eng economic and geography

8/6/2019 Eng Economic and Geography

1/28

1

GEOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS

Important Tips on Geography

1. As the path of the earth is elliptical the distance between thesun and the earth will be minimum (is 147 million km) on

January 3rd (perihelion) and will be maximum 152 million km

on July 4 (Aphelion)

2. Earths axis is tilted 23 from a line perpendicular to theplane of ecliptic. So, earth attains equinoxes and solstice.

3. a. Summer solstice (Longest day in Northern Hemisphere) June 21 Sunrays Vertically falls on Tropic of cancer.

b. Winter solstice (Longest day in southern Hemisphere)

Sunrays vertically falls

on Tropic of Capricorn (December 22)

c. Vernal Equinox (Equal day and night length) sun rays

vertically falls on

equator (March 21)

d. Autumnal Equinox (Equal day & night length) Sunrays

vertically falls on

Equator (September)


2/28

2

4. During solar eclipse the moon is bound to come in between thesun and the earth and during lunar eclipse the earth is bound to

come between moon and the sun.

5. Latitudes (parallels) Horizontal Imaginarily lines on Earth.

6. Longitudes (meridians) Vertical Imaginarily lines on Earth

7. Equator 0 Latitudes passes through the center of Earth

8. Tropic of cancer 23 N Latitude

9. Tropic of Capricorn 23 S Latitude

10.Arctic Circle 66 N Latitude

11.Antarctic Circle 66 Latitude

12.Prime Meridian 0 Longitude passes through Greenwich

13.Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is based on the Prime Meridian


3/28

3

14.Indian standard time (IST) is based on the 82.5 E longitudewhich passes through Allahabad

15.International Date line is the 180 longitude (just opposite toprime meridian)

16.Each 1 Longitude is equal to 111 km

17.Earth completes one rotation of 360 in 24 hours. So, a personcrossing Eastwards from prime meridian gains 4 minutes for

every 1 longitude.

18.IST, which is located on 82.5 E longitude, is 5 hours (330minutes) ahead of GMT.

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

Location

The Indian mainland extends in the tropical and subtropical

zones from latitude 84' north to 376 north and from longitude 687'

east to 9725' east. The southernmost point in Indian Territory, the


4/28

4

Indira Point (formerly called Pygmallion Point) is situated at 630'

north in the Nicobar Islands.

Area and Boundaries

India stretches 3,214 km from north to south and 2,933 km from

east to west. The total length of the mainland coastline is nearly 6,100

km. Including that of the islands, is about 7,500 km. India is seventh

largest country in the world. Indias neighbours in the north are

China, Napal and Bhutan. To the north-west, India shares a

boundary mainly with Pakistan and to the east with Myanmar, while

Bangladesh forms and enclave within India.

The Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait separate India from Sri

Lanka.

Physiography

India can be divided into three units the mountains in the

north, the plains of northern India and the coast, and the plateau

region of the south.

Himalayas


5/28

5

The total length of this chain is about 5,000 km. The Himalayas

comprise a number of almost parallel ranges. The westernmost and

the eastern most limits of this range are formed by the Indus Valley

and the Brahmaputra Valley, respectively. The Great or Inner or

Central Himalayas (Himgri) is the name given to the northernmost

range which is also the highest. The other important peaks of this

range are: Kanchenjunga (8,598), Makalu (8,481m) and Dhaulagiri

(8,172m).

South of the Central Himalayas lies the Lesser Himalayas or

Himachal or Middle Himalayas. The sub-Himalayas or the Siwaliks

are the third and the lowest range of the system. They are also known

as the Outer Himalayas. The newest range of the Himalayas, it

separates the plains from the alluvium filled basins called duns and

duars. North of the Great Himalayas lie the Trans Himalayas or Tibet

Himalayas. The hilly region to the east of the Brahamaputra Valley is

often called Purvachal.

