engineering drawing - lettering and lines presentation (1).ppt
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
1/67
Engineering Drawing ProjectEngineering Drawing (FCE142)
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
2/67
Group Members
Gichuru Wainaina
Richard Wageche
Merkle Awuor
Joseph Ngugi
William Wambulwa
Chris Gichuki
Thomas Mabelle
Samuel Nyakundi
Sheldon Muganda
Alex Ndeke
Joseph Mureithi
Samuel Ngigi
Abdi Adan
Geoffery Mulosi
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
3/67
Standard Engineering Letteringand Lines
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
4/67
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up ofgraphics
language and wo rd language.
Graphic s language
Describe a shape (mainly).
Word language
Describe an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
5/67
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Graphics
language
Word
language
Lettering
Line Types
Geometric
construction
Projection
method
Engineering Drawing
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
6/67
Introduction to Types of Lines
Each line has a definite formand l ine weigh t.
The standard thick line weight is 0.6mm HB Lead.
The standard thin line weight is 0.3mm HB Lead.
The standard construction line weight is 0.5mm 2H
Lead.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
7/67
Basic Line Types &
Name according to application
Continuous
Dash
Chain
Style
Thickness Thick
Thin
1. Dimension line
2. Extension line3. Leader line
Center line
Hidden line
Visible line
represent features that can be seen in the current view.
represent features that cannot be seen in the current view.
represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,
axis of axisymmetrical parts.
indicate the sizes and location of features.
1. Visible line
3. Hidden line
4. Center line
2. Dimension line
Extension lineLeader line
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
8/67
Main Line Types
Lines
Hidden Lines
Center Lines
Dimension Lines
Extension Lines
Leader LinesCutting Planes
Section Lines
Phantom Lines
Viewing Planes
Break Lines
Visible Lines
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
9/67
Visible/Object Lines
Dark, heavy lines.
Used to represent the outline or contour of the object
being drawn.
Define features you can see in a particular view.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
10/67
Hidden Lines
Light, narrow, short, dashed lines.
Shows the outline of a feature that can not be seen in
a particular view.
Used to help clarify a feature, but can be omitted if
they clutter a drawing.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
11/67
Hidden Lines (Technique)
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
12/67
Section Lines
Thin line usually drawn at a 45 degree angle.
Indicates the material that has been cut through in a
sectional view.
Section
Line
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
13/67
Center Lines Thin line consisting of alternating long and short
dashes. Used to represent the center of round or cylindrical
features, or the symmetry of a feature.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
14/67
Dimension Lines Thin lines capped on the ends with arrowheads and
broken along their length to provide a space for thedimension numeral.
They indicate length.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
15/67
Extension Lines Thin lines used to establish the extent of a dimension.
Can also be used to show extension of a surface to a
theoretical intersection as shown in (b).
Begin 1.5mm from the object and extend to 3mm
beyond the last dimension.
They should not cross dimension lines.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
16/67
Leader Lines Thin lines used to connect a specific note to a feature.
Also used to direct dimensions, symbols, item number and
part numbers on a drawing. Commonly drawn at 45, 30 and 60 degrees.
Has a shor t shoulder (3-6mm) at one end beginning at the
center of the vertical height of text, and a standard
dimens ion arrowhead at the other end touching the feature.
Leader lines should not cross
each other.
Leader lines should not be
excessively long. Leader lines should not be
vertical or horizontal.
Leader lines should not be
parallel to dimension lines,
extension lines or section lines.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
17/67
Arrowheads Used to terminate dimension lines and leader lines and on
cutting-plane lines and viewing plane lines.
They should be three times as long as they are wide. They should be the same size throughout the drawing.
The filled arrowhead is generally preferred because of its
clarity.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
18/67
Cutting Plane Lines
Thick broken line that is terminated with short 90
degree arrow heads.
