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“Determined to succeed, together”
Engineered Treatment Systems
UV Disinfection
Jon McClean, President ETS LLC
Tom Kruzick , Gasvoda /
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Presentation Outline
• Company
• UV Disinfection
• Design Requirements
• ETS Equipment
• Direct Potable Reuse
• Advantages to Closed Vessel UV
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Primary Disinfection Range
(UVC) = 200 to 280 nm
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ELEKTRODE + ELEKTRODE -
ELECTRODE + ELECTRODE -
How is UV Light Generated?
Voltage is applied across the electrode, exciting the mercury to create UV
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What Does UV Do?
Disinfection
• Photons absorbed by DNA in microorganisms
lead to inactivation (inability to replicate) by
altering of thymine base units in the DNA
Photolysis
• Photons of UV light absorbed by molecules such
as chloramines or NDMA lead to chemical
change, resulting in their destruction
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UV Effect to DNA
UV photons are absorbed by the DNA of a microorganism, damaging the DNA by causing thymine base units to bond with each other rather than across the “ladder”, causing a bulge in the DNA. The distorted DNA can not function properly (it is prevented from replicating)
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UV Lamp Types • Low Pressure
(40W–80W)
• Low Pressure High Output (Amalgam)
(100W–1,000W)
• Medium Pressure
(400W–25,000W)
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Spectral Output of UV Lamps
0
4
8
12
16
200 250 300 350 400
wavelength / nm
Sp
ectr
al
Em
itta
nce (
rel)
Medium Pressure Lamp
Low Pressure Lamp (254 nm)
Disinfection Range
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Lamp Comparison
Low Pressure Low Pressure
High Output
Medium
Pressure
Lamp Power (W) 40 to 80 100 to 1,000 400 to 25,000
Efficiency (%) 35 to 40 30 to 35 10 to 15
Lamp Life (hrs) 8,000 to 14,000 8,000 to 14,000 3,000 to 8,000
Lamp Surface Temperature (F) 110 110 1500
Wavelengths Monochromatic Monochromatic Polychromatic
Efficiency vs. Water Temp. (F) 60 > 60 Any
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Required Parameters
• Flowrate
• Water Quality (transmittance, TSS, metal
concentrations)
• Required Disinfection (dose/log reduction)
• Plant Hydraulics
• Redundancy Requirements
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Typical UV Transmittance Values
Water Source Transmittance (T10%)
Ultrapure Water 100%
Distilled Water 98%
Drinking Water 85-95%
Membrane (WW) 70-80%
Secondary Filtered 65-70%
Secondary Unfiltered 50-65%
Meat Brine, Soft Drinks 0%
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Dissolved Organics
DISSOLVED MATERIAL
SUSPENSED MATERIAL
10 mm 20 mm 30 mm 40 mm 50 mm
90% 81% 73% 65% 60%
100% 95% 90% 85% 80%
60%
75%
10
0%
1
00
%
Looks can be deceiving - clear soft drinks have transmittance of 0% due to dissolved sugars
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Closed Vessel UV Systems
(superior solution to “traditional”
open channel systems)
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Closed Vessel UV Systems
- Beverage and Brewery
- Ultrapure Water
Applications
- Swimming Pools, Water
Parks, and Splash Pads
(indoor and outdoor)
- Aquaculture
- Ballast Water
- Surface and Air
- Aquifer Storage and
Recovery Wells
- Drinking Water
Are the primary UV solution for all applications
except for municipal wastewater:
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Medium Pressure WW/Reuse
SW
• Flange Size (inches)
– 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24 and 30
• Number of Lamps
– 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 18
• Lamp Power (kW)
– 1.3, 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, 5.8, and 7.3
• Constant Wattage Transformers (CWTs) and
Capacitors (50 to 100%)
• Relative or Absolute Monitoring
• SPECTRA Controls
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LPHO WW/Reuse
UVLA • Flange Size (inches)
– 2 to 14
• Flange Locations
– Top/top, top/bottom, bottom/bottom, etc.