The Plains of India

The vast plains of north are alluvial in nature and the

westernmost portion is occupied by the Thar Desert. The northern


6/28

6

plain is known as the Ganga Brahmaputra Plain. The eastern coastal

plain also known as the Coromandel Coastal Plain. Delta regions of

rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. It is a broad fertile

coastal lowland. The western coastal plain.

Peninsular Plateau

Area spreading south of the Indo Gengetic plain and flanked by

seas on three sides. The Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats

constitute its eastern and western boundaries, respectively. The rivr

Narmada, divides the region into two parts: the Malwa Plateau in the

north and the Deccan Plateau in the south. The northern part of the

plateau is occupied by the Aravalli Ranges in west, Malwa region in

the center and the Chhota Nagpur Plateau in the east. The deccan

Plateau is divided into three major units the Western Ghats, the

Eastern Ghats and the Deccan Trap. They include the Vindhyas and

Satpuras in central India. The Western Ghats separate the Deccan

Trap region from the Western Coastal Plain while the Eastern Ghats

lie between the Eastern Coastal Plain and the Deccan Trap. The

Western Ghats are connected to the Eastern Ghats by the Nilgiri Hills

(Blue Mountains). South of these are the Annamalai Hills. Two

branches of the Annamalai Hills are known as the Palani Hills and

the Yelagiri (Cardamom) hills.


7/28

7

Islands of India

The territorial limits of India include 247 islands, of which 204

lie in the Bay of Bengal and 43 lie in the Gulf of Mannar and the

Arabian Sea. All the islands in the Arabian Sea are coral islands are

surrounded by coral reefs.

Himalayan Rivers

The most important river system is the Indus network. The

River Indus rising beyond the Himalayas, dominates this system. It is

joined by the rivers Shyoke, Shigar and Gilgit in Jammu and

Kashmir. The important tributaries including the Jhelum, Chenab,

Ravi, Beas and Sutlej join it after entering Pakistan. The second major

system in the Ganga. The Ganga, the head stream, is constituted of

two major rivers Bhagirathi and Alaknanda, which combine at Dev

Prayag to form the Ganga. The Yamuna, which joins the Ganga at

Allahabad is the major tributary. Other tributaries of the Ganga

include Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi from the north and Damodar and

Son from the south. The important tributaries of the Yamuna include

the Chambal, Betwa and Ken (all from the south). The Brahmaputra

is the third major system in the north. The Brahmaputra, the head


8/28

8

stream, rises in Tibet, where it is called Tsangpo, and enters the

Indian territory under the name Dihang. The Subansiri, Kameng,

Dhansiri, Manas and Teesta are the major rivers joining it from the

north and Burhi Dihing, Disang, and Kopoli join it from the south.

The Lohit is also and important tributary of the Brahmaputra.

Rivers of Peninsular India Flowing into the Bay of Bengal

These comprise five groups. The Mahanadi system of the main

river of the same name and its tributaries, the important ones being

the Seonath, Hasdeo, Mand, Jonk and Tel. The second is the

Brahmani and Subernarekha system. The third system the Godavari

is the largest in the peninsular region. The Manjira, Penganga,

Wardha, Pranhita, Indravati and Sabari are the main tributaries of

this river. The Krishna is the second largest east-flowing system of

the peninsular region. The Kaveri system is the southernmost. Its

principal tributaries are the Hemavati, Lokpawni, Shimsa, Akrawati,

Lakshmantirtha and Bhawani.

West-flowing Rivers of the Peninsular Region

There are three major rivers flowing into the Arabian Sea from

the peninsular region. These are Narmada, Tapti, Sabarmati system.


9/28

9

In addition to these, there are some small rivers flowing westwards

from the Western Ghats. The important ones among these are the

Mandovi, Zuari and Rachol in Goa, Kalinadi, Sharavati, Tadri and

Netravati in Karnataka and Baypore, Ponnar, Periyar and Pamba in

Kerala.

Climate

Even though India is termed a monsoon country, the climate is

far from uniform, with variations being spatial as well temporal.

