engineering drawing - lettering and lines presentation (1).ppt

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    Engineering Drawing ProjectEngineering Drawing (FCE142)

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    Group Members

    Gichuru Wainaina

    Richard Wageche

    Merkle Awuor

    Joseph Ngugi

    William Wambulwa

    Chris Gichuki

    Thomas Mabelle

    Samuel Nyakundi

    Sheldon Muganda

    Alex Ndeke

    Joseph Mureithi

    Samuel Ngigi

    Abdi Adan

    Geoffery Mulosi

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    Standard Engineering Letteringand Lines

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    Elements of Engineering Drawing

    Engineering drawing are made up ofgraphics

    language and wo rd language.

    Graphic s language

    Describe a shape (mainly).

    Word language

    Describe an exact size,

    location and specification

    of the object.

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    Elements of Engineering Drawing

    Graphics

    language

    Word

    language

    Lettering

    Line Types

    Geometric

    construction

    Projection

    method

    Engineering Drawing

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    Introduction to Types of Lines

    Each line has a definite formand l ine weigh t.

    The standard thick line weight is 0.6mm HB Lead.

    The standard thin line weight is 0.3mm HB Lead.

    The standard construction line weight is 0.5mm 2H

    Lead.

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    Basic Line Types &

    Name according to application

    Continuous

    Dash

    Chain

    Style

    Thickness Thick

    Thin

    1. Dimension line

    2. Extension line3. Leader line

    Center line

    Hidden line

    Visible line

    represent features that can be seen in the current view.

    represent features that cannot be seen in the current view.

    represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,

    axis of axisymmetrical parts.

    indicate the sizes and location of features.

    1. Visible line

    3. Hidden line

    4. Center line

    2. Dimension line

    Extension lineLeader line

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    Main Line Types

    Lines

    Hidden Lines

    Center Lines

    Dimension Lines

    Extension Lines

    Leader LinesCutting Planes

    Section Lines

    Phantom Lines

    Viewing Planes

    Break Lines

    Visible Lines

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    Visible/Object Lines

    Dark, heavy lines.

    Used to represent the outline or contour of the object

    being drawn.

    Define features you can see in a particular view.

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    Hidden Lines

    Light, narrow, short, dashed lines.

    Shows the outline of a feature that can not be seen in

    a particular view.

    Used to help clarify a feature, but can be omitted if

    they clutter a drawing.

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    Hidden Lines (Technique)

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    Section Lines

    Thin line usually drawn at a 45 degree angle.

    Indicates the material that has been cut through in a

    sectional view.

    Section

    Line

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    Center Lines Thin line consisting of alternating long and short

    dashes. Used to represent the center of round or cylindrical

    features, or the symmetry of a feature.

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    Dimension Lines Thin lines capped on the ends with arrowheads and

    broken along their length to provide a space for thedimension numeral.

    They indicate length.

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    Extension Lines Thin lines used to establish the extent of a dimension.

    Can also be used to show extension of a surface to a

    theoretical intersection as shown in (b).

    Begin 1.5mm from the object and extend to 3mm

    beyond the last dimension.

    They should not cross dimension lines.

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    Leader Lines Thin lines used to connect a specific note to a feature.

    Also used to direct dimensions, symbols, item number and

    part numbers on a drawing. Commonly drawn at 45, 30 and 60 degrees.

    Has a shor t shoulder (3-6mm) at one end beginning at the

    center of the vertical height of text, and a standard

    dimens ion arrowhead at the other end touching the feature.

    Leader lines should not cross

    each other.

    Leader lines should not be

    excessively long. Leader lines should not be

    vertical or horizontal.

    Leader lines should not be

    parallel to dimension lines,

    extension lines or section lines.

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    Arrowheads Used to terminate dimension lines and leader lines and on

    cutting-plane lines and viewing plane lines.

    They should be three times as long as they are wide. They should be the same size throughout the drawing.

    The filled arrowhead is generally preferred because of its

    clarity.

