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Engineering and the Liberal Arts Engineering and the Liberal Arts Sharad Malik Department of Electrical Engineering ll f Keller Center for Innovation in Engineering Education PrincetonUniversity

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Page 1: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Engineering and the Liberal ArtsEngineering and the Liberal Arts

Sharad Malik

Department of Electrical Engineering

ll fKeller Center for Innovation in Engineering Education

PrincetonUniversity

Page 2: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Keller Center for Innovation in dEngineering Education

• Address issues in Engineering Education that areAddress issues in Engineering Education that are beyond the scope or resources of any one of our departments.

I th th b d b tIssues than cross the boundary between the school and the rest of campus.

PrincetonUniversity

Page 3: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Liberal Arts EducationLiberal Arts Education

College or university curriculum aimed at imparting general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. In the medieval European university the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and 

h d ( h d ) dgeometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (the quadrivium). In modern colleges and universities the liberal arts include the study of literature, languages, philosophy, history, mathematics, and science as the basis of a general or liberal education Sometimes the liberal arts curriculum isgeneral, or liberal, education. Sometimes the liberal‐arts curriculum is described as comprehending study of three main branches of knowledge: the humanities (literature, language, philosophy, the fine arts, and history) the physical and biological sciences and mathematics and thehistory), the physical and biological sciences and mathematics, and the social sciences.

Source: Encyclopedia Britannica

PrincetonUniversity

Page 4: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Liberal Arts EducationLiberal Arts Education

College or university curriculum aimed at imparting general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. In the medieval European university the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and 

h d ( h d ) dgeometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (the quadrivium). In modern colleges and universities the liberal arts include the study of literature, languages, philosophy, history, mathematics, and science as the basis of a general or liberal education Sometimes the liberal arts curriculum isgeneral, or liberal, education. Sometimes the liberal‐arts curriculum is described as comprehending study of three main branches of knowledge: the humanities (literature, language, philosophy, the fine arts, and history) the physical and biological sciences and mathematics and thehistory), the physical and biological sciences and mathematics, and the social sciences.

Source: Encyclopedia Britannica

PrincetonUniversity

Page 5: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Liberal Arts EducationLiberal Arts Education

College or university curriculum aimed at imparting general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. In the medieval European university the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and 

h d ( h d ) dgeometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (the quadrivium). In modern colleges and universities the liberal arts include the study of literature, languages, philosophy, history, mathematics, and science as the basis of a general or liberal education Sometimes the liberal arts curriculum isgeneral, or liberal, education. Sometimes the liberal‐arts curriculum is described as comprehending study of three main branches of knowledge: the humanities (literature, language, philosophy, the fine arts, and history) the physical and biological sciences and mathematics and thehistory), the physical and biological sciences and mathematics, and the social sciences.

Source: Encyclopedia Britannica

PrincetonUniversity

Page 6: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Undergraduate Degrees at PrincetonUndergraduate Degrees at Princeton

• Bachelor of ArtsBachelor of Arts– ~80% of the class– Humanities, Social Sciences, Sciences and Math

• Bachelor of Science in Engineering– ~20% of the class

PrincetonUniversity

Page 7: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Liberal Arts EducationLiberal Arts Education

… the education you have received at Princeton ‐‐ an education that we rightfully claim does not prepare you for one job but for many jobs ‐‐ puts you in remarkably good stead in an uncertain time. The skills and traits that we strived to instill in you ‐‐ critical thinking and writing, a finely 

d l d l d k htuned moral compass, a disciplined work ethic, a commitment to excellence in whatever you choose to do, compassion for those less privileged and a devotion to service ‐‐ will serve you well whatever comes nextnext. 

President Shirley Tilghman, Commencement speech, June 2, 2009.

PrincetonUniversity

Page 8: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Liberal Arts EducationLiberal Arts Education

… the education you have received at Princeton ‐‐ an education that we rightfully claim does not prepare you for one job but for many jobs ‐‐ puts you in remarkably good stead in an uncertain time. The skills and traits that we strived to instill in you ‐‐ critical thinking and writing, a finely 

d l d l d k htuned moral compass, a disciplined work ethic, a commitment to excellence in whatever you choose to do, compassion for those less privileged and a devotion to service ‐‐ will serve you well whatever comes nextnext. 

President Shirley Tilghman, Commencement speech, June 2, 2009.