Shows where a part is mentally cut in half to better
see the interior detail.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
19/67
Cutting Plane Lines (Example)
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
20/67
Break Lines
Used to break out sections for clarity or for shortening
a part.
Three types of break lines with different line weights:
a) Short Breaks.
b) Long Breaks.
c) Cylindrical Breaks.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
21/67
a) Short Break Lines Thick wavy line.
Used to break the edge or surface of a part for clarityof a hidden surface.
(a) Short break line on metal shape;
(b) Short Break Line on wood shape.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
22/67
b) Long Break Lines
Long, thin lines.
Used to show that the middle section of an object has
been removed so it can be drawn on a smaller piece
of paper.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
23/67
c) Cylindrical Break Lines Thin lines.
Used to show round parts that are broken in half tobetter clarify the print or to reduce the length of the
object.
Cylindrical conventional breaks for a solid and tube;
where R = Radius
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
24/67
Phantom Lines
Thin lines made up of long dashes alternating with
pairs of short dashes.
Three purposes in drawings
a) To show the alternate position of moving parts.
b) To show the relationship of parts that fit together.
c) To show repeated detail.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
25/67
Phantom Lines (Examples)
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
26/67
Grades of Pencils used in Lines
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
27/67
Example 1
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
28/67
Example 2
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
29/67
Lettering in Engineering Drawing
Lettering is used to provide easy to read and understand
information to supplement a drawing in the form of notes
and annotations.
Thus, it must be written with:
Legibi l i tyshape & space between letters and words.
Uniformitysize & line thickness.
Lettering is an essential element in both traditional drawing
and Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawing
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
30/67
Types of Lettering
The two types of lettering are:1. Double Stroke Lettering.
2. Single Stroke Lettering.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
31/67
1. Double Stroke LetteringIn Double Stroke Lettering the line width is greater than that of
Single Stroke Lettering.
Double Stroke Lettering is further divided into:
a) Double Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering.
b) Double Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering.
A stencil is mostly used when hand drawing double stroked letters.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
32/67
2. Single Stroke Lettering
Thickness in single stroke lettering is obtained by a single stroke of
pencil or ink pen.
It is further divided into:
(a) Single Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering.
(b) Single Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering.
Single stroke vertical letters Single stroke inclined letters
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
33/67
Conventions for Lettering
Use all CAPITAL LETTERS. Use even pressure to draw precise, clean lines.
Use one strok e per line.
Horizontal Stroke are drawn lef t to r igh t.
Vertical Strokes are drawn downward. Curved strokes are drawn top to bot tom in one continuous stroke on
each side.
Use kern ingto eliminate excessive space between letters.
[kerning refers to adju st ing the space between characters, especial ly byplacing tw o characters closer together than normal. Kernin g makes certain
combin ation s of letters, suc h as WA, MW, TA, and VA , loo k better.]
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
34/67
Conventions for Lettering (cont.)
Use The Single-stro ke, Gothic Style of Letter ing.
Always Skip A Space Between Rows Of Letters.
Always Use Very Ligh t Guide Lin es.
FractionsAre Lettered Tw ice The Heigh t Of Normal Letters.
Fraction BarsAre Always Drawn Horizontal.
Use a Medium (B , HB , F or H) Lead For Normal Letter ing .
Use a Hard (2H To 4H) Lead For Drawing Guide Lines.
Notesshould be double spaced.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
35/67
Application of Lettering
Lettering in Engineering Drawings is used in writing
Tit le B lockswhich play a crucial role in drawings, they
are used to record all of the important information
necessary for the working drawings. A HB Pencil is used.
What does the Tit le B lock contain?
Other uses of lettering include Dimensionsand Notes
on the engineering drawing.
Title of the drawing.
Drawing Number.
Scale.
Name of the firm.
Symbol denoting the method of
projection.
Initials of staff who designed, checked
& approved.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
36/67
Placement of text on Engineering Drawings
Try and locate the text on the draw ings g oing around .