The Seasons

In India, the cycle of monsoon divides the year into four

seasons. Beginning mid March, hot and dry weather. The weather is

followed by hot, wet weather from June to September. In May, south-

west monsoon. From mid-September to mid-December is the cool,

dry season. Latter part of December and in January by the arrival of

the westerly depressions which cause some rain in the northern parts

of India. This is known as the cool, wet season.

INDUSTRIES

1. Steel & Iron Industries (Place/State/Aided Country)


10/28

10

a.Jamshedpur Bihar (Private Sector)b. Bokaro Jharkhand (Russia)c. Bhilai Madhya Pradesh (Russia)d. Rourkela Orissa (Germany)e. Durgapur West Bengal (U.K.)

2. Petroleum Industries

a. Ankaleshwar, Kaoli Gujaratb. Manali, Kaveri Delta T.N.c. Madhura (Uttar Pradesh), Digboi (Assam)

3. Cotton Industries

a. Ahmedabad Gujaratb. Surat Maharastrac. Bombay Maharastrad. Dhariwal (Woolen carpet)e. Kanpur

4. Fertilizer Industry

a. Sindri (Bihar), Nangal Punjab


11/28

11

5. Railway Industries

a. Rail Engine - Chittaranjanb. Rail coach Factory - Perambalur

6. Paper Industry

a. Nepanagarb. Titanagar

7. Atomic Energy

a. Trombay Maharastrab. Ranapratap sagar Rajasthan (Rawabhatta)c. Narora Uttar Pradeshd. Kalpakkam Chennaie. Kagrapara Gujaratf. Kaiga Karnatakag. Kudamgulam Tamilnadu

8. Space Research Centres

a. Tumbha Rocket launching station


12/28

12

b. Bangalore Indian Space Research Organizationc. Ahmedabad Space Application centerd. Sriharikota (A.P.) Rocket launching statione. Mahendragiri (T.N) Liquid propulsion centre

9. Defence Related Industries

a. Combat Vehicles Avadib. Aeronautic development Bangalorec. Nuclear Medicine & allied science Delhi

10 Electrical and Electronics Industries

a. BHEL - Ranipur (Hariduwar) (Uttaranchal)

- Ramachandrapuram (Hyderabad)

- Thiruverumbur (Trichy)

- Bharat Heavy Plate & Vessel (Visakapatnam)

b. HMT - Jalahali Bangalore

- Pinjur Punjab

- Kalamasethi Kerala

- Gukatpatti Andrapradesh

13. Medical Related Industries


13/28

13

a. Pasteur Institute Mumbai, Kunnoorb. Hindustan antibiotics Pimpri (Poona), Rishikesh (U.P)c. Hoffkins Institute Mumbai

Training Institutes

1. National Defence Academy Khadak Vas la(Poona)

2. Indian Military Academy - Dehradun3. Defence Services Staff College - Willington (TN)4. Officers Training School - Chennai5. Air Force Academy - Hyderabad6. Air Force Administrative College - Coimbatore7. Indian Naval Academy - Coachin8. Indian Police Academy - Hyderabad9. Lal Bahadur Sastri Institute of Administration Mussouri

