrade their power supply system to allow them to take advantage of the trains full potential


Flywheels (10 x 100 kW units)

Flywheel House

Far Rockaway Installation


DC Train DC Train –– Current Transfer & Voltage ControlCurrent Transfer & Voltage Control

1350 A1350 A

Track VoltageTrack Voltage

Supply : Flywheels onlySupply : Flywheels only

Train accelerationTrain acceleration

Train auxiliariesTrain auxiliaries

DC OffDC Off

Zero energyZero energy

DC RestoredDC Restored

PrechargePrecharge

DischargingDischarging

ChargingCharging

VoltageVoltageCurrentCurrent

Am

ps

Vo

ltsA

mps

Volts

secssecs


NYCT Test Results(Service trains)

Revenue Line without UPT KESS

610

620

630

640

650

660

670

680

690

700

1 61 121 181 241 301 361 421 481Elapsed Time (secs)

DC

Tra

ck V

olta

ge


NYCT Test Results(Service trains)

Revenue Line with UPT KESS Connected

610

620

630

640

650

660

670

680

690

700

1 61 121 181 241 301 361 421 481Elapsed Time (secs)

DC T

rack

Vol

tage

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

KES

S P

ower

Tra

nsfe

r (K

W)

Voltage

KESS Power


Effects of a 1000kW KESS System on the peak currents when the adjacent substation is not operational

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1 52 103 154 205 256 307 358 409 460 511 562 613 664 715 766 817 868 919 970 1021 1072 1123 1174

time

Cur

rent IDcInit

IDCres


•• The briefThe briefTo smooth irregular output To smooth irregular output from wind generationfrom wind generation

•• Results Results •• Provides greater flexibility in deploying Provides greater flexibility in deploying wind applications by injecting and wind applications by injecting and absorbing real and reactive powerabsorbing real and reactive power

•• Power fluctuations reducedPower fluctuations reduced

UPT 1 x pq 200 kW fitted to Three DeUPT 1 x pq 200 kW fitted to Three De--Wind D4 600kW TurbinesWind D4 600kW Turbines


Wind turbine operating with KESSWind turbine operating with KESS

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Time (secs)

Pow

er (k

W)

Wind Turbine without KESS

Wind Turbine output with KESS

Wind Speed


Test data for Wind turbine with KESS at Oki-Mt. Obu 「Variation for 1 min.」（Max. Power – Min. Power during 1 min.）

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600Variation Power（ｋＷ）

Occ

urre

nce

(No.

)

Power from W/T

Outcome of leveling


Remote wind / diesel systemRemote wind / diesel system


Frequency ImprovementFrequency Improvement

47.5000

48.0000

48.5000

49.0000

49.5000

50.0000

50.5000

51.0000

51.5000

1 61 121 181 241 301 361 421

Frequency variation with KESS system Frequency Variation with out KESS system


Mining applicationsMining applications


-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Demand without Demand without KESSKESS

Demand with Demand with KESSKESS

KESS powerKESS power KESS KESS chargecharge

KESS KESS dishargedisharge

Time (5 sec intervals)Time (5 sec intervals)

Pow

er (k

W)

Pow

er (k

W)

Mining applicationsMining applications

reduces peak demand and energy costsreduces peak demand and energy costs

2 MW SC series in a mining application in Western Australia2 MW SC series in a mining application in Western Australia


-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

8001 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82

Time (secs)

Pow

er (k

W)

Diesel load without KESSDiesel load without KESS

Diesel load with KESSDiesel load with KESS

KESS powerKESS power

Floating Grab CranesFloating Grab Cranes

Amsterdam:Amsterdam:Diesel consumption reduced by 50% thus enabling one Diesel consumption reduced by 50% thus enabling one 800 kW diesel generator to be removed. 800 kW diesel generator to be removed. Payback period: 2 Payback period: 2 –– 3 years.3 years.

Floating Crab Crane Floating Crab Crane –– 30T payload30T payload


ConclusionsConclusions

• Due to the low cost of energy generation, energy storage

technologies that rely on energy saving as the basis for there

business case other than in remote areas generally fail.

• BESS Energy Storage Technologies such as the in Golden

Valley are being used successfully as outage protection

systems but the market for such systems is limited.

• Most BESS based systems are used in the UPS market

where the need for large amounts of energy is again limited.


ConclusionsConclusions• high cycling energy storage systems whether static or on

board have great potential for improving system efficiencies

saving energy and reducing emissions

• Smoothing the outputs from renewable energy sources such as

Wind, Wave and Photovoltaic allows greater penetration of

these technologies in to the energy market.

• The use of high cycling energy storage systems can make

significant savings of energy (fuel) on stand a lone systems (

not grid connected) that are economic as described in the

cranes , lifts and mining applications


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