engineering, construction, and development april 13, 2004
DESCRIPTION
Engineering, Construction, and Development April 13, 2004. Dr. David W. Dinehart and Dr. Shawn P. Gross. Chemical Mechanical Electrical Computer Civil. Live in the glass building Live in the basement of CEER Live on the 3rd floor CEER Live in the Computer Lab Live to serve you. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Engineering, Construction, and Development
April 13, 2004
Dr. David W. Dinehart and
Dr. Shawn P. Gross
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
What disciplines of engineering does Villanova offer?
• Chemical• Mechanical• Electrical• Computer• Civil
• Live in the glass building• Live in the basement of CEER • Live on the 3rd floor CEER • Live in the Computer Lab• Live to serve you
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
What do Civil Engineers do?
The water you drink,
Our mission is to enhance the quality of life.
The roads you drive,
The bridges you cross
The environment you value.
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
What is Infrastructure?
Webster’s Definitions:1. the underlying foundation or basic
framework (as of a system or organization)
2. the system of public works of a country, state, or region; also : the resources (as personnel, buildings, or equipment) required for an activity
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Infrastructure for Travel
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Water and Power
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
What do you need to develop an infrastructure?
NATURAL RESOURES
$$$$
KNOWLEDGE LABOR
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
The Process of Project Development
• Need• Financing (Economics)• Planning• Permitting• Design• Construction• Maintenance
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Example - VU Student Health Center
• What is the need?• How is the project financed?• What steps were involved in
planning?• What permits were required?• What design considerations were
involved?• Who will construct the facility?• What will be required to maintain it?
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
How is the process different in Latin
America?
Let’s look at the individual steps ...
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Need
• How are the needs different?• Urban vs. Rural• Examples
– Cable TV vs. Electricity – Water: Taste vs. Quality concerns– Roads: How many lanes vs. no
pavement
Fundamental needs still exist!
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Latin America’s Mega-Cities
• Cities with est. population > 10 Million– Mexico City – 19.3 Million– Sao Paulo – 18.5 Million– Buenos Aires – 13.4 Million– Rio de Janeiro – 11.2 Million
• 3 out of every 4 people in Latin America live in urban areas
• approximately 1 in 8 live in these four Mega-cities
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Latin America: Urban vs. Rural
• Nearly 70% of people in Latin America who live in poverty live in urban areas
• Challenges in Latin American cities:– Shanty towns, air pollution, water
pollution, traffic congestion– Problems with transport, housing, and
crime– Advantages in employment,
infrastructure, and services
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Statistics on Squatter Settlements (c. 1990)
City Population% in
Squatter Settlements
Mexico City 15.8 Million 60
Sao Paulo 10.4 Million 31
Buenos Aires 10.9 Million 5
Rio de Janeiro
9.7 Million 10
Lima 6.2 Million 38
Bogota 4.8 Million 26
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Financing/Economics
• Whose needs come first?• Where does the money come
from?
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Example - Major Concrete Projects in Honduras
• 5 US corporations• 3 Japanese corporations• 2 US government• 2 Local government• 5 other foreign corporations
(Finland, Italy, Spain, Mexico, Argentina)
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Financing/Economics
• Other important factors– Inflation– Taxes
What did you find in your assigned reading?
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Planning and Permitting
• Vary by project– type– scope– owner/financier
• Less red tape … less structured• Environmental considerations?
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Design
• Building Codes• Natural Hazards• Material Availability/Costs• Knowledge - training and
experience• Cost factors
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Building Codes
• What is a building code?• US codes are based on life safety • Building codes reference material
codes• Consider natural hazards
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Natural Hazards
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Hurricanes for the 1998 season
Mitch
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Hurricane Mitch
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Seismic Activity
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Building Codes continued
• Continuous improvement– Based on recent events– Based on the latest research
• Are there building codes in Latin America?
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Materials
• Steel• Concrete• Wood• Masonry (Concrete block and brick)• Innovative materials
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Availability of Materials
• A major concrete company in Honduras
• 3 plants in the country– 2 San Pedro Sula– 1 Tegucigalpa
• 16 different companies listed in the greater Philadelphia area– with as many as 15 plants each!
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Knowledge
• Education - formal vs. hands-on• Training - on the job• Experience - different jobs• Licensure
– in the US this means responsibility and liability
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Design to Construction
• In the US these are different tasks• In Latin America these are often
combined– The same people may do both
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Engineering Education
• Historical Development in Latin America– 1st University in Santo Domingo in 1538– State sponsored institutions– Financially dependent on civil authority– Autonomous in academic matters– Followed the Spanish model
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Engineering Education
• Historical Development in North America– Followed the English model (Oxford and
Cambridge)– Emphasized religion, humanities, and arts– Harvard established in 1636 (100 years
later)– Introduced developing concepts in natural
science and mathematics (Newton)
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Engineering Education
• Historical Development– Latin America … Spain … Practice
Oriented– North America … England … Theory
(Religion, Arts, Math, Science)
• Are teachers transmitters or creators of knowledge?