Cities on River Banks

Cities River Cities River

Allahabad Triveni

Sangamam

Hyderabad Musi


14/28

14

Lucknow Gomti Culcutta Hoogly

Ludhiana Sutlej Madura Yamuna

Srinagar Jhelum Lahore Ravi

Surat Tapti Baghdad Tigris

Delhi Jamuna Paris Seon

Kanpur Ganga Washington Potomac

Jamshedpur Subamarekha Ayodhya Sarayu

Vijayawada Krishna Haridwar,

Varanasi, Patna

Ganga

Nasik Godavari Yangoon Irawati

Karachi Indus Cairo Nile

New York Hundson

Sanctuaries & National Parks

Bandipur Karanataka Chandraprabha Uttar Pradesh

Corbett Uttranchal Shivpuri

sanctuary

Madhya

Pradesh

Dachigam Jammu &

Kashmir

Ghana Bird

Sanctuary

Rajasthan

Gir National

Part

Gujarat Hazaripagh Jharkhan

Jaldapara Bangal Kanga National Madhya


15/28

15

Park Pradesh

Kasiranga

National Park

Assam Maras

Sanctuary

Assam

Madumalai Tamilnadu Parambikulum

Sanctuary

Kerala

Mukambika Karnataka Periyar

Sanctuary

Kerala

Rajaji Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh Ratambhore

Tiger Resort

Rajasthan

Sariska

Sanctuary

Rajasthan Simillipal

Sanctuary

Orissa

Sunderbans West Bengal Nandankannan

Zoo

Orissa

Venad

Sanctuary

Kerala Alipore Zoo Calcutta

Hill Stations

1. Uttranchal - Almora, nainital, Mussorie

2. West Bengal - Darjeeling, Kalimpong

3. Himachal Pradesh - Dalhouise, Kulumanali, Simla

4. Kashmir - Srinagar, Gulmarg

5. Rajasthan - Mount Abu


16/28

16

6. Jharkand - Ranchi

7. Madhya Pradesh - Panchmarhi

Famous Sites

Ajanta Aurangabad

(Maharastra)

Lingaraj Temple Orissa

Birla Planetarium Calcutta Gometeswar Statue Karnataka

Dal Lake Srinagar Amarnatha cave Kashmir

Silka Lake Orissa Bulandarwasa Fatepur Sikri

Sambhar Rajasthan Charminar Hyderabad

Dilwara Temple Rajasthan Gateway of India Bombay

Ellora Cave Maharashtra India Gate Delhi

Golgumbag Maharastra Jog Falls Karnataka

Hawa Mahal Jaipur Lal Bagh Bangalore

Kajuraho Madhya Pradesh Shalimar Bagh Kashmir

Konark Sun Temple Orissa Sanchi Stupa Madhya Pradesh

Sarnath Uttar Pradesh Howrah Bridge West Bengal

Jaganath Temple Orissa

Geographical Superlatives

Largest State (area) Rajasthan Largest State (Population) U.P


17/28

17

Densest State (Population) West

Bengal

Largest forest Assam

Largest Coastal area Gujarat Largest Desert Thar

Largest Lake Ular lake

(Kashmir)

Largest rainfall Mausinram

Largest Delta Sunderban Largest Dam Hakra Nangal

(Sutlej)

Highest Dam Hirakud

(Maharadi_

Largest Zoo Alipore Zoo

Highest Tower Qutb Minar Largest Dome Golgumbaz

Largest Mosque Jumma Musjid Largest Corridor

Rameshwaram Temple

Largest Gopuram Srirangam Largest Road Grand Trunk

Fastest Train Satapti Highest falls Jog falls (Gersoppa

falls)

Largest Museum Calcutta

(Indian Museum)