• Number of Lamps
– 1 to 32
• Lamp Power (W)
– 60 to 325
• Electronic Ballasts (50 to 100%)
• Relative or Absolute Monitoring
• SPECTRA Controls
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LPHO WW/Reuse
UVLW • Flange Size (inches)
– 8, 10, 16, and 20
• Number of Lamps
– 6, 8, 16, 20, 22, 30, and 45
• Lamp Power (W)
– 800
• Electronic Ballasts (30 to 100%)
• Absolute Monitoring
• Allen Bradley Controls
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UVLW 800W LPHO Design
Chamfered Effluent
Non Uniform Lamp
Spacing
Influent Support Ring
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NWRI Validation Reactor Body
Diameter (in)
Flange
Diameter (in)
Flow 55% and 100
mJ/cm2 (gpm)
Flow 65% and 80
mJ/cm2 (gpm)
UVLW-6800-10 10 8 95 220
UVLW-6800-14 14 10 46 88
UVLW-8800-14 14 10 71 175
UVLW-16800-20 20 16 219 445
UVLW-20800-20 20 16 305 650
UVLW-22800-24 24 20 270 520
UVLW-30800-24 24 20 580 1050
UVLW-30800-30 30 20 580 1300
UVLW-45800-30 30 20 650 1620
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Validated DW Equipment
ECP • Flange Size = 3 in
• Number of Lamps = 1
• Lamp Power = 1.3 kW
• Choke and Thyristor (50 to 100%)
• Absolute or Relative Monitoring
• SPECTRA Controls
SP • Flange Size = 3 or 4 in
• Number of Lamps = 1
• Lamp Power = 2.5 kW
• Choke and Thyristor (50 to 100%)
• Absolute Monitoring
• SPECTRA Controls
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DW Validated Results
Reactor Flow (40 mJ/cm2)
90% T10
Flow (>3-log reduction) 90%
T10
ECP-113-5 85 gpm 125 gpm
SP-25-4S 154 gpm 458 gpm
SP-25-6 198 gpm 277 gpm
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Validated DW Equipment
ECF • Flange Size = 6, 8, 10, and 12 in
• Number of Lamps = 2 or 4
• Lamp Power = 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 kW
• Choke and Thyristor (50 to 100%)
• Absolute Monitoring
• SPECTRA Controls
SX • Flange Size = 8, 10, 16, 20, and 30 in
• Number of Lamps = 2, 4, 6, 8, and 18
• Lamp Power = 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, and 7.3 kW
• CWTs and capacitors (50 to 100%)
• Absolute Monitoring
• SPECTRA Controls
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DW Validated Results
Reactor Flow (40 mJ/cm2)
90% T10
Flow (>3-log reduction) 90%
T10
ECF-215-6 205 gpm 360 gpm
ECF-220-8 295 gpm 610 gpm
ECF-225-10 355 gpm 675 gpm
ECF-430-12 1.4 MGD 3.2 MGD
SX-225-8 0.95 MGD 1.8 MGD
SX-425-10 2.2 MGD 3.8 MGD*
SX-635-16 4.2 MGD 8.4 MGD*
SX-850-20 11.9 MGD 13.3 MGD*
SX-1873-30 30.4 MGD* 30.4 MGD*
* - hydraulic limit
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• SPECTRA
– Microprocessor based
– Membrane and touch
screen options
– Communication
• Ethernet
• Wi-Fi
• MODBUS/Profibus
• Hard Wire
Controls
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• Plug the SPECTRA into any
network and start logging
data
• Wireless networking is also
supported
• Spectra sends status update
every 15 mins and on
change of state (start-up,
alarms, etc.)