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    Cutting Plane Lines

    Thick broken line that is terminated with short 90

    degree arrow heads.

    Shows where a part is mentally cut in half to better

    see the interior detail.

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    Cutting Plane Lines (Example)

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    Break Lines

    Used to break out sections for clarity or for shortening

    a part.

    Three types of break lines with different line weights:

    a) Short Breaks.

    b) Long Breaks.

    c) Cylindrical Breaks.

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    a) Short Break Lines Thick wavy line.

    Used to break the edge or surface of a part for clarityof a hidden surface.

    (a) Short break line on metal shape;

    (b) Short Break Line on wood shape.

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    b) Long Break Lines

    Long, thin lines.

    Used to show that the middle section of an object has

    been removed so it can be drawn on a smaller piece

    of paper.

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    c) Cylindrical Break Lines Thin lines.

    Used to show round parts that are broken in half tobetter clarify the print or to reduce the length of the

    object.

    Cylindrical conventional breaks for a solid and tube;

    where R = Radius

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    Phantom Lines

    Thin lines made up of long dashes alternating with

    pairs of short dashes.

    Three purposes in drawings

    a) To show the alternate position of moving parts.

    b) To show the relationship of parts that fit together.

    c) To show repeated detail.

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    Phantom Lines (Examples)

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    Grades of Pencils used in Lines

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    Example 1

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    Example 2

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    Lettering in Engineering Drawing

    Lettering is used to provide easy to read and understand

    information to supplement a drawing in the form of notes

    and annotations.

    Thus, it must be written with:

    Legibi l i tyshape & space between letters and words.

    Uniformitysize & line thickness.

    Lettering is an essential element in both traditional drawing

    and Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawing

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    Types of Lettering

    The two types of lettering are:1. Double Stroke Lettering.

    2. Single Stroke Lettering.

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    1. Double Stroke LetteringIn Double Stroke Lettering the line width is greater than that of

    Single Stroke Lettering.

    Double Stroke Lettering is further divided into:

    a) Double Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering.

    b) Double Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering.

    A stencil is mostly used when hand drawing double stroked letters.

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    2. Single Stroke Lettering

    Thickness in single stroke lettering is obtained by a single stroke of

    pencil or ink pen.

    It is further divided into:

    (a) Single Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering.

    (b) Single Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering.

    Single stroke vertical letters Single stroke inclined letters

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    Conventions for Lettering

    Use all CAPITAL LETTERS. Use even pressure to draw precise, clean lines.

    Use one strok e per line.

    Horizontal Stroke are drawn lef t to r igh t.

    Vertical Strokes are drawn downward. Curved strokes are drawn top to bot tom in one continuous stroke on

    each side.

    Use kern ingto eliminate excessive space between letters.

    [kerning refers to adju st ing the space between characters, especial ly byplacing tw o characters closer together than normal. Kernin g makes certain

    combin ation s of letters, suc h as WA, MW, TA, and VA , loo k better.]

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    Conventions for Lettering (cont.)

    Use The Single-stro ke, Gothic Style of Letter ing.

    Always Skip A Space Between Rows Of Letters.

    Always Use Very Ligh t Guide Lin es.

    FractionsAre Lettered Tw ice The Heigh t Of Normal Letters.

    Fraction BarsAre Always Drawn Horizontal.

    Use a Medium (B , HB , F or H) Lead For Normal Letter ing .

    Use a Hard (2H To 4H) Lead For Drawing Guide Lines.

    Notesshould be double spaced.

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    Application of Lettering

    Lettering in Engineering Drawings is used in writing

    Tit le B lockswhich play a crucial role in drawings, they

    are used to record all of the important information

    necessary for the working drawings. A HB Pencil is used.

    What does the Tit le B lock contain?

    Other uses of lettering include Dimensionsand Notes

    on the engineering drawing.

    Title of the drawing.

    Drawing Number.

    Scale.

    Name of the firm.

    Symbol denoting the method of

    projection.

    Initials of staff who designed, checked

    & approved.