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Engineering Education - Faculty
• Latin America– Part-time– 1 – 40% are full-
time– Practitioners– Limited facilities
and resources– Slowly changing
• North America– Advanced degrees
required– Full-time– Teachers and
Researchers– Experimentalists
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Engineering Education - Curriculum
• Latin America– Highly variable– Emphasis on
practice– 5 to 6 years to
complete degree– Some do not
include pure science and math
• North America– ABET, ASCE– 4 years, 5 yr BS/MS– Rigid minimum
requirements, including math, science, design, and humanities
– Social, ethical, global issues
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Current Trends and Future Considerations
• Non-ABET accredited programs (technology schools)
• 5 year degrees • Should we teach principles or
application?• Should we move towards the
middle?• Should the first professional degree
be a Masters degree?
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Construction• Equipment • Material • Labor
– Training– Experience– Subcontractors
• Quality Control/Inspection• Safety
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Maintenance
• Recurring costs• Design life• Recall - Building Codes are based on
life safety, not on zero damage …
How do the US and Latin America deal with disaster damage, respectively?
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Disaster Recovery
• United States– Hazard Reduction Societies– Government Declaration of Disaster Areas– FEMA, Red Cross, etc.
• Latin America– Hurricane Mitch– Venezuela Mudslides– El Salvador Earthquake
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
The Internet Around the WorldInternet Users as of October 2000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
# o
f U
sers
(M
illi
on
s)
Middle East Africa Latin America Asia/Pacific Europe US/Canada
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Communications Infrastructure in L.A.
Telephone Lines Per 100 People
Internet Users Per 100 People
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Will L.A. Ever Catch Up?
• “Leapfrog” effect needed to catch up
• Promise of cellular & wireless technologies that require different infrastructure needs
• Wireless infrastructure: – Capital costs, trained users,
technicians, illiteracy and language
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
A Positive Statistic
• Catholic University of Chile project aimed to enhance efficiency, quality, and equity in education and integrate children into the Internet culture
• As of 2000, about 50% of grammar schools and nearly 100% of high schools in Chile have Internet-connected computer labs
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Our Experiences in Honduras
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Amigos De Jesus - boys orphanage
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Amigos-Villanova Relationship
• Amigos and Villanova agree on the scope of the project
• Villanova Seniors design the project (with our “guidance”)
• Faculty and students aid in the construction process over spring break
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Projects• 2000 – 25’ tall reinforced concrete cross on top of
a hill overlooking the orphanage• 2001 – Foundations for a two story reinforced
concrete building to serve as a chapel and volunteer center
• 2002 – Concrete columns for the chapel and volunteer center
• 2003 – Elevated concrete slabs supporting for the same building
• 2004 – Preliminary design of an elementary school and surveying the site
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
A Unique Course
• Transfer of knowledge– US to Honduras– Honduras to US
• Service related to engineering profession– Design (all students)– Construction (some students)
• Insight into a very different culture • Theory meets Practice
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Introductions
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
View of the hill in 2000
Cross site at top of hill
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
View of the hill in 2002
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Construction Equipment
• Construction schedules must consider that they do not have access to:– Backhoes– Concrete Trucks– Concrete Mixer– Lifting Crane
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Lifting and transport of heavy objects ...
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
must be done by hand ...
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
… or by wheelbarrow
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Construction Materials
• Wood– Plywood and Structural Lumber very
expensive and not readily available– Most lumber is cut by hand from trees
on site
• Typical of many rural locations
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Hand-cut Lumber
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
All Scaffolding and Formwork Must be Built by Hand
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Construction Materials
• Steel– Access to sheet metal, light gauge
tubes, bars, ties, etc.– Rebar available, but sizes are limited– Welding unit (Not typical of most rural
locations)
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Typically automated in the US, done by hand at our site
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Construction Materials
• Concrete– Cement available– Aggregates taken from nearby river
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Year 1 - Oxcart Used to Haul Aggregates From Nearby River
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Construction Materials
• Concrete– Cement available– Aggregates taken from nearby river– Concrete mixed by hand using
shovels
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Concrete is Hand-mixed with Shovels
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Construction Materials
• Concrete– Cement available– Aggregates taken from nearby river– Concrete mixed by hand using shovels– If it wasn’t for the students, there would
be no quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) program
– Dramatic improvements have been made
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Recommendations on the Cement Bag
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Quality Control
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Quality Control
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Labor• The workers at the orphanage take
pride in their work• Unskilled, but high quality of
construction
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Ubil - runs the orphanage and is in charge of engineering and
construction
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
72
Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Infrastructure: Site vs. Town
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Infrastructure Site vs. Town
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Non-engineered Structures
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Non-engineered Structures
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Non-engineered Structures
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Infrastructure: Rural vs. Urban
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Infrastructure: Rural vs. Urban
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Summary• Infrastructure development• The process of project development
and the factors that affect the process • Differences between US and Latin
America• Differences between urban and rural
areas• Our experiences
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
Possible Paper Topics
• Natural disaster effects• Major infrastructure initiatives• Development of internet in Latin America • Development of the Panama Canal or any
other significant/historical engineering accomplishment (a historical perspective!)
• Regulatory agencies and/or building codes • Engineering education history and recent
initiatives• Come see us (144 and 146 Tolentine)
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Villanova UniversityDept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
LAS 1100 - SeminarDrs. Dinehart and Gross
I will be grading your papers