eng m 501 production and operations management chapter 6a job design and work measurement lecture...
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John Doucette Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management Behavioural Considerations in Work Design Focus on the interaction between technology and the work group –Task and skill variety an optimal variety is needed too much variety can be frustrating and inefficient for training too little can lead to boredom and fatigue –Feedback some means for informing employees quickly when they have achieved their targets –Task identity avoid overlapping between tasks –Task autonomy employees should be able to have some control over their work areaTRANSCRIPT
ENG M 501ENG M 501Production and Operations ManagementProduction and Operations Management
Chapter 6AChapter 6AJob Design and Work MeasurementJob Design and Work Measurement
Lecture 04a: 27 January 2009Lecture 04a: 27 January 2009
John DoucetteJohn DoucetteDept. of Mechanical EngineeringDept. of Mechanical Engineering
University of AlbertaUniversity of Albertahttp://www.mece.ualberta.ca/~doucette/engm501/
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 20092
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Introduction to Job DesignIntroduction to Job Design
• Job designJob design is the function of specifying work activities in an organizational setting.– meet the requirements of the organization and its technology– satisfy the worker’s personal and individual requirements
Job Structure
Mental and physical
consideration of workforce
Tasks to be performed
Geographical location of
organization& work areas
Time of day, sequence in the workflow or process
Organizational rationale for
the job
Method of Performance
Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 20093
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Behavioural Considerations in Work DesignBehavioural Considerations in Work Design
• Focus on the interaction between technology and the work group– Task and skill variety
• an optimal variety is needed• too much variety can be frustrating and inefficient for training• too little can lead to boredom and fatigue
– Feedback• some means for informing employees quickly when they have
achieved their targets– Task identity
• avoid overlapping between tasks– Task autonomy
• employees should be able to have some control over their work area
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 20094
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Physical Considerations in Work DesignPhysical Considerations in Work Design
• Work physiologyWork physiology sets work-rest cycles according to the energy expended in various parts of the job.– the harder the work, the more the need for rest periods
• ErgonomicsErgonomics describes the study of the physical arrangement of the work space together with tools used to perform a task.– fit the work to the body rather than forcing the body to conform to
the work.
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 20095
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Work Study MethodsWork Study Methods
worker at a fixed
workplace
production process
worker interactingwith other workers
worker interacting
with equipment
Job Design
4 main activities 4 main activities to focus onto focus on
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 20096
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Work MeasurementWork Measurement
• Work measurementWork measurement is a process of analyzing jobs for the purpose of setting time standards
• Time study– Timing all tasks required for the job
• Work sampling– Random sampling of a worker’s activities
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 20097
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Time StudyTime Study
• The normal timenormal time (NT) is the how long it should take an ordinary worker to complete the task:
NT = UT x PR
• UT = observed performance time per unit• PR = performance rating, which is a measure of how fast or efficient a
worker is relative to what is considered normal.
• Also: NT = TW x PR # Units
• TW = total time worked
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 20098
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Time Study (2)Time Study (2)
• The standard timestandard time (ST) is used to correct for potentially unavoidable work delays:
ST = NT x (1 + allowances)
• Allowances = estimated percentage of time due to the delay
• Also: ST = ___NT___ 1 – allowances
• The second equation is actually better
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 20099
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Time Study In-Class ExampleTime Study In-Class Example
• You want to determine the standard time for a job. The employee selected for the time study has produced 20 units of product in an 8 hour day. Your observations made the employee nervous and you estimate that the employee worked about 10 percent faster than what is a normal pace for the job. Allowances for the job represent 25 percent of the normal time.
• What are the normal and standard times for this job?
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 200910
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Work SamplingWork Sampling
• Use inferences to make statements about work activity based on a random sampling of the activity
• Work sampling has three primary applications– Ratio Delays
• Determine activity-time percentage for workers or equipment
– Performance Measurement• Relates work time to output (performance index)
– Time Standards• How long does/should it take to perform each task?
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 200911
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Work Sampling ProcedureWork Sampling Procedure1. Identify the specific activity or activities that are the main
purpose of the study.
2. Estimate the proportion of time of the activity of interest to the total time.
3. State the desired accuracy.
4. Determine the specific times when each observations is to be made.
5. At two or three intervals during the study period, recompute the required sample size by using the data collected thus far. Adjust the number of observations if appropriate.
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 200912
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Work Sampling AdvantagesWork Sampling Advantages• Several work sampling studies may be conducted
simultaneously• The observer usually need not be a trained analyst• No timing devices are required• Work of a long cycle time may be studied with fewer
observer hours• Study duration is longer, so minimizes effects of short-
period variations• The study may be temporarily delayed at any time with
little effect• Because work sampling needs only instantaneous
observations, the operator has less chance to influence the findings by changing work method
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 200913
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Work Sampling ExampleWork Sampling Example
• A hospital wants to determine how much of its nurses’ time is spent on classic nursing duties (rather than other things like paperwork, etc.). We estimate that it’s probably somewhere around 60% but want to use work sampling over a period of 10 days (on shifts that run from 7:00 AM to 3:00 PM) to determine it within an error of 3%.
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 200914
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Work Sampling Example (2)Work Sampling Example (2)
• The first step is to look on table TN5.11 in your text book and determine how many observations we want.
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 200915
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Work Sampling Example (3)Work Sampling Example (3)
• Since we want 1 067 observations in total, then we need 106.7 ≈ 107 per day.
• Next, we assign random numbers to the eligible times:
TimeTime Random NumbersRandom Numbers7:00 – 7:59 AM 100-1598:00 – 8:59 AM 200-2599:00 – 9:59 AM 300-359
10:00 – 10:59 AM 400-45911:00 – 11:59 AM 500-55912:00 – 12:59 PM 600-659
1:00 – 1:59 PM 700-7592:00 – 2:59 PM 800-859
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 200916
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Work Sampling Example (4)Work Sampling Example (4)
• Finally, pick random numbers and match them with the times assigned to them. Using random numbers from the table in Appendix B:
NumberNumber TimeTime569 -831 2:31 PM555 11:55 AM470 -848 2:48 PM080 -364 -057 -267 -426 10:26 AM954 -… …
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 200917
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Work Sampling In-Class ProblemWork Sampling In-Class Problem
• Your best guess is that one particular task of a complex operation takes approximately 5% of the operation’s total time. However, you’re not sure, and decide to establish a more accurate time standard using work sampling. You have someone available from 8:00 AM to 12:00 noon for the next 12 weeks (i.e., 60 working days). You want an absolute error of no more than 2.5%. – Calculate the number of observations per day.– Determine the sampling schedule for the first day.
John DoucetteDept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 04a, Chapter 6A: 27 January 200918
ENG M 501 – Production and Operations Management
Financial Compensation and Incentive PlansFinancial Compensation and Incentive Plans
• Basic Compensation Systems– Hourly pay– Salary– Piece rate – Commission
• Individual and small-group incentive plans– Output measures– Quality measures– Pay for knowledge
• Organization-wide incentive plans– Profit-sharing– Gain-sharing