PrincetonUniversity

Page 9: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Liberal Arts EducationLiberal Arts Education

… the education you have received at Princeton ‐‐ an education that we rightfully claim does not prepare you for one job but for many jobs ‐‐ puts you in remarkably good stead in an uncertain time. The skills and traits that we strived to instill in you ‐‐ critical thinking and writing, a finely 

d l d l d k htuned moral compass, a disciplined work ethic, a commitment to excellence in whatever you choose to do, compassion for those less privileged and a devotion to service ‐‐ will serve you well whatever comes nextnext. 

President Shirley Tilghman, Commencement speech, June 2, 2009.

PrincetonUniversity

Page 10: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

What this means for BSE StudentsWhat this means for BSE Students

• A stronger understanding of engineering in the world throughg g g g g– Significant flexibility in the curriculum

– Significant breadth requirements

PrincetonUniversity

Page 11: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

What this means for BSE StudentsWhat this means for BSE Students

• A stronger understanding of engineering in the world throughg g g g g– Significant breadth requirements

– Significant flexibility in the curriculum

A coherent program of courses in the humanities and social sciences, combining breadth and depth, is an essential part of every B.S.E. student’s program of study. B.S.E. students must complete a minimum of seven courses in the humanities and social sciences. B.S.E. students are required to take one course in four of the following six areas: epistemology and cognition, ethical thought and moral values, foreign language (at the 107/108 level or above), historical analysis literature and the arts and social analysis (see pages 56–60) for full descriptions of thesehistorical analysis, literature and the arts, and social analysis (see pages 56–60) for full descriptions of these distribution areas). The remaining three required courses and additional courses may be taken in any fields in the social sciences and humanities.

Source: Undergraduate Announcement

PrincetonUniversity

Page 12: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

What this means for BSE StudentsWhat this means for BSE Students

• A stronger understanding of engineering in the world throughg g g g g– Significant breadth requirements

– Significant flexibility in the curriculum

A coherent program of courses in the humanities and social sciences, combining breadth and depth, is an essential part of every B.S.E. student’s program of study. B.S.E. students must complete a minimum of seven courses in the humanities and social sciences. B.S.E. students are required to take one course in four of the following six areas: epistemology and cognition, ethical thought and moral values, foreign language (at the 107/108 level or above), historical analysis literature and the arts and social analysis (see pages 56–60) for full descriptions of thesehistorical analysis, literature and the arts, and social analysis (see pages 56–60) for full descriptions of these distribution areas). The remaining three required courses and additional courses may be taken in any fields in the social sciences and humanities.

Source: Undergraduate Announcement

10‐12 courses is typical!

PrincetonUniversity

Page 13: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

What this means for BSE studentsWhat this means for BSE students

• Don’t necessarily think of themselves as professionalDon t necessarily think of themselves as professional engineers

• A greater range of analysis and synthesis capabilitiesPost-Graduation Option % of Class of 2009g g y y p– Enables them to see a better interaction of engineering and society (?)

Engineering/Sciences Grad School

17.5

Other Grad School 2.4• Enables them to be problem/issue framers and not just problem solvers (?)

Job in Engineering 23.2Job in Finance/ Management Consulting

26g g

Unknown/undecided 22

PrincetonUniversity

Page 14: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Taking this further…Taking this further…

• A tighter integrationg g

– Societal context in engineering courses• Critical to tackle emerging societal challenges in energy and the environment security global health and povertyenvironment, security, global health and poverty

– Make problems less abstract, solution envelopes clearer

– Better engage and motivate students 

• Complex knowledge organization• Complex knowledge organization

– Challenging for texts and faculty

COS 432 Information SecuritySecurity issues in computing, communications and electronic commerce. Goals and vulnerabilities; legal and ethical issues; basic cryptology; private and authenticated communication; electronic commerce; software security; viruses and other malicious code…. 

E. Felten

PrincetonUniversity

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Taking this further…

P j B d C

Greentrofit Team

Taking this further…

• Project Based Courses

• Engineering Projects in Community Service

• Originated at Purdue

• Jamieson and Coyle 

• Teams work on technology  • Partner: Isles community development andgyproblems with local non‐profits

• Multidisciplinary – engineering and non‐engineering students

• Partner: Isles community development and environmental organization

• Project: HEAT (Home Energy Action in Trenton); to address needs of energy efficiency in low‐income houses in Trenton, NJg g

• Vertically integrated – mix of sophomores through seniors

• Technical learning: study extent of energy efficiency and effectiveness of various retrofitting strategies

PrincetonUniversityChallenges in scaling.