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
37/67
GuidelinesExtremely l ight ho r izon tal l ines that are necessary to regulate
the height o f letters.
In addition, l ight vert ical or incl ined gu idel ines are needed to
keep the letters uniformly vertical or inclined.
Guidelines are absolutely essent ia l for good letter ing.
Guidelinesare drawn using Hard (2H to 4H) Lead Penc ilswithlight pressure. HB grade conical end penci lsare used for
lettering.
Procedure for Lettering
Thin horizontal guide lines are drawn first at a distance h apart.
Letter ing Techn ique: Horizontal lines of the letters are drawn from
left to right. Vertical, inclined and curved linesare drawn from top to
bottom.
After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not erased.
G id li i L tt i (i l di H i ht)
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
38/67
Guidelines in Lettering (including Height)
hc1
c2c3
b1
b2
-(height of capital letters)-(height of lower-case letters)
-(tail of lower-case letters)
-(stem of lower-case letters)
-(spacing between baselines)
-(spacing between baselines)
Recommended Size (height, h) of
Letters/Numerals
Main Title 5mm, 7mm, 10mm
Sub-Title 3.5mm, 5mm
Dimensions, Notes
etc.
2.5mm, 3.5mm, 5mm
h
c2
c2
G id li f L tt i
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
39/67
Guidelines for Lettering
Drawing numbers, title blocks and letters denoting cutting planes,
sections are written in 10mm size.
Drawing title is written in 7mm size.
Hatching, subtitles, materials, dimensions, notes etc. are written in 3.5mm size.
Space between lines is 3/10 h(height of capital letters)
Space between words may be equal to the width of the alphabet M or
3/5 h (height of capital letters).
Standard h eight for CAPITAL L etters and Numerals accord ing to the Bureau of
Indian Standard s (BIS) is:
1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14, 20 mm. (Sizes selected based upon s ize of draw ing)
G id li f L tt i
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
40/67
Guidelines for Lettering
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
41/67
Basics of Single Stroking
Straight Slanted CurvedHorizontal
1 1 2
3
I letter A letter
1
2
3
4 5
6
B letter
Examples
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
42/67
Order of Strokes
Stroking is done based on the slope of each letter andthe strokes vary with order and direction.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
43/67
Various Single Stroking
Groups
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
44/67
Stroking for Upper Case Letters & Numerals
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
&
Numerals
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
45/67
Stroking for Lower Case Letters
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
46/67
Stroking Groups
The I-H-T Group The letter I is The Foundation Stroke.
The top of T is drawn first to the full width of the square
and the stem is started accurately at its mid point.
I H T
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
47/67
Stroking Groups
The L-E-F Group The L is made in two strokes.
The first two strokes of the E are the same for the L, the
third or the upper stoke is lightly shorter than the lower
and the last stroke is the third as long as the lower.
F has the same proportion as E.
L E F
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
48/67
Stroking Groups
The V-A-K Group V is the same width as A, the A bridge is one third up from
the bottom.
The second stroke of K strikes stem one third up from the
bottom and the third stroke branches from it.
V A K
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
49/67
Stroking Groups
The M-W Group Are the widest letters.
M may be made in consecutive strokes of the two verticals
as of N.
W is made with two Vs.
M W
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
50/67
Stroking Groups
The O-Q-C-G Group
The O families are made as full circles and made in twostrokes with the left side a longer arc than the right.
A large size C and G can be made more accurately with an
extra stroke at the top.
O Q C G
The O-Q-C-G Group s trok ing w i l l be demonstrated on the
whi teboard
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
51/67
Stroking Groups
The O-Q-C-G Group (cont .)
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
52/67
Stroking Groups
The D-U-J Gro up The top and bottom stokes of D must be horizontal, fail
line to observe this is a common fault with beginners
U is formed by two parallel strokes to which the bottom
stroke be added.
J has the same construction as U, with the first stroke
omitted.