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    Placement of text on Engineering Drawings

    Try and locate the text on the draw ings g oing around .

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    GuidelinesExtremely l ight ho r izon tal l ines that are necessary to regulate

    the height o f letters.

    In addition, l ight vert ical or incl ined gu idel ines are needed to

    keep the letters uniformly vertical or inclined.

    Guidelines are absolutely essent ia l for good letter ing.

    Guidelinesare drawn using Hard (2H to 4H) Lead Penc ilswithlight pressure. HB grade conical end penci lsare used for

    lettering.

    Procedure for Lettering

    Thin horizontal guide lines are drawn first at a distance h apart.

    Letter ing Techn ique: Horizontal lines of the letters are drawn from

    left to right. Vertical, inclined and curved linesare drawn from top to

    bottom.

    After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not erased.

    G id li i L tt i (i l di H i ht)

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    Guidelines in Lettering (including Height)

    hc1

    c2c3

    b1

    b2

    -(height of capital letters)-(height of lower-case letters)

    -(tail of lower-case letters)

    -(stem of lower-case letters)

    -(spacing between baselines)

    -(spacing between baselines)

    Recommended Size (height, h) of

    Letters/Numerals

    Main Title 5mm, 7mm, 10mm

    Sub-Title 3.5mm, 5mm

    Dimensions, Notes

    etc.

    2.5mm, 3.5mm, 5mm

    h

    c2

    c2

    G id li f L tt i

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    Guidelines for Lettering

    Drawing numbers, title blocks and letters denoting cutting planes,

    sections are written in 10mm size.

    Drawing title is written in 7mm size.

    Hatching, subtitles, materials, dimensions, notes etc. are written in 3.5mm size.

    Space between lines is 3/10 h(height of capital letters)

    Space between words may be equal to the width of the alphabet M or

    3/5 h (height of capital letters).

    Standard h eight for CAPITAL L etters and Numerals accord ing to the Bureau of

    Indian Standard s (BIS) is:

    1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14, 20 mm. (Sizes selected based upon s ize of draw ing)

    G id li f L tt i

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    Guidelines for Lettering

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    Basics of Single Stroking

    Straight Slanted CurvedHorizontal

    1 1 2

    3

    I letter A letter

    1

    2

    3

    4 5

    6

    B letter

    Examples

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    Order of Strokes

    Stroking is done based on the slope of each letter andthe strokes vary with order and direction.

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    Various Single Stroking

    Groups

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    Stroking for Upper Case Letters & Numerals

    Straight line

    letters

    Curved line

    letters

    &

    Numerals

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    Stroking for Lower Case Letters

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    Stroking Groups

    The I-H-T Group The letter I is The Foundation Stroke.

    The top of T is drawn first to the full width of the square

    and the stem is started accurately at its mid point.

    I H T

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    Stroking Groups

    The L-E-F Group The L is made in two strokes.

    The first two strokes of the E are the same for the L, the

    third or the upper stoke is lightly shorter than the lower

    and the last stroke is the third as long as the lower.

    F has the same proportion as E.

    L E F

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    Stroking Groups

    The V-A-K Group V is the same width as A, the A bridge is one third up from

    the bottom.

    The second stroke of K strikes stem one third up from the

    bottom and the third stroke branches from it.

    V A K

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    Stroking Groups

    The M-W Group Are the widest letters.

    M may be made in consecutive strokes of the two verticals

    as of N.

    W is made with two Vs.

    M W

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    Stroking Groups

    The O-Q-C-G Group

    The O families are made as full circles and made in twostrokes with the left side a longer arc than the right.

    A large size C and G can be made more accurately with an

    extra stroke at the top.

    O Q C G

    The O-Q-C-G Group s trok ing w i l l be demonstrated on the

    whi teboard

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    Stroking Groups

    The O-Q-C-G Group (cont .)

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    Stroking Groups

    The D-U-J Gro up The top and bottom stokes of D must be horizontal, fail

    line to observe this is a common fault with beginners

    U is formed by two parallel strokes to which the bottom

    stroke be added.