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Taking this further…Taking this further…

• Gaps in a traditional liberal arts curriculump

– Entrepreneurship• Critical way for engineers to make an impact in society

• Challenging without a business school

PrincetonUniversity

Page 17: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

What this means for AB studentsWhat this means for AB students

• Technology deeply enmeshed in all aspects of societyTechnology deeply enmeshed in all aspects of society– A liberal arts education emphasizing general knowledge and general intellectual capabilities must have a strong technology component

• Yet ‐ asymmetry in requirementsTechnolog related req irementsTechnology related requirements– Quantitative Reasoning (QR)—one course– Science and Technology, with laboratory (ST)—two coursesEasy to fulfill these using science/math courses familiar to the studentsEasy to fulfill these using science/math courses familiar to the students

PrincetonUniversity

Page 18: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

What this means for AB studentsWhat this means for AB students

• About 40% of the students do not take an engineering courseg g

• <10% take more than 2 courses 

400450

Number of AB Students vs. Number of Engineering Courses Taken

100150200250300350400

050

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

PrincetonUniversity

Page 19: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Barriers to doing more…Barriers to doing more…

• Everyone needs to step out of their comfort zonesEveryone needs to step out of their comfort zones– Engineering courses

• Need to make them more accessible– Emphasize fundamental principles, rather than detailed analysis and synthesis needed for students in the majors

– Show how this discipline interacts with societal issues

ELE 206 Introduction to Logic Design Boolean algebra and digital logic gates. Design with two‐ and multi‐level combinational logic. Basic g g g g g gmemory elements, latches, flip‐flops, SRAM and DRAM cells. Timing methodologies. Synchronous and asynchronous designs. Counters. Finite‐state machines. Designs with programmable logic. Basic computer organization. Three lectures, one laboratory. Prerequisite: an introductory programming course, or equivalent programming experience.

PrincetonUniversity

, q p g g p

Page 20: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Barriers to doing more…Barriers to doing more…

• Everyone needs to step out of their comfort zonesEveryone needs to step out of their comfort zones– Engineering courses

• Need to make them more accessible– Emphasize fundamental principles, rather than detailed analysis and synthesis needed for students in the majors

– Show how the technical material impacts societal issues

ELE 222B The Computing AgeThe past several decades have seen an exponential growth in computing as reflected in modern 

ll d h / d l d ll h h llcomputers as well as consumer products such as music/video players and cell phones. This course will explore the reasons for this growth through studying the core principles of computing. It will cover representation of information including video and music, the design of computers and consumer devices, and their efficient implementation using computer chips. Finally, it will examine the 

h l i l f h ill lik l li i f h d di h i l i f hi

PrincetonUniversity

technological factors that will likely limit future growth and discuss the societal impact of this outcome. 

Page 21: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Broad Access Engineering CoursesBroad Access Engineering Courses

• Other ExamplesOther Examples– Energy Solutions for the Next Century

– Introduction to Biomedical Innovation and Global Health

• Challenges– Knowledge organization

hi d d b ildi d– Texts, teaching geared towards building deep expertise, not general knowledge and intellectual growth!

PrincetonUniversity

Page 22: Engineering and the Liberal Arts.pptx [Read-Only] · the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the trivium) and geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy (h(the quadrivium)

Barriers to doing more…Barriers to doing more…

• Everyone needs to step out of their comfort zonesEveryone needs to step out of their comfort zones– Students

• Very risk averse

– The rest of the academy• Advisors are from non‐engineering majors

– Do not necessarily see the value of the technology componentDo not necessarily see the value of the technology component

• Need strong institutional commitment

Requires a change in culture!

PrincetonUniversity

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SummarySummary

• Engineering Students benefit in a liberal arts settingg g g– Increases their breadth of analysis and synthesis

– But we need to do more• Increase societal context in engineering courses that reflect emerging• Increase societal context in engineering courses that reflect emerging societal challenges

• Technology component a critical part of any liberal arts d tieducation– But we aren’t there yet

– Several changes needed in many parts of the university• Engineering education

• Cultural change with AB students and faculty

PrincetonUniversity