Remote Data Logging
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• Monitor and review units over the internet
• Operators can be given user accounts
• Many units can be added to an account
• Adding units is simple using a serial number and a pin number
Website Access to Logging
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• Review current status
• Review recent alarms
• Advice on alarms and possible solutions
Check Status/Support
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• Trend data recorded on the website
• Identify usage patterns and predict service requirements
• Monitor lamp usage, number of hours and number of strikes
• Detailed knowledge can lead to enhanced customer service
Trend Data/Monitor Conditions
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• Containerized systems
– Standard and explosion
proof options
– Separate wet (chambers)
and dry (power/control)
– All pipes, valves,
flowmeters, etc. provided
Equipment
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• ATEX Rated
– Explosion proof
– Complete systems
– Chambers or cabinets only
Equipment
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Direct Potable Reuse
• Nothing new – being used on space station
• More communities are weighing the option
• Must get past the “yuck” factor
• Major difference from indirect – no environmental
barrier in case of treatment concern
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Texas
• Currently involved in project in TX
• Secondary effluent pumped from WWTP to new
DW facility
• Multistep treatment at new facility
• Treatment concept reviewed by many peers
• Heavy review scrutiny by State (no pilot testing
required)
• All approved and awaiting bid
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Texas
• UV is used in a two step process for crypto
inactivation
– Pass 1 – >1.5 log
– Pass 2 – >4 log
• Designed so that each “UV portion” used the same
reactor for commonality of maintenance and spare
parts
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Advantages to Closed Vessel
• Installation
– Smaller footprint
– Lower costs, easier, quicker
– Eliminate the need of precision alignment of poured
concrete walls and floors
– Chambers can be installed in horizontal or vertical pipe
runs providing design flexibility
– Some estimates show 60% installation cost reduction
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Advantages to Closed Vessel
Vertical installations
leads to a smaller
footprint and no air
entrapment
Six parallel reactors
Treating up to 4
MGD per reactor
30”
15’
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Advantages to Closed Vessel
• Maintenance – Wiping mechanism is external to water
• The motor is coupled to an internal threaded screw which turns and drives the wiping carriage across the quartz sleeves and UV intensity monitor
• It is critical to keep all optical paths free from fouling to ensure optimum disinfection
– Wiper rings can be replaced without removing wiping carriage from chamber
– Individual lamp and sleeve replacement
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Automatic Wiping Mechanism
Wiper Yoke
Low voltage motor leads to safer,
smaller, and less expensive wiper
without impacting performance and
cleaning capabilities .
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Automatic Wiping Mechanism
Optical counter used to stop
wiping mechanism before
reaching the chamber ends.
Similar technology used in
elevators to signal floor levels.
No problematic limit switches
are required.
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Lamp Replacement
Single ended lamps utilizing a twist lock plug
connection. No tools required, safer as UV light
and electricity are isolated, water tight
connection, and automatically centers the lamp.
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Open Channel Maintenance • Crane to remove lamp modules from channel
• Racks to hold lamps/modules while being stored or cleaned
• Tank for acid cleaning of sleeves
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Access Hatch
The profile of the hatch was
designed to eliminate flow
disruptions and air pockets.
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Dry Monitoring
Allows for replacement of
monitors and reference monitor
checks without having to close
valves and drain the reactor.
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Advantages to Closed Vessel
• No Open Water Surface – Lost/damaged tools, cell phones, etc.
– Algae growth
– Inhalation risk for operators from aerosols containing pathogenic organisms
– Large open water surfaces which can lead to fly and mosquito issues
– Many open channels become covered after operating for a short period of time or are covered during installation
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Advantages to Closed Vessel
• Reduced UV exposure – Burn exposed skin in seconds
– Arc eye or welding flash are extremely painful and can lead to retina lesions, cataracts, and yellowing of the lens on prolonged exposure
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Why ETS?
• Responsiveness – Limited red tape to get through to make decisions
• Focus – UV and UV only
• Expertise – Years of experience
• Design – Fewest component design
– Features designed to minimize operator attention and exposure