Largest traveling train

Himsagar express

Agriculture

Tea - Assam

Paddy, Tobacco - Andhra Pradesh

Potato, Sugarcane, Wheat - Uttar Pradesh


18/28

18

Raw silk, Sandalwood, Coffee - Karnataka

Cotton - Gujarat

Groundnut - Gujarat

Spices, Rubber - Kerala

Jute - West Bengal

Pulses - Madhya Pradesh

Apple, Saffron - Kashmir

Agriculture Crops

Rabi Crop (Winter) - Sown October, November

- Reap March, April Ex: Wheat, Barley, Gram,

Mustard,

linseed

Kharif crop (Summer) - Sown in June, July

- Reap in November, December Ex: Maize,

rice, cotton,

millets

Geographical Surnames

Blue Mountain Nilgris Assams Sorrow - Brahmaputra


19/28

19

Japan of South India Sivakasi Bihars Sorrow Kosi

Scotland of Tamilnadu

Dindugul

Garden city Bangalore

Spa of South India Courtallam Spice garden of India Kerala

Oxford of South India

Palayamkottai

Land of 5 rivers Punjab

City of Palaces Calcutta Granary of T.N. Tanjore

Pink City Jaipur Sugar bowl of India Damodar

Manchester of South India

Coimbatore

Seven Sister of India

Northeastern states

Manchester of North India

Kanpur

Kalinga Orissa

Manchester of India Mumbai Kamarupam Assam

Commercial Capital of India

Mumbai

Venice of East Allappey

Gateway of India Mumbai Gateway of Tamil Nadu

Tuticorin

Bengals Sorrow Damodar


20/28

20

ECONOMICS

1. Bank rate refers to the rate at which banks rediscount bills withRBI

2. Ensure social justice is not an objective of the monetary policyof RBI

3. Open market operation of RBI refers to trading in securities.4. The new definition of fiscal deficit was suggested by

Chakravarthy Committee

5. RBI does not transact the business of Nagaland government6. Total number of banks nationalized so far is 20.7. The first bank managed by Indians was Oudh Bank8. At present each bank branch serves on an average a population

of 15000

9. National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) deals withelectronic shares.

10.USA is accounts for the largest imports from India.11.India borrowed from IMF is 1991 under CCFF12.The Uruguay Round of GATT was its 8th round13.Indias external debt is today (Economic Survey 1997-98) 92.9

billion

14.Indias debt is 24% percentage of GDP15.The 9th Plan envisages a total investment of Rs.18000 crores.


21/28

21

16.The legitimacy of East India Companys act of using permitsrested on a royal command issued to the Company by

Farrukhsiyar.

17.The book Poverty and Un-British rule in India was written byDadabhai Naoroji on Indian poverty and economy under

British rule.

18.16 per cent is the percentage of Indias population to the worldpopulation.

19.1921 is known as Year of the Great Divide with regard topopulation growth in India.

20.The birth rate measures the number of births during a year per1000 of population.

21.The only state in India having a sex ratio of above 1,000 isKerala.

22.The maximum number of people in India work in the primarysector.

23.Structural unemployment arises due to heavy industry bias.24.Disguised unemployment refers to more persons employed

for a job which a few can accomplish.

25.The nature of usual status unemployment is chronic26.The Planning Commission of India was established in 195027.The planning Commission of India is an advisory body


22/28

22

28.The ex-officio chairman of the Planning Commission of India isthe Prime Minister.

29.According to World Development Report the low incomegroup of countries had together only 5 per cent of world GNP.

30.India has 2.4% or worlds geographical area and 16% of worldpopulation.

31.At the present rate of growth India is expected to overtakeChina by 2050.

32.The country which had the first official family planningprogramme was India.

33.The Cairo conference in population Development (1994)emphasized Target-free approach towards family welfare.

34.Usual status (US) unemployment of calculated with referenceto a period of one year.

35.Chronic unemployment is measured using US date.36.The backlog of unemployment estimated at the beginning of 8th

plan (April 1992) was 23 million.

37.Estimated new labour force that will be added during 8 th planperiod was 58 million.

38.The backlog of estimated unemployment at the beginning of 9thplan (April 1997) is 7.5 million

39.The net addition to labor force envisaged in the 9th Plan will be53 million


23/28

23

40.The percentage of population below the age of 15 in India asper 91 census is 35

41.Employment in manufacturing sector in India grew between1972 and 1992 by 44%

42.Specific schemes for employment generation was evolved forthe first time in 6th Plan

43.The national income of a nation is the sum total of factorincomes.

44.The difference between the GNP and NNP is equal to thecapital depreciation

45.The national income in India is estimated by the CentralStatiscal Organization

46.The philosophy behind economic planning recognizes thatmarkets and price system alone cannot ensure human welfare

47.National Planning Committee (1938) was chaired by JawaharlalNehru

48.The Planning Commission was set up in accordance with thedirective principles in Article 39.

