energy utilization i

8/11/2019 Energy Utilization I

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Energy Utilization


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Energy Utilization

World population:

- Year 2003 6.5 billion people

- Year 2050 8-10 billion people

Worlds Top-Five problems:

1. ENERGY

2. WATER3. FOOD

4. POLLUTION

5. POVERTY


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Energy Use Today

Popula

tion(Billions)

0

2

4

6

8

12

2000 2050 21000

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

EnergyU

se(QBTU/y

r)World

Population

Population ofDeveloped Countries

World Energy

Use

19501900

10

Year

World energy use in relation with population growing


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Energy Use Today

Share of

World

Total

14 Twatts

28 M toe/day

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Mtoe

Oil

Natural gas

Coal

Nuclear power

Hydro power

Non-hydro renewables

40%

25%

23%

5%

3%+4%

World energy use by fuel type today with projections to 2030

Projections


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Energy Use Today

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

0

10

20

30

40

Industrialized

Developing

EE/FSU

History Projections

World Gross Domestic Product by region

* Eastern Europe / Former Soviet Union

*


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1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Industrialized

Developing

EE/FSU

History Projections

Energy Use Today

World energy use by region

400 Q BTU in 2001(10000 M toe)


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15%

41%23%

15%

2%

4% 10%9%

37%

8%

2%

34%

Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

HydroOther renewables

2000 2030

1456 Mtoe 1811 Mtoe

Energy Use Today

European Union energy use by fuel type today with projections to 2030


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Energy Use Today

Croatia energy use by fuel type today with projections to 2030

2002

2030

9 Mtoe

?


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Energy Use Today

Coal

23.5%

Gas

21.1%

Nuclear

6.8%

Renewables

13.8%

Oil

34.8%

Combustible

Renewables

and Waste

(CRW)11.0%

Hydro

2.3%

Other

0.5% Tide 0.004%

Wind 0.026%Solar 0.039%

Geothermal

0.442%

2002 fuel share in world total primary energy supply


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Energy Use Facts

- energy use growing strongly especially in developing countries

- fossil fuels still dominant and will continue to dominate until 2030

- existing energy resources/reserves not unlimited

- projected minimum need for 10 terawatts from new (hopefully clean)

energy sources by 2050 has to be cheap not likely with current

technology- 2 basic approaches to secure energy supplies:

1. increase efficiency - reduce energy use / demand

- optimize energy supply systems

- produce total energy (i.e. combined heat & electricity)2. increase exploitation of existing energy sources / develop energy supply

infrastructure / find new energy sources


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Energy Use Facts

- natural gas - fastest growing nonrenewable primary energy source

- acceptable price (?), limited environmental impact (CH4, CO2)

- renewables high energy potential, high costs (?)

- sunlight on earth 165.000 Twatts/day!

- renewable energy sources technology of the future

- concerns for climate change are growing always consider environmentalpollution when deciding about energy use


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Building Energy Use

36% of total U.S. energy use

- 56% have central air-conditioning


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Sustainability

What is sustainable in the context of energy utilization?

- should not use more than you are given- should not endanger options for the next generations

- environmentally friendly technology

- reasonable distribution

- high efficiency

- renewable- reliable

- reuse, reduce

- waste management

- copy the processes and designs of nature (biomimicry)


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Energy Efficiency

- shows percentage of

energy input that does

useful work in an energyconversion system


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Energy Efficiency

U.S. energy use chart:

16% used

41% wasted as heat

43% wasted unnecessarily


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Energy Efficiency

Maximum technical potential energy savings for equipment technologies

Total: 3.3 Q BTU/y (only?)


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New Energy Sources

Renewable energy sources:

1. Solar energy

2. Hydropower

3. Geothermal energy

4. Wind power

5. Biomass

Thermal & process engineers


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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

InstalledCapacity(GW

)

Solar thermal & electric

PV

Geothermal

Small hydro

Wind

Biomass

Source: ADL estimates

New Energy Sources

Renewable energy sources projected capacities to 2020


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Solar EnergySolar energy use major categories:

1. Solar thermal

2. Solar electric (Photovoltaic - PV)

3. Solar power plants

Solar energy use financially justified on a geographical

location:

- when more then 60% of daylight hours sunny

average 4500 Wh/(m2day), i.e. on croatian sea coast


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Solar Energy


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Solar Thermal Systems

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

1. Free sustainable energy source 1. Scattered (< 1000 W/m2)

2. Environmental benefits 2. Unequally distributed

3. Saving other fuels 3. Change of intensity (day, season)4. Exploitation free of danger 4. Weather dependent (storage)

5. Suitable for low-temp applications 5. High installation costs

- main device:

SOLAR COLLECTOR


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Solar Thermal SystemsThermosyphon solar system for domestic hot water heating:

- simple set-up

- tank bottom min. 20 cm above

the collector top

- no pump, no heat exchanger

no control


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Solar Thermal SystemsActive solar system for domestic hot water heating:

- more complex

- circulation by pump free location of a tank

- smaller piping

- more expensive

automatic control


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Solar Thermal SystemsActive solar system for room heating:


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Geothermal Energy

- mostly connected to Heat Pump technology


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Biomass


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Visionary energy outlook

energy utilization i

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