    J has the same construction as U, with the first stroke

    omitted.

    D U JNote:- The

    bottom strokein J is drawn

    once, and not

    twice as

    shown in the

    animation.

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    Stroking Groups

    The P-R-B Group The number of stokes depends up on the size of the letter.

    The middle line of P and R are on centerline of the vertical

    line.

    P R B

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    Stroking Groups

    The N-Z-X-Y Group The parallel sides of N are generally drawn first.

    Z is drawn without lifting the pen. Z and X are both

    started inside the width of the square on top and run

    to full width on the bottom.

    N Z X Y

    Other Stroking Groups

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    Other Stroking Groups

    The S-8-3 Group

    The 0-6-9 Group

    A perfect 3 should be

    able to be completed

    into an 8; An 8 can be

    made from an S

    construction. The S is

    made up of three

    strokes.

    The cipher (zero) is

    narrower than the

    letter O and made of

    two strokes. The 6 and

    9 have the cipher as

    their backbone. With

    their lobes 2/3 the

    figures height.

    Other Stroking Groups

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    g p

    The 2-5-7-& Group

    The Fract ion Group

    Always made with a horizontal vinculum (a horizontal line used in

    mathematical notation).

    The figures are two-thirds the height of the whole numbers, with a clear

    space above and below the line, making the total height of the fraction nearly

    twice the cap height (h).

    The bottom of 2 and top of 5 and 7 should be straight lines. For 2 the reverse curve should cross

    the center of the space. The ampersand (&) is made of three strokes.

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    The Fract ion Group (Examp le)

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    Sample Video(showing single stoking in lettering)

    S i

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    Spacing

    Uniformity in spacing of letters is a matter of equalizing

    spaces by eye. The background area between letters, not the distance between them,

    should be approximately equal.

    Words are spaced well apart, but letters within words should be

    spaced closely.

    For either upper case or lower-case lettering, make the spaces

    between words approximately equal to a capital O.

    Avoid spacing letters too far apart and words too close together.

    LINES AND LETTERINGS

    L I N E S

    T T E R SEL

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    Types of Spacing

    Space between letters

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    Space between letters

    ContourDRAWING

    Contour can be denoted as straight, slantand curve.

    Adjacent contour can be

    1. straight-straight : II, IN, IM, IP etc.

    2. straight-curve (or curve-straight) : IO, QR etc.

    3. straight-slant (or slant-straight) : IV, IW etc.

    4. curve-curve : OO, OG etc.

    5. slant-curve (or curve-slant) : VO, WG, VC etc.

    6. slant-slant : VW, VX etc.

    7. The L and T : LT

    S b t l tt

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    Space between letters

    S b t l tt

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    Space between letters

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    Lettering Uniformity Important to produce good drawings.

    Uniform in style, size, inclination, weight and space.

    Carelessness might result in mistakes.

    ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

    Space between letters Spacing between characters, is normally (2/10)h.

    Spacing between words, is normally (6/10)h.

    where h is the cap height.

    E l f C Mi t k

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    Examples of Common Mistakes

    in Lettering

    L E t T E r I N G

    L ET T E R I N G

    L E TT E R I NG

    LET T E R ING

    L E TT E R I N G

    Lettering style not uniform

    Lettering height not uniform

    Lettering inclination not uniform

    Lettering thickness not uniform

    Lettering space not uniform

    R f

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    References

    French, T. E., (1918). A MANUAL OF ENGINEERING

    DRAWING FOR STUDENTS AND DRAFTSMEN. London: HillPublishing Co., Ltd.

    Engineering Drawing Fundamentals: Introduction to

    Engineering Drawing. Retrieved from

    http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~kjirapon/lecture-

    note.html.

    Madsen D. A., Madsen D. P., (2011). ENGINEERING

    DRAWING & DESIGN, Fifth Edition. New York: CengageLearning.

    Reddy K. V., (2008). TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING DRAWING.

    Hyderabad: BS Publications.

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    THE END