D U JNote:- The
bottom strokein J is drawn
once, and not
twice as
shown in the
animation.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
53/67
Stroking Groups
The P-R-B Group The number of stokes depends up on the size of the letter.
The middle line of P and R are on centerline of the vertical
line.
P R B
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
54/67
Stroking Groups
The N-Z-X-Y Group The parallel sides of N are generally drawn first.
Z is drawn without lifting the pen. Z and X are both
started inside the width of the square on top and run
to full width on the bottom.
N Z X Y
Other Stroking Groups
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
55/67
Other Stroking Groups
The S-8-3 Group
The 0-6-9 Group
A perfect 3 should be
able to be completed
into an 8; An 8 can be
made from an S
construction. The S is
made up of three
strokes.
The cipher (zero) is
narrower than the
letter O and made of
two strokes. The 6 and
9 have the cipher as
their backbone. With
their lobes 2/3 the
figures height.
Other Stroking Groups
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
56/67
g p
The 2-5-7-& Group
The Fract ion Group
Always made with a horizontal vinculum (a horizontal line used in
mathematical notation).
The figures are two-thirds the height of the whole numbers, with a clear
space above and below the line, making the total height of the fraction nearly
twice the cap height (h).
The bottom of 2 and top of 5 and 7 should be straight lines. For 2 the reverse curve should cross
the center of the space. The ampersand (&) is made of three strokes.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
57/67
The Fract ion Group (Examp le)
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
58/67
Sample Video(showing single stoking in lettering)
S i
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
59/67
Spacing
Uniformity in spacing of letters is a matter of equalizing
spaces by eye. The background area between letters, not the distance between them,
should be approximately equal.
Words are spaced well apart, but letters within words should be
spaced closely.
For either upper case or lower-case lettering, make the spaces
between words approximately equal to a capital O.
Avoid spacing letters too far apart and words too close together.
LINES AND LETTERINGS
L I N E S
T T E R SEL
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
60/67
Types of Spacing
Space between letters
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
61/67
Space between letters
ContourDRAWING
Contour can be denoted as straight, slantand curve.
Adjacent contour can be
1. straight-straight : II, IN, IM, IP etc.
2. straight-curve (or curve-straight) : IO, QR etc.
3. straight-slant (or slant-straight) : IV, IW etc.
4. curve-curve : OO, OG etc.
5. slant-curve (or curve-slant) : VO, WG, VC etc.
6. slant-slant : VW, VX etc.
7. The L and T : LT
S b t l tt
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
62/67
Space between letters
S b t l tt
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
63/67
Space between letters
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
64/67
Lettering Uniformity Important to produce good drawings.
Uniform in style, size, inclination, weight and space.
Carelessness might result in mistakes.
ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
Space between letters Spacing between characters, is normally (2/10)h.
Spacing between words, is normally (6/10)h.
where h is the cap height.
E l f C Mi t k
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
65/67
Examples of Common Mistakes
in Lettering
L E t T E r I N G
L ET T E R I N G
L E TT E R I NG
LET T E R ING
L E TT E R I N G
Lettering style not uniform
Lettering height not uniform
Lettering inclination not uniform
Lettering thickness not uniform
Lettering space not uniform
R f
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
66/67
References
French, T. E., (1918). A MANUAL OF ENGINEERING
DRAWING FOR STUDENTS AND DRAFTSMEN. London: HillPublishing Co., Ltd.
Engineering Drawing Fundamentals: Introduction to
Engineering Drawing. Retrieved from
http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~kjirapon/lecture-
note.html.
Madsen D. A., Madsen D. P., (2011). ENGINEERING
DRAWING & DESIGN, Fifth Edition. New York: CengageLearning.
Reddy K. V., (2008). TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING DRAWING.
Hyderabad: BS Publications.
-
7/27/2019 Engineering Drawing - Lettering and Lines Presentation (1).ppt
67/67
THE END