49.Structural Planning refers to changing existing institutions orcreating new ones

50.First Plan adopted Harrod Domar model51.The phenomenon known as green revolution began to manifest

during Annual Plans (1966-69)


24/28

24

52.A substantial hike in family planning outlay was provided in4th Plan

53.Selective disinvestments of public sector as an objective wasincluded for the first time in 8th Plan.

54.The purpose of the tenancy reform legislation was to affordsecurity of tenure to tenants, enact fixation of air rent,

conferment of ownership right of tenants in some cases.

55.Central Cooperative Bank is operates at the district level.56.The percentage of people below poverty line as per the most

recent estimate (1994) using Lakdawala methodology is 37.3%.

57.National income is arrived at by adding to Net DomesticProduct, net inflow from abroad.

58.The product method of calculating National Income isotherwise known as Value-added method.

59.Relative poverty refers to a situation where a person fallsbehind others

60.Use of energy requirements (calorie) as a measure of poverty inIndia was made for the first time by Dandekar and Rath

61.The concept of P index as a measure of income shortfall wasproposed by Amartya Sen

62.The Squared Poverty Gap (SPG) has been used to estimate theseverity of poverty in 9th Plan


25/28

25

63.Human Poverty Index (HPI) measures the deprivation as acomposite index of knowledge, basic need and standard of

living.

64.The state which has the lowest percentage of persons below thepoverty line is Punjab.

65.After the launch of the New Economic Policy, rural povertyincreased initially but declined in 1993-94.

66.The present base year for calculating whole sale price index is1993-94

67.Demand pull factors for inflation can be developmentalexpenditure

68.Agriculture in India today provides livelihood to 64%percentage of labor force directly

69.Agriculture contributes 28% percentage of GDP in India today70.Indias per capita net availability of food grains per day is 539

gm

71.The net production of total food grains in 1998 was 195 milliontones

72.The impact of Green Revolution was felt most in the case ofwheat

73.permanent settlement was a feature of Zamindari system74.In order to give constitutional protection state land reforms

laws have been put in the Constitutions 9th schedule.


26/28

26

75.Under co-operative joint farming farmers poor their land butownership continues with the individual farmers.

76.As an economy develops the share of agriculture in the nationalproduct declines.

77.Command Area Development programme was launched toensure better utilization of irrigation potential.

78.In 1951-52 institutional credit accounted for 7%79.Commercial banks finance rural credit directly and through

Rural Banks

80.Import of Terminator seeds is banned by the Governmentbecause these seeds contain genetically engineered properties

to prevent further multiplication

81.There are at present 6836 regulated markets in the country.82.NAFED is an organization of marketing agency for inter-state

marketing of agricultural produces

83.The agency charged with the responsibility of buffer stocking isFood Corporation of India.

84.Land Development Banks form a part of the Cooperative creditstructure.

85.The latest information about agricultural markets is collectedand published by the National Council of Applied Economic

Research.


27/28

27

86.Crop insurance is the monopoly of General InsuranceCorporation

87.The Greening of the East refers to spread of Green Revolutionto non-traditional areas of eastern India.

88.The maximum level of stocking indicated in buffer stock policyis 22 million tones.

89.The total subsidy under targeted PDS will be Rs.2400 crore90.The concept of joint sector was recognized by industrial Policy

Statement 1973

91.The Hazari Committee submitted its report in 1967. It pointedout the misuses of industrial licenses

92.The industrial Licensing Policy Inquiry Committee whichsubmitted its report in 1969 is popularly known as Dutt

Committee

93.The concept of joint sector implised cooperation between publicsector and private sector industries

94.The number of central Government undertakings (excludingbanks, financial institutions and departmental undertakings) as

on March 31, 1996 was 243

95.Fiscal Policy is connected with public revenue and expenditure96.Excise is the largest single source of the Governments earning

from tax revenue


28/28

28

97.Customs duty is not shared by the Central Government withthe states

98.Land revenue is not a Central Government tax99.Market forces deciding investment and consumption is not a

feature of mixed economy

100. The cause for a steep decline in population in India in1921 census was influenza

eng economic and